中国土壤系统分类基层单元土族建设现状与命名上存在的问题

土族与土系是土壤系统分类的基层单元,也是未来相当长时间内我国土壤系统分类工作的重点。依据国家科技基础性工作专项"我国土系调查与《中国土系志》编制(2008FY110600)"在2013年制订刊出的"中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准",重点分析了1998年以来我国土壤系统分类基层单元研究工作建立的土族在命名格式上所存在的问题,旨在为今后我国的土族建设工作提供参考。     

河南省土壤系统分类中典型土系简介

土系是我国土壤系统分类的最基层分类单元;而尽快建立健全覆盖我国各区域的典型土系是我国土壤系统分类的一项急迫工作。重点介绍河南省的土系建立情况,在222个典型单个土体的野外调查和实验测定数据基础上,依据《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》和《中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准》,共划分了5个土纲,11个亚纲,22个土类和39个亚类,建立了187个土系,并以农业耕作区的21个典型土系为例,介绍了河南省土系建立情况。     

冀北地区盐碱化土壤系统分类的归属研究

采用《中国土壤系统分类（第三版）》和《中国土壤系统分类——土族与土系建立原则与标准（试用稿）》对冀北地区7个盐碱化土样进行了分类,共划分了4个土纲,6个亚纲,6个土类,7个亚类,建立了平地脑包系等7个土系。研究结果表明,系统分类亚类与发生分类亚类参比并无对应关系;部分盐碱化土壤并未在系统分类高级单元中体现盐碱特征,而在基层分类中对盐分含量和积累位置进行补充,表明系统分类的划分指标要求更严格,分类更标准。最后讨论了盐碱化土壤诊断层、诊断特性和土壤分析方法的确定等问题。     

慈溪市土壤系统分类研究

本文对浙江省慈溪市第二次土壤普查土壤分类系统进行了修订,并建立了慈溪市土壤系统分类,依据浙江省土系建立的原则和要求,初步建立了慈溪市土壤的土族和土系。     

湘北地区典型水稻土的发生特性及其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

选取湘北地区7个发育于2种母质的水稻土剖面样点,通过对其成土环境、剖面形态特征以及土壤理化性质进行野外观测和室内分析,按中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出诊断层和诊断特性,确定其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,并评述土系的生产性能。结果表明:供试水稻土归属于水耕人为土亚纲下的简育和铁聚水耕人为土2个土类,底潜简育水耕人为土、普通简育水耕人为土、普通铁聚水耕人为土、漂白铁聚水耕人为土4个亚类;进一步按照土族和土系划分标准,划分出7个土族和7个土系。在相同成土环境下,同种母质发育的水耕人为土,土壤系统分类比土壤发生分类具有更强的划分能力。其划分的基层土壤单元(土族和土系),对农业生产、土地资源利用更具有指导意义。     

湘东地区花岗岩红壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

为了研究湖南省东部花岗岩红壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,选取湘东地区8个由花岗岩母质发育的典型土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征及其理化性质进行研究的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出了其诊断层和诊断特性,据此确定了其在中国系统分类中的归属。结果表明,供试的8个土壤剖面包含了淡薄表层、暗瘠表层、低活性富铁层、黏化层等9个诊断层和诊断特性,其在中国系统分类体系中的位置分别为:淋溶土、富铁土和雏形土3个土纲;湿润淋溶土、湿润富铁土和湿润雏形土3个亚纲;简育湿润富铁土、铝质湿润淋溶土、酸性湿润淋溶土和铝质湿润雏形土4个土类;普通铝质湿润雏形土、普通简育湿润富铁土、普通铝质湿润淋溶土、普通酸性湿润淋溶土4个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,建立了黏壤质硅质混合型酸性热性-普通铝质湿润雏形土等6个土族和脱甲系(43-CS18)等8个土系。实践表明,目前的土族土系划分标准适用于供试土壤基层分类单元划分。与土壤发生学分类结果相比,土壤系统分类结果更能定量反映出湘东花岗岩母质发育土壤性状的差异,进而客观反映出土壤发育阶段和土壤类型的差异。     

北京普通褐土发生分类与系统分类的对比及其发生探讨

以北京山区和山前地带分布的10个普通褐土剖面为研究对象,依据其形态特征、理化性质分析结果,按照《北京土壤》、《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》、《中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准》,对研究剖面分别进行了发生分类、系统分类的土壤类型划分与对比,并对其发生过程进行探讨。结果表明:发生分类主要以土壤所处的生物(植被)气候带作为分类标准,在发生学的应用中,过分强调土壤的外在成土条件和推测的成土过程,易造成分类的混淆;系统分类以发生学为指导,通过定量的诊断层、诊断特性进行分类,提高了分类的准确性。     

川西地区具有机土壤物质特性土壤的系统分类

川西部分地区的气候和地形不利于有机土壤物质的矿化分解,形成了具有机土壤物质特性的土壤,这类土壤与矿质土壤存在明显的区别。为了研究川西地区具有机土壤物质特性土壤的系统分类归属,选取川西地区6个具有机土壤物质特性的土壤剖面作为研究对象,基于成土条件、土壤剖面特征和理化性质的分析,按照《中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)》,顺序检索供试土壤的诊断层和诊断特性,确定其在系统分类中的地位。结果表明,供试土壤归属于有机土、淋溶土和潜育土3个土纲,细分为3个亚纲,4个土类和6个亚类。依据《中国土壤系统分类土族与土系划分标准》,建立了6个土族和6个土系。据此可知,具有机土壤物质特性的土壤并不全是有机土,也可能是淋溶土或潜育土;有机土并不一定具有机表层,如埋藏亚类的有机土。相比于发生分类,系统分类能够更准确地区分同一区域具有近似生物气候条件的土壤类型。     

武汉市典型地区土系的研究

本文以典型区土壤详查和环境研究为基础 ,采用《中国土壤系统分类》(修订方案 1 995)的标准划分了土壤的高级分类单元 ;探讨了土系的划分原则、依据及土系的描述方法 ,并拟定了区域土系检索系统 .为土系的研究和土系制的应用提供范例     

新疆地区盐土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

为研究新疆地区盐土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属问题,选取了该地区8个典型的盐土剖面,通过分析其成土环境、剖面形态特征及物理化学性质,根据中国土壤系统分类检索,确定8个剖面的诊断层和诊断特性,并划分出其所属高级和基层分类单元。结果表明,供试剖面包括盐结壳、钙积层、石膏层、盐积层等11个诊断层和诊断特性,在中国土壤系统分类中可划分为盐成土1个土纲,正常盐成土1个亚纲,干旱正常盐成土、潮湿正常盐成土2个土类,普通干旱正常盐成土、潜育潮湿正常盐成土等6个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,划分为壤质混合型石灰性温性-普通干旱正常盐成土等7个土族和陶家宫系等8个土系。     

Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality: a field example

Development of a method to assess and monitor soil quality is critical to soil resource management and policy formation. To be useful, a method for assessing soil quality must be able to integrate many different kinds of data, allow evaluation of soil quality based on alternative uses or definitions and estimate soil quality for unsampled locations. In the present study we used one such method, based on non-parametric geostatistics. We evaluated soil quality from the integration of six soil variables measured at 220 locations in an agricultural field in southeastern Washington State. We converted the continous data values for each soil variable at each location to a binary variable indicator transform based on thresholds. We then combined indicator transformed data for individual soil variables into a single integrative indicator of soil quality termed a multiple variable indicator transform (MVIT). We observed that soil chemical variables, pools of soil resources, populations of microorgansims, and soil enzymes covaried spatially across the landscape. These ensembles of soil variables were not randomly distributed, but rather were systematically patterned. Soil quality maps calculated by kriging showed that the joint probabilities of meeting specific MVIT selection were influenced by the critical threshold values used to transform each individual soil quality variable and the MVIT selection criteria. If MVIT criteria adequately reflect soil quality then the kriging can produce maps of the probabilty of a soil being of good or poor quality.     

Estimation of runoff critical shear stress for soil erosion from soil shear strength

Critical shear stress is an important soil parameter governing detachment by runoff which appears in numerous erosion models. Soil shear strength has been often presented as the best soil property to predict critical shear stress. However, only a few studies have documented the relationship between soil shear strength and critical shear stress, and the results obtained have sometimes seemed contradictory. This is why we have put together all available data about the relationship between critical shear stress and soil shear strength in order to analyse and discuss its significance and its generality. Results showed that contradictions between different studies mainly arise because total shear stress is a poor predictor of detachment on rough soils. When grain shear stress is used rather than total shear stress, a significant relationship between saturated soil shear strength and critical shear stress does exist. Soil shear strength may thus be used to predict critical grain shear stress. However, it is recalled that in general only total shear stress is predicted by erosion models, which makes detachment predictions difficult on rough natural soils.     

Controls on soil respiration in semiarid soils

Soil respiration in semiarid ecosystems responds positively to temperature, but temperature is just one of many factors controlling soil respiration. Soil moisture can have an overriding influence, particularly during the dry/warm portions of the year. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the influence of soil moisture on the relationship between temperature and soil respiration. Soil samples collected from a range of sites arrayed across a climatic gradient were incubated under varying temperature and moisture conditions. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of substrate quality on short-term soil respiration responses by carrying out substrate-induced respiration assessments for each soil at nine different temperatures. Within all soil moisture regimes, respiration rates always increased with increase in temperature. For a given temperature, soil respiration increased by half (on average) across moisture regimes; Q₁₀ values declined with soil moisture from 3.2 (at −0.03 MPa) to 2.1 (−1.5 MPa). In summary, soil respiration was generally directly related to temperature, but responses were ameliorated with decrease in soil moisture.     

熏蒸处理对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响

在田间条件下用溴甲烷(68.1g/m2)、威百亩(7.5mL/m2)进行土壤熏蒸,调查两种药剂对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响。结果表明:两种熏蒸剂对土壤放线菌无抑制作用,对细菌总量影响较小,但亚硝酸细菌受到强烈抑制,土壤的硝化作用受到明显影响;同时,土壤中真菌的数量及种类变化显著。熏蒸后9周,处理区土壤中的微生物基本恢复正常。     

河南省典型淋溶土土系划分研究

在河南省选取8个典型土壤剖面,对其进行景观特征、剖面形态学特征的描述及其理化性质的分析,并确定其在土壤系统分类(Chinese Soil Taxonomy)中的归属,结果表明,供试土壤归属于壤质混合型石灰性温性普通简育干润淋溶土、壤质混合型非酸性温性斑纹简育湿润淋溶土、黏壤质混合型温性斑纹钙积干润淋溶土、黏壤质混合型温性普通钙积干润淋溶土、壤质混合型石灰性温性普通简育湿润淋溶土和壤质混合型非酸性温性普通简育湿润淋溶土等6个土族;并在此土族基础上,根据土系划分规则和河南地区淋溶土诊断特征及构型特征,尝试提出"土系对比检索逻辑图"以阐述土系参比划分的逻辑过程。通过对比,可将8个典型土壤剖面划分为7个土系:汤阴系、汲水系、神沟系、尚庄系、侯集系、枣林系和尚店系。     

美国土壤系统分类中Pale-类型设置的演变历程

美国土壤系统分类中的Pale-类型是用于归类发育程度高、年龄大的土壤,在比较分析了两版《土壤系统分类》及各版《土壤系统分类检索》后,概括介绍了Pale-类型的设置缘起,及其检索条件和检索顺序的修订历程,在此基础上阐述了Pale-类型设置的演变历程对中国土壤系统分类的启示。     

CyberSoLIM：基于知识驱动的在线数字土壤制图原型系统

现有数字土壤制图软件在应用时,建模过程主要依赖于用户的专业知识,导致用户应用困难;软件通常实现为单机版,安装配置过程繁琐,算法库不易扩展;所采用的串行算法运行效率低,造成用户体验感差。针对上述问题,本文综合知识驱动、开源Web GIS、Web Service、并行计算等技术,设计并实现了基于知识驱动和并行计算的在线数字土壤制图原型系统(CyberSoLIM)。通过在安徽省宣城数字土壤制图的应用示范,表明该系统可以有效地降低用户应用的门槛和难度,提高用户体验,为非专业用户和大众提供了一个认识和参与数字土壤制图的快捷方式。     

A preliminary watershed scale soil quality assessment in north central Iowa, USA

Soil quality assessment has been recognized as an important step toward understanding the long-term effects of conservation practices within agricultural watersheds. Our objective was to assess soil quality within the South Fork watershed of the Iowa River using various indicators and assessment approaches. Soil samples were collected during 2003 and 2004 from 29 areas of 32 ha (80 acres) each along two transects traversing the watershed. Soil pH, Mehlich III extractable P, K, Ca and Mg, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total N (TN) were measured. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was used to compute a soil quality index (SQI), while soil loss, the soil tillage intensity rating (STIR), N-leaching potential, and soil conditioning index (SCI) were determined for each sampling area using the 2003 version of the Revised Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2). Overall, there were no soil fertility limitations within the watershed based on an average pH of 6.96 and extractable P and K levels of 36 and 162 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Soil loss, STIR, N-leaching, and SCI averaged 1.13 Mg ha⁻¹, 68, 3, and 0.4, respectively. The SMAF analysis indicated soils within the watershed were functioning at 87% of their full potential. The lowest indicator score was associated with TOC (0.60) because the average value was only 28.4 g kg⁻¹. The SCI and SQI indices were positively correlated although since it used measured data, the SMAF appears to provide more information about the effects of management practices within the watershed. Soils in upper landscape positions had lower TOC and C:N ratios indicating an increased risks for both erosion and for nitrate leaching. Management of soils on hilltops may be the most effective way to minimize N and P losses within the watershed.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

面向土壤系统分类的土壤调查制图方法的初步研究

我国的土壤系统分类方案已经基本形成,但还没有相应的土壤调查方法技术研究。按照传统土壤调查的主要剖面、检查剖面、定界剖面的思想与办法,采用空间内插技术,在研究区的4条实验路线上共挖掘了64个剖面点,通过这些剖面点的诊断层和诊断特性确定了研究区的土壤类型并勾绘了土壤类型界线。再用1条检验路线对勾绘的土壤图进行检查,结果表明,在检验路线上设置的20个检查剖面点中,其中19个剖面点与实际情况相符,正确率95%,说明使用内插法进行面向土壤系统分类的土壤调查制图是可行的。再结合土壤景观可以辅助土壤调查工作者更高效地确定土壤类型、勾绘土壤界线。