武夷菌素生物合成调控基因wysPⅢ的功能

为了深入研究武夷菌素生物合成调控机理,通过筛选对武夷菌素产量有影响的基因,明确基因的功能,利用分子育种技术来获得武夷菌素高产菌株。本研究通过基因敲除和过表达技术,获得了wysPⅢ基因的缺失突变株、互补菌株和过表达菌株,验证了该基因在武夷菌素生物合成过程中的功能和武夷菌素产量的关系。结果表明:wysPⅢ基因的过表达菌株生长速率加快,产孢时间提前,而缺失突变株较野生菌株生长变慢,产孢量下降,孢子颜色由正常的深灰色变为灰白色,菌丝变稀疏,但是构建好的菌株与野生型菌株相比,武夷菌素产量没有显著变化。由此可知:wysPⅢ基因调节菌株的生长和产孢特征,而不影响武夷菌素的产量,过表达菌株生长速率加快可缩短武夷菌素发酵时间,降低生产成本。     

武夷菌素生物合成调控基因wysPIII的功能

为了深入研究武夷菌素生物合成调控机理,通过筛选对武夷菌素产量有影响的基因,明确基因的功能,利用分子育种技术来获得武夷菌素高产菌株。本研究通过基因敲除和过表达技术,获得了wysPⅢ基因的缺失突变株、互补菌株和过表达菌株,验证了该基因在武夷菌素生物合成过程中的功能和武夷菌素产量的关系。结果表明：wysPⅢ基因的过表达菌株生长速率加快,产孢时间提前,而缺失突变株较野生菌株生长变慢,产孢量下降,孢子颜色由正常的深灰色变为灰白色,菌丝变稀疏,但是构建好的菌株与野生型菌株相比,武夷菌素产量没有显著变化。由此可知：wysPⅢ基因调节菌株的生长和产孢特征,而不影响武夷菌素的产量,过表达菌株生长速率加快可缩短武夷菌素发酵时间,降低生产成本。     

利用编码harpin蛋白的基因遗传改良生防荧光假单胞菌2P24

荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24是根围促生细菌（PGPR）,具有Ⅲ型分泌系统（T3SS）。为了在2P24中表达植物过敏反应激发子harpin,赋予生防菌诱导抗病性能力,本文选择可在2P24中表达的来自Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000的avrPto1基因启动子与水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonasoryzae pv.oryzicola harpin蛋白编码基因hpa1进行融合,实现了harpin蛋白在2P24的表达。重组菌株通过T3SS分泌harpin蛋白,可激发烟草产生过敏反应（HR）,激活HR途径的HIN1基因和HRS203J基因以及病程相关蛋白PR1a基因的转录表达。harpin重组菌株与2P24一样,对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum和棉花枯萎病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum具有抑制作用。这为利用植物-病原物互作中激发植物产生抗病性的激发子来遗传改良生防微生物奠定了理论和实践基础。     

间歇式流加补料对丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Z2-6冠菌素产量的影响

为提高具有诱导植物抵御逆境等多种生理功能的冠菌素的产量,基于传统分批发酵法建立丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea Z2-6间歇式流加补料发酵方式,并对补料方法中的起始补料时间、补料体积和补料中的合成前体L-异亮氨酸含量进行了优化。结果表明,利用间歇式流加补料发酵方式,于接种后第8天开始每隔24 h补加新鲜GC培养基(含0.75 g/L的L-异亮氨酸和0.3 g/L的丙酮酸钠)1次,每次补料体积占发酵液总体积的2.0%时,丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种Z2-6的冠菌素产量最大,达241.5 mg/L,较传统分批发酵方式下的产量(152.5 mg/L)提高了58.4%,合成速率达到20.1 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)。表明此种补料发酵方式既可以使细菌高效、持续地利用营养物质,又可解除产物的反馈抑制,大幅提高冠菌素产量,最终达到高产目的。     

武夷菌素产生菌CK-15中转录调控因子wysR3的功能研究

wys R3是武夷菌素产生菌Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var.wuyiensis CK-15中可能的调控因子。为了验证wys R3是否参与武夷菌素生物合成基因的转录调节,构建了用于过表达wys R3的基因重组质粒p SETC-R,并通过接合转移的方法转化至武夷菌素产生菌S.wuyiensis CK-15中,构建过表达菌株。过表达菌株生长速度明显缓慢;通过摇瓶发酵和HPLC检测分析发现,武夷菌素产量与野生型菌株相比没有发生明显变化;DNS法测定发酵液中糖含量也没有发生明显变化,说明该基因与武夷菌素的产量和糖含量在该种条件下没有直接关系,但是影响菌株表型生长。     

刺糖多孢菌bldD基因过表达对多杀菌素合成及其孢子形成的影响

bld D基因是链霉菌中的全局性调控基因,调节菌体的形态分化与次级代谢产物的合成。本研究采用重叠延伸PCR将bld D基因置于红霉素强启动子(Perm E)的控制下克隆至大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭载体p UC-spn上,构建重组载体p UC-spn-Perm E-bld D;通过接合转移将其导入刺糖多孢菌中,获得遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S.spinosa-Bld D。平板培养观察发现,在BHI和TSB平板上,重组菌株的孢子形成受到明显抑制。摇瓶发酵结果显示,重组菌株多杀菌素产量相比对照菌株提高了1.35倍。因此,bld D基因的过量表达在一定程度上抑制刺糖多孢菌的孢子形成,并有效促进多杀菌素的生物合成,为研究其他正调控基因的过量表达促进多杀菌素的生物合成奠定了重要基础。     

武夷菌素部分生物合成基因簇的克隆和分析

不吸水链霉菌武夷变种Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var.wuyiensis CK-15是从福建省武夷山土样中分离得到的一株链霉菌,其代谢产物武夷菌素对果蔬真菌病害具有良好的防治效果,但是因其产量低的缺点限制了武夷菌素工业化生产和农业生产中的应用。为了实现利用基因工程培育高产新菌株的目标,首先要获得武夷菌素的生物合成基因。根据大环内酯类抗生素聚酮合成酶基因设计引物筛选菌株CK-15的基因组文库,共获得9个阳性克隆。克隆和测序获得3个较长scaffold片段,序列总长度达53.291 kb,其中包含了14个可能阅读框,通过同源比对证实该序列与S.noursei ATCC 11455的制霉素生物合成基因有很高的同源性。本研究为进一步研究武夷菌素生物合成基因的功能,并通过基因工程培育高产新菌株奠定了基础。     

AdpAsd对于淀粉酶产色链霉菌1628的形态分化和丰加霉素合成的影响

为阐明AdpA与淀粉酶产色链霉菌Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628形态分化和合成丰加霉素（Toyocamycin，TM）的相关性。本研究设计简并引物成功克隆了来源于淀粉酶产色链霉菌1628大小为1263 bp的adpA_sd基因（GenBank登录号：JX847412）。结果发现，AdpA_sd的氨基酸序列与灰色链霉菌Streptomyces griseus的AdpA_g及天然色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolor的AdpA_c的同源性分别为80.7%和78.9%。将adpA_sd基因置于载体pIB139启动子PermE^*下游，构建了重组质粒pIB139-adpA_sd，将其通过接合转移法分别转入菌株1628-T15（高产TM）和1628-T62（低产TM，孢子合成受阻）中，获得重组菌1628-T15A和1628-T62A。结果表明，与出发菌株1628-T62相比，重组菌1628-T62A产孢能力得到一定程度的恢复；重组菌1628-T15A与出发菌株1628-T15相比，整体形态无明显变化。摇瓶发酵试验表明，重组菌1628-T62A较出发菌株1628-T62的TM合成能力显著提高，最终TM产量提高了近3倍，而重组菌1628-T15A的TM产量比出发菌株1628-T15仅有小幅提升。以上结果证实adpA_sd参与淀粉酶产色链霉菌1628形态分化以及TM合成，为今后深入理解adpA_sd的分子调节机制奠定了基础。     

溶杆菌SNNU513基因gfp标记及在玉米根部定殖

溶杆菌属细菌在植物病害生物防治中有着广阔的应用潜力。本文以本实验室从中药材远志分离筛选的溶杆菌属新菌株Lysobacter sp. SNNU513为材料,筛选出高效制备该菌株感受态细胞Inoue法,电击转化条件为场强20 kV/cm、电脉冲时间5 ms时可将含绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp的质粒pGLO导入该菌株感受态细胞中,重组菌SNNU513-pGLO能高效、稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白基因,与出发菌株的生长特性、抑菌活性等生物学特性差异不显著。将成功构建的重组菌SNNU513-pGLO用于检测该菌株在玉米根部的定殖规律,结果表明,定殖量从表皮到韧皮部有明显减少趋势。     

聚磷酸激酶基因的阻断对刺糖多孢菌生长及多杀菌素合成的影响

聚磷酸激酶基因(Polyphosphate kinase gene,ppk)是放线霉菌中的一种影响抗生素合成的全局性负调控因子,阻断该基因能显著提高其次级代谢产物产量。本文利用PCR扩增了刺糖多孢菌中的ppk基因中间片段,经酶切连接技术将其克隆到大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭载体pOJ260上,构建阻断型载体pOJ260-ppk;通过接合转移将该功能质粒导入刺糖多孢菌中,获得了遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S.sp-△ppk。对工程菌株的PCR检测结果显示,ppk基因片段已整合到刺糖多孢菌染色体上并成功阻断了该基因的表达。摇瓶发酵结果显示,工程菌株多杀菌素产量较原始菌株提高了122%。阻断聚磷酸激酶基因的表达对刺糖多孢菌的菌丝形态及生长发育产生了影响,并有效地促进该菌多杀菌素的生物合成。     

Identification of Tomato Leaf Factors that Activate Toxin Gene Expression in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

ABSTRACT Coronatine is a non-host-specific chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin produced by the tomato and crucifer pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. How the chromosomal gene cluster controlling toxin synthesis in this strain is regulated in planta is unknown. Ice nucleation-active cor:inaZ marker-exchange derivatives of strain DC3000 were used to determine coronatine gene expression in various host and nonhost plants and in a minimal medium supplemented with selected tomato plant constituents. Ice nucleation activity, which was first detected 4 h after inoculation, was highest in cabbage, tomato, and soybean and lowest in melon and cucumber. No correlation existed between bacterial population size and expression level on the various plants. Crude tomato leaf extract and intercellular fluid were strong inducers of toxin synthesis. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography analyses and bioassays, we concluded that the active components of both preparations were malic and citric acids, with minor contributions coming from shikimic and quinic acid. Although several compounds including glucose and inositol activated the toxin genes when tested at high concentrations (3 to 5 mM), shikimic and quinic acids were the only ones with activity at concentrations below 0.1 mM. Neither acid could be used as a sole carbon source by strain DC3000. The signal activity of shikimic acid was enhanced 10-fold by the addition of glucose. None of the plant phenolics that we screened affected coronatine gene expression.     

花生白绢病互作研究进展

花生白绢病是由齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.引起的发生在花生茎基部的真菌病害,严重制约花生的品质与产量。本研究利用稀释涂布法从怀牛膝根际土壤中分离纯化了116株放线菌,并从中筛选鉴定了能够防控花生白绢病的菌株。通过平板对峙试验筛选得到两株抑菌活性较好且稳定的菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28,它们对齐整小核菌的抑制率分别为80.43%和92.34%。根据形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,两株菌分别被鉴定为疮痂链霉菌Streptomyces scabiei和藤黄灰链霉菌Streptomyces luteogriseus。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了拮抗菌株无菌发酵滤液对植物病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28的无菌发酵滤液稀释5倍后对齐整小核菌的抑制率分别为73.67%和57.11%,且对禾谷镰孢菌等6种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。此外,两菌株的无菌发酵滤液对齐整小核菌菌核萌发和菌核形成也有较好拮抗作用。盆栽试验结果表明,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28对花生白绢病的防治效果分别为51.92%和31.74%,其中菌株Soil-3-28对花生生长有促进作用。综上,菌株Soil-1-5和Soil-3-28对花生白绢病有较好的防治效果,具有潜在应用价值。

     

AlgU contributes to the virulence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas syringae</Emphasis> pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tomato</Emphasis> DC3000 by regulating production of the phytotoxin coronatine

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), which causes bacterial speck disease of tomato, has been used as a model pathogen to investigate the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions. The function of many potential virulence factors encoded in the Pst DC3000 genome and their modes of action are not fully understood. P. syringae is known to produce the exopolysaccharide alginate. Although AlgU, a sigma factor, is known to regulate the expression of genes such as algD related to alginate biosynthesis, the molecular mechanisms of AlgU in the virulence of Pst DC3000 is still unclear. To investigate the function of AlgU and alginate in plant–bacterial pathogen interactions, we generated ΔalgU and ΔalgD mutants. After inoculation with ΔalgU but not ΔalgD, host plants of Pst DC3000 including tomato and Arabidopsis had milder disease symptoms and reduced bacterial populations. Expression profiles of Pst DC3000 genes revealed that AlgU can regulate not only the expression of genes encoding alginate biosynthesis, but also the expression of genes related to type III effectors and the phytotoxin coronatine (COR). We also demonstrated that the ΔalgU mutant showed full virulence in the Arabidopsis fls2 efr1 double mutant, which is compromised in the recognition of PAMPs. Further, the application of COR was able to restore the phenotype of the ΔalgU mutant in the stomatal response. These results suggest that AlgU has an important role in the virulence of Pst DC3000 by regulating COR production.     

The tomato Pto gene confers resistance to Pseudomonas floridensis,an emergent plant pathogen with just nine type III effectors

A newly discovered bacterial species, Pseudomonas floridensis, has emerged as a pathogen of tomato in Florida. This study compares the virulence and other attributes of P. floridensis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which causes bacterial speck disease of tomato. Pseudomonas floridensis reached lower population levels in leaves of tomato as compared to the P. syringae pv. tomato strains DC3000 and NYT1. Analysis of the genome sequence of the P. floridensis type strain GEV388 revealed that it has just nine type III effectors including AvrPtoB_GEV388, which is 66% identical to AvrPtoB in DC3000. Five of these effectors have been previously reported to be members of a ‘minimal effector repertoire’ required for full DC3000 virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana; however, GEV388 grew poorly on leaves of this plant species compared to the DC3000 minimal effector strain. The tomato Pto gene recognizes AvrPtoB in race 0 P. syringae pv. tomato strains, thereby conferring resistance to bacterial speck disease. Pto was also found to confer resistance to P. floridensis, indicating this gene will be useful in the protection of tomato against this newly emerged pathogen.     

Biological control of bacterial speck of tomato under field conditions at several locations in north america

ABSTRACT Bacterial speck of tomato, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, continues to be a problem for tomato growers worldwide. A collection of nonpathogenic bacteria from tomato leaves plus P. syringae strains TLP2 and Cit7, P. fluorescens strain A506, and P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrp mutants were examined in a greenhouse bioassay for the ability to reduce foliar bacterial speck disease severity. While several of these strains significantly reduced disease severity, P. syringae Cit7 was the most effective, providing a mean level of disease reduction of 78% under greenhouse conditions. The P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrpA, hrpH, and hrpS mutants also significantly reduced speck severity under greenhouse conditions. The strains with the greatest efficacy under greenhouse conditions were tested for the ability to reduce bacterial speck under field conditions at locations in Alabama, Florida, and Ontario, Canada. P. syringae Cit7 was the most effective strain, providing a mean level of disease reduction of 28% over 10 different field experiments. P. fluorescens A506, which is commercially available as Blight-Ban A506, provided a mean level of disease reduction of 18% over nine different field experiments. While neither P. syringae Cit7 nor P. fluorescens A506 can be integrated with copper bactericides due to their copper sensitivity, there exist some potential for integrating these biological control agents with "plant activators", including Actigard. Of the P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrp mutants tested, only the hrpS mutant reduced speck severity significantly under field conditions.     

土壤稀有放线菌的选择性分离及其抗菌活性研究

在优化土壤稀有放线菌选择性分离方法的基础上,对从安徽、浙江、山东、陕西等地采集的31份土样中的稀有放线菌进行了选择性分离。结果表明:以改进的HV培养基为分离培养基,将土壤样品稀释100倍,添加2×10-5 g/mL重铬酸钾＋2×10-5 g/mL萘啶酮酸＋1×10-5 g/mL卡那霉素作为抑制剂分离效果最好。以常见植物病原真菌和细菌为指示菌,从分离的417株放线菌中筛选出H32、H75、H223、H227、H238等5株可代谢抗菌活性物质的菌株。离体条件下,5株放线菌菌株发酵液对小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana、玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum、烟草赤星病菌Alternaria alternate的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有强烈的抑制作用,其中H223和H238菌株发酵液对病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)值均小于10 mL/L;H32菌株发酵液对小麦根腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的EC50值分别为25.5、28.9和29.9 mL/L。5株放线菌发酵液对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用显著,其中H223菌株发酵液抑制作用最强,抑菌圈达30 mm以上。盆栽实验结果表明,5株放线菌发酵液对小麦白粉病的保护效果为73.45％~82.35％,治疗效果为67.74％~70.80％。     

产气克雷伯氏杆菌 Klebsiella aerogenes S2对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性及番茄促生效果

本研究以广西红树林的根际土壤为材料, 利用选择性培养基分离筛选多功能菌株, 并利用生理生化和分子生物学相结合的方法进行鉴定?采用平板对峙法测定筛选获得的菌株对几种植物病原真菌的拮抗效果, 同时通过盆栽试验和发芽试验研究其对番茄幼苗和种子的促生效果, 从而挖掘兼具促生防病功能的植物根际促生菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)?经筛选获得一株具有溶磷及分泌生长素(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)能力的细菌菌株S2, 经鉴定该菌株属于克雷伯氏菌属Klebsiella, 其对禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum, 玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢Bipolaris maydis等3种植物病原真菌具有一定的拮抗效果, 菌株发酵液浓度为1×104?2×104 cfu/mL时对番茄种子和幼苗的促生效果最好?综上, 菌株S2 是一株新型且兼具促生防病效果的多功能PGPR菌株, 该结果为绿色现代农业开发土壤微生物菌肥和植物生长调节剂提供优质菌源参考?