Study of the Protective Effects in PEPC Transgenic Rice

The diurnal course of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter and active oxygen metabolism of flag leaves in PEPC transgenic and untransformed rice Kitaake were studied. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate under high light intensity has been increased by 50% and photoinhibition of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was alleviated after the introduction of PEPC gene from maize into rice. It was demonstrated that the increment of photosynthesis in PEPC transgenic was related to the introduction of PEPC gene using specific inhibitor of PEPC. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in different genotypes exists at noon under natural condition. PEPC transgenic rice exhibited a less decrease in Fv/Fm, a less photoinhibition and a higher efficiency of light energy conversion to chemical energy and lower thermal energy dissipation.These results provided the physiological basis on the mechanism of tolerance to photoinhibition and rice breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.     

Spatio-temporal variations of photosynthesis: the potential of optical remote sensing to better understand and scale light use efficiency and stresses of plant ecosystems

The light use efficiency (LUE) of photosynthesis dynamically adapts to environmental factors, and this leads to complex spatio-temporal variations of photosynthesis on various scales from the leaf to the canopy level. These spatio-temporal pattern formations not only help to understand the regulatory properties of photosynthesis, but may also have a constructive role in maintaining stability in metabolic pathways and during development. Optical remote sensing techniques have the potential to detect physiological and biochemical changes in plant ecosystems, and non-invasive detection of changes in photosynthetic energy conversion may be of great potential for managing agricultural production in a future bio-based economy. Here we review the results from selected remote sensing projects for their potential to quantify LUE from the level of single leaves to the canopy scale. In a case study with soybean grown under elevated CO₂ conditions at the SoyFACE facility, we tested the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) for its capacity to quantify higher photosynthetic efficiency. In this study the PRI failed to detect differences in photosynthetic light conversion, most likely because of the variable canopy structure of the soybean canopy. We thus conclude that at the current state of the art the PRI cannot serve as an easy remote sensing approach to detect changes in photosynthetic energy conversion in agriculture. As an alternative we present approaches that aim to quantify the fluorescence signal of chlorophyll and thus estimate photosynthetic efficiency. In a second case study, using avocado as a model species, an active laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) method was applied to deliver maps of different photosynthetic efficiency within the canopy. Cold-induced down-regulation of photosynthesis in the upper canopy was detected, so active fluorescence may prove its potential for non-invasive monitoring of crops. With a view to the future, we present a method for large scale managing of agricultural practices within the framework of the FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) mission, which proposed launching a satellite for the global monitoring of steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence in terrestrial vegetation. This mission was selected for inclusion in pre-phase A by the European Space Agency.     

转PEPC基因水稻的光保护效应的可逆动态变化

研究了转PEPC基因水稻及其原种粳稻Kitaake旗叶的叶绿素荧光参数和活性氧代谢有关指标的日变化进程。结果表明,玉米PEPC基因导入水稻后,在高光强下光合速率提高50%,光合作用的光抑制减轻。用PEPC的专一抑制剂证明光合增加确与PEPC基因的导入有关。不同基因型水稻在高光高温自然条件下中午均有光抑制现象,其中转PEPC基因水稻中午Fv/Fm降低较少,光抑制较轻,光能转化为化学能的效率较高,热耗散较低。这些结果为进一步研究转PEPC基因水稻耐光抑制机理和高光效育种提供了依据。     

施氮水平对马铃薯块茎形成期光合特性的影响

通过随机区组试验研究了施氮水平对马铃薯块茎形成期叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,施氮可促进叶绿素合成,提高气孔开闭变化幅度、光合光响应灵敏度及光能转化效率;低氮对马铃薯块茎形成期光合特性的影响程度较中、高氮处理小,光合作用自身气孔调节能力以施中氮处理最高;随施氮水平提高,马铃薯块茎形成期光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(Φ)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观暗呼吸速率均逐渐提高,高氮处理具有更高光能转化效率。     

不同辐照日变化系统对葡萄（V.vinifera L.cv.Sauvignon blanc）净光合和气孔导性的影响

 自然条件和控制条件下的实验证明，由叶幕形式所调控的辐照日变化系统对葡萄净光合速率日变化类型产生很大影响。最大蒸腾条件下群体中葡萄叶片一天中的光合能力在上午最大，尔后叶肉CO#-2内阻升高，光合持续下降。所以叶幕上午最大限度的光能截留对提高光合产量发生最有效的作用。光合作用“午间低谷”现象的调控与光合作用代谢物质的反馈调节有关。最后，对各种光能截留面形式的叶幕在生产上的应用问题作了讨论，肯定了各种南北行向叶幕对于合理利用光能和提高群体光合产量的重要意义。     

两种C4作物不同叶位光合及叶绿素荧光特性比较

为探明同为C4植物的玉米和高粱抽雄期叶片光合生理的差异,对两种植物不同叶位相对叶绿素含量、光合生理特性、叶绿素荧光特性参数进行比较研究。结果表明:在该生育期,玉米上部叶位叶片SPAD值显著(P<0.05)高于高粱,下、中部叶位差异不显著(P>0.05);玉米不同叶位净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(LUE)等光合参数显著高于高粱,不同叶位上玉米表现较强的光响应能力,玉米不同叶位羧化速率(CE)和CO2饱和点(Cisat)分别比高粱高13.29%和29.33%;对比不同叶位实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qP),玉米显著高于高粱,但初始光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,玉米的光合适应性能强于高粱,其光合系统对环境有效光合辐射利用能力高于高粱。     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis and photoprotection mechanisms in soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)

Potassium is an important nutrient element requiring high concentration for photosynthetic metabolism.The potassium deficiency in soil could inhibit soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) photosynthesis and result in yield reduction.Research on the photosynthetic variations of the different tolerant soyben varieties should provide important information for high yield tolerant soybean breeding program.Two representative soybean varieties Tiefeng 40(tolerance to K~+ deficiency) and GD8521(sensitive to K~+ deficiency) were hydroponically grown to measure the photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activity under different potassium conditions.With the K-deficiency stress time extending,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) of GD8521 were significantly decreased under K-deficiency condition,whereas the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i) was significantly increased.As a contrast,the variations of Tiefeng 40 were almost little under K-deficiency condition,which indicated tolerance to K~+ deficiency variety could maintain higher efficient photosynthesis.On the 25 th d after treatment,the minimal fluorescence(F_0) of GD8521 was significantly increased and the maximal fluorescence(F_m),the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry(F√F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_p),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)were significantly decreased under K~+ deficiency condition.In addition,the Rubisco content of GD8521 was significantly decreased in leaves.It is particularly noteworthy that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco content of Tiefeng 40 were unaffected under K~+ deficiency condition.On the other hand,the non-photochemical quenching(q_N) of Tiefeng 40 was significantly increased.The dry matter weight of Tiefeng 40 was little affected under K~+ deficiency condition.Results indicated that Tiefeng 40 could avoid or relieve the destruction of PSII caused by exceeded absorbed solar energy under K-deficiency condition and maintain natural photosynthesis and plant growth.It was an essential physiological mechanism for low-K-tolerant soybean under K-deficiency stress.     

60Co-γ辐射对大花紫薇叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探究60Co-γ射线辐射处理种子对大花紫薇生长发育中光合效率的影响,以大花紫薇种子为试验材料,以不同60Co-γ射线辐射剂量(0、20、60、100、140、180 Gy)进行辐射处理,测量不同处理生长发育过程中叶绿素及光合指标的变化,研究其对紫薇光合系统的影响。结果表明:20、60 Gy处理较对照和其他处理叶绿素质量分数更高,更有利于叶片进行光合作用;60、100 Gy处理较对照和其他处理潜在光合速率和最大光合效率更好;各时期光合性能指数与综合性能指数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,但随时间的增加整体呈现下降的趋势,60 Gy较其他处理性能指数高。由此得出,60 Gy辐射处理有利于大花紫薇光合色素的产生与积累,较好的增加电子传递效率,有利于光合系统的运转和能量的积累。     

甘蔗净光合速率、叶绿素和比叶重的季节变化及其关系

供试的８个甘蔗品种净光合速率、叶绿素含量以及比叶重的季节变化规律都表现为：从苗期到伸长盛期逐渐增加,伸长盛期达到最大值,然后又逐渐下降,且这种变化规律随品种的变化而改变．不同品种间及同一品种不同生育期净光合速率与叶绿素含量、同一品种不同生育期净光合速率与比叶重均表现显著正相关．进一步分析各品种的叶绿素荧光动力学参数表现为,品种的原初光能转化效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ）、ＰＳⅡ潜在活性（Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ）以及潜在光合作用量子转化效率ＲＦｄ（Ｆｄ／Ｆｓ）大的品种其净光合速率较高．     

Cd胁迫对两种龙葵光合生理及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探究和比较两种不同龙葵对Cd胁迫的光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性响应的差异,试验以Cd超富集植物龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和少花龙葵(Solanum americanum)为材料,于2018年3月采用水培试验,研究了不同浓度(0、20、80、320μmol·L^-1)Cd胁迫对两种龙葵植株形态指标、气体交换参数、叶绿素及叶绿素荧光特性等的影响。结果表明:不同浓度Cd胁迫显著影响两种龙葵生长,两者的Cd耐受存在差异。少花龙葵在Cd浓度≥20μmol·L-1时生长受到抑制(P<0.05);随Cd浓度增加,少花龙葵的形态指标、生物量积累、叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Ts)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均较CK显著降低(P<0.05),但初始荧光(Fo)、叶绿素a/b有上升趋势;当Cd浓度≥80μmol·L^-1时,少花龙葵PSⅡ的受损程度加重。龙葵则在Cd浓度≥80μmol·L^-1时受到生长抑制,随Cd浓度增加,龙葵相应指标均呈下降趋势(P<0.05),但其形态指标、生物量积累及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的降低范围均小于少花龙葵。此外,Cd胁迫对两种龙葵传能效率的抑制比光能转化效率的抑制更为明显。20μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫时,两种龙葵光合作用主要受气孔因素限制;80~320μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫时,其光合作用主要受非气孔因素限制。研究表明,Cd胁迫在少花龙葵的生长和光合方面表现出更显著的抑制作用;受Cd浓度的影响,两种龙葵光合作用的降低是气孔限制和非气孔限制综合作用的结果。研究进一步从光合生理和叶绿素荧光特性响应方面证明龙葵对Cd胁迫的耐受能力强于少花龙葵。     

病菌侵染拟南芥对光系统Ⅱ的损伤

[目的]研究病菌对植物的侵染对于培育高抗农作物新品种的重要意义。[方法]将病菌稀释液注入培养拟南芥幼苗的小瓶中,在不同时间监测植物的呼吸作用、光合作用及光系统Ⅱ的变化。[结果]病菌侵染拟南芥幼苗以后,呼吸作用速度普遍增加,呼吸作用速度增高能够提供更多的ATP以供植物抗病的需要。植物在受到病菌侵染以后也需要比平时更多的同化产物。此时需要光合作用速度提高,光合效率增加。但是病菌侵染以后,光合作用普遍降低。病菌侵染拟南芥幼苗以后,光系统Ⅱ的最大效率及通过光系统Ⅱ的光能所占光总量的比例普遍降低,光系统Ⅱ受到损伤,受到损伤的光合器官不能进行正常的光合作用。植物抗病对同化产物需要量的增加与植物光合器官受损伤而不能满足之间的矛盾最终会导致植物受侵染部位的坏死。[结论]病菌侵染拟南芥幼苗以后,光系统Ⅱ的最大效率及通过光系统Ⅱ的光能所占光总量的比例普遍降低,光系统Ⅱ受到损伤。     

Measurement of solar radiation exergy

Methods of estimating the energy of solar radiation during it conversion into other forms of energy-thermal, photoelectric, and chemical-during photosynthesis of plants are examined. Analytical expressions are given for estimating the conversion of the energy of solar radiation into thermal, photoelectric, and photosynthetic exergy for the purpose of realizing it in the software and hardware parts of the measuring instrument.     

不同穗型冬小麦叶片荧光诱变及光谱特性

研究了不同穗型冬小麦品种叶片诱变和光谱特性。试验结果表明：在等量叶绿素含量条件下,两品种叶绿体的PSⅡ潜在活性、原初光能转化效率以及潜在的光合作用量子转化效率随灌浆进程和叶位的降低而有不同程度地下降,大穗型品种长丰10号的3项水平均高于多穗型品种轮抗6号,而其变化幅度小于轮抗6号。Mg#+(2+)对长丰10号叶绿体PSⅡ与PSⅠ之间激发能分配的调节能力高于轮抗6号,表现出较好的个体光合素质。     

不同覆盖种植模式对春油菜苗期生长和光合特性的影响

为了提高中国北方春油菜的抗旱、抗寒出苗能力,实现及早播种、培育壮苗,采用黑色和白色两种地膜与不同播种方式相结合,以甘蓝型油菜‘青杂5号’为供试品种,设计5种不同种植模式与传统常规露地条播进行比较,分析春油菜幼苗生长和光合特性,筛选最有利于春油菜幼苗生长的覆盖种植模式。结果表明:白膜平铺穴播种植方式下春油菜苗期叶片大,可用于壮苗培育;叶片光反应下叶绿素浓度高,暗反应下叶绿素浓度低,具有较高的光转化效率;蒸腾强度和气孔开放程度低,光合作用能力较强;光合速率、水分利用效率、羧化效率、光能利用率和油菜籽产量均明显高于露地条播种植,也优于其他覆盖种植模式,是一种资源利用率较高的种植模式,可在北方春油菜产区作为抗旱、抗寒栽培的有效措施进行推广。     

低温胁迫下7种木麻黄变异类型抗寒性的比较

利用叶绿素荧光技术测定自然低温胁迫前后浙江大鹿岛7种木麻黄变异类型的叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,木麻黄各变异类型表现出不同的适应性,变异类型R5的PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量最大,光合作用效率最强,表现出最强的抗寒性;G7的PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)降幅最大,光合作用效率相对较弱,抗寒性最弱;其他类型抗寒性适中。低温胁迫下,各变异类型的非光化学猝灭系数(qN)均有不同程度的增加,也反应了木麻黄各变异类型抵抗低温伤害光合机制的差异。     

越冬期不同产地绿竹叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化

测定了4个产地绿竹在越冬期叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化,分析了不同产地绿竹抵御低温的适应机制。结果表明:绿竹对低温反应敏感,在越冬期内,其叶绿素初始荧光(F0)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)有所升高,而最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)等指标呈现出与月平均气温相一致的动态变化,即先下降后上升。低温胁迫后绿竹叶片通过光合作用调节而形成自我保护机制,随着低温胁迫的增强,PSⅡ潜在活性和原初光能转化效率受到抑制,光合作用能力减弱,温度达到最低时光抑制明显,一旦胁迫缓解,叶片光合能力有所恢复;温州绿竹光能转化效率较高,具有较强抗低温能力,福安、尤溪绿竹居中,漳州绿竹抗寒性最弱。     

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Field-Grown Winter Wheat Under Rainfed Conditions

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was studied in field-grown winter wheat during grain filling under rainfed conditions in Loess Plateau. Results showed that the actual photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ reaction center (Ф PS Ⅱ) decreased significantly as leaf water stress progressed, however, the Ф PS was increased by nitrogen fertilization. The Ф PS Ⅱ of 0, 90 and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatments at noon were 0.197, 0.279 and 0.283, respectively, which decreased by 57.7, 56.4 and 40.2% as compared was even higher than that in the moming. Application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP). These results indicated that application of nitrogen fertilizer could increase the light energy conversion efficiency, the potential activity of photosynthetic reaction center, and the non-photochemical dissipation of excess light energy, which can prevent leaf photosynthetic apparatus from damage of treatments, indicating that the excess nitrogen was unfavorable to photosynthesis.     

干热河谷牛角瓜苗期光合生理特性的种源间差异

为了解干热河谷不同种源牛角瓜Calotropis gigantea苗期的光合生理特性,比较分析了牛角瓜幼苗净光合速率(P_n),气孔导度(G_s),胞间二氧化碳摩尔分数(C_i),蒸腾速率(T_r),水分利用效率(W_UE),光能利用效率(L_UE),瞬时羧化效率(C_E)和气孔限制值(l_s)在元江、红河、个旧、建水、元阳等种源间的日变化动态与日均值差异。牛角瓜5个种源的P_n日变化动态均呈双峰曲线,但在不同时刻的数值存在种源间差异。牛角瓜对高温具有极强的适应性,它通过增加气孔导度和蒸腾作用来提高光合同化效率。干热河谷的极端高温不是影响牛角瓜幼苗光合作用与羧化反应的限制因素,而正午的强光辐射显著抑制了牛角瓜幼苗的光合作用与水分利用。干热河谷牛角瓜不同种源间的光合生理参数日均值具有显著差异(P＜0.05),红河种源的P_n,T_r,L_UE和C_E显著高于其他4个种源(P＜0.05),个旧种源表现出“高光合、低蒸腾”的显著特点,具有最高的W_UE和较高的P_n,L_UE和C_E,因此筛选出红河、个旧为具有高水平光合生产与水分利用潜力的干热河谷牛角瓜种质资源。图3表1参43     

华南8号木薯及其四倍体诱导株系叶片蛋白质组及叶绿素荧光差异分析

【目的】通过对华南8号木薯及其四倍体诱导株系叶片差异蛋白质及叶绿素荧光参数的分析,在蛋白质水平上揭示两者叶片存在的差异以及其与光合效率间的关系。【方法】通过木薯嫩叶、根尖染色体压片及流式细胞观察对华南8号四倍体诱导株系进行鉴定,采用双向电泳技术分离叶片蛋白质,Delta 2D软件分析差异蛋白质并通过质谱技术鉴定,利用Western blot技术对部分差异蛋白质进行验证;采用95%乙醇直接提取法测定叶绿素含量,并用Imaging-Pam测定叶绿素荧光动力学参数。【结果】染色体压片及流式细胞结果均显示,诱导得到SC8多倍体株系为四倍体株系;得到的13个差异蛋白质点中上调表达12个,下调表达1个;经质谱技术成功鉴定到12个,其功能涉及碳代谢及能量代谢、光合作用、抗氧化、蛋白质代谢调控等;1个下调表达的蛋白质未得到成功匹配,其中参与光合作用的蛋白质占46.2%;四倍体株系叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素均显著升高;叶绿素荧光参数,包括Fo、ΦPSII、qP、NPQ和ETR均显著升高;【结论】参与碳代谢及能量代谢、光合作用等途径相关蛋白质表达水平的上调;叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的升高;表明四倍体株系叶片PSII反应中心捕光能力强、光化学转化效率高,从而提高了叶片的光合速率。     

窄叶桃与普通叶片桃杂交子代（F1）光合特性评价及单株优选

为探讨窄叶桃与普通叶片桃杂交子代(F1)群体叶片光合特性并筛选高光效单株,以BYDOP7029(窄叶)×金霞油蟠(正常叶)和湖景蜜露(正常叶)×BYDOP7029(窄叶)2个组合的98个F1代单株为试材,在8月下旬和9月下旬测定其光合特性,并应用因子分析法对其8个光合指标进行分析。结果表明,影响F1代光合特性的3主因子方差贡献率达95.190 8%,主因子依次为气孔因子、光能利用因子、CO2利用因子,同时通过计算各单株主因子得分,依据评分原则按照10%的入选率,筛选出光合特性优良的单株10个。