三江平原不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

在中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站综合实验场对3种不同土地利用类型的土壤(0～25cm)作了分析。结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质有明显差异。随着开垦时间的增加,土壤容重和比重显著增加,土壤孔隙度、田间持水量和水稳性团聚体含量却在不断变小,大部分土壤养分含量也明显降低。有机质含量在开垦7年后下降了69.51%,15年后下降了72.96%,土壤全氮分别减少了58.59%和63.34%,有效氮减少了55.78%和75.31%,有效磷分别减少了45.67%和49.9%,有效钾则减少了43.71%和42.87%;然而,湿地开垦为农田后全钾略有增长。弃耕5年后,土壤的性质有所恢复,土壤有机质含量比开垦15年的土壤增长了53.13%,全氮增长丁23.16%,有效氮增长了139.61%,有效磷、有效钾分别增长了14.19%和9.62%。     

半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质的特征研究

通过对半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式的土壤理化性质的调查研究.得出不同土地利用措施土壤机械成分表现出一定的差异性,在0-40 cm土层,88542整地和人工草地的粗砂粒平均含量高于天然草地;在0-100 cm土层,最大田间持水量:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管持水量:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤总孔隙度:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管孔隙度:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤的透气性:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.在0-100 cm土层:有机质的含量为:人工林地＞天然草地＞人工草地;土壤碱解氮的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;土壤速效磷的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.结果表明,合理的土地利用方式,改善了土壤结构和肥力,增加土壤的通透性,改变土壤水肥气热状况,其中人工造林整地对土壤容重、持水量、土壤养分的促进作用均优于其它利用方式,有利于植被的快速恢复.     

土地利用方式对桂西北石漠化地区土壤理化性质的影响

在广西壮族自治区凌云县典型石漠化地区对7种不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质进行了调查分析.结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤容重、含水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度存在极显著差异(p＜0.01),有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及交换性Ca2+含量差异极显著(p＜0.01).相对阔叶林地土壤,灌木林、针叶林、退耕台地、草地、退耕坡地、农田土壤的退化程度依次增加.农田土壤质量最低,针叶林地、草地、退耕坡地、退耕台地土壤质量为中等,灌木林地与阔叶林地土壤质量较高.人为干扰是影响土壤理化性质的主导因素,干扰强度大,土壤理化性质退化严重.控制不合理的人为干扰及恢复结构良好的地上植被对改善土壤质量具有重要意义.     

黄土区梯化坡地不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]研究覆膜作物、牧草地和撂荒地模式下梯化坡地不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响,为黄土区梯化坡地优化农业生产管理提供科学依据。[方法]以黄土区甘肃省陇西县梯化坡地为研究对象,选择5种土地利用方式(玉米地、苜蓿地、撂荒地2 a,撂荒地4 a和荒草地)按不同坡位(挖方段、中间段、填方段)进行土壤取样,对0—40 cm土层土壤理化性质进行研究。[结果]在5种土地利用方式下,土壤含水量、容重均随土层深度增加而增大,其中玉米地土壤含水量最高,容重最小;土壤机械组成均表现为:细砂粒黏粒粉粒粗砂粒;土壤含水量、容重、黏粒和粉粒均表现为:挖方段中间段填方段,而粗砂粒、细砂粒、有机碳、速效钾和水解性氮则呈现相反的趋势。土壤pH值均值变化为苜蓿地最大,撂荒地最小,且方差分析差异不显著(p0.05)。土壤有机碳、速效钾和有效磷均值均表现为玉米地最大,水解性氮均值表现为:苜蓿地玉米地撂荒地2 a荒草地撂荒地4 a。[结论]覆膜玉米地表现出对土壤含水量、容重及养分的促进作用均优于其他土地利用方式,且填方段的土壤更加肥沃,耕作中应注重加强对挖方段的施肥。     

土地利用方式对雅江中游土壤理化性质及 颗粒分形特征的影响

采取野外调查和室内试验相结合方法,分析了雅江中游4种土地利用方式基本理化性质,并运用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型研究了不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒分形特征及与土壤粒径、性状关系。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式0~30 cm土壤理化性质差异显著(P0.05),土壤容重表现为稀疏灌丛农耕地荒草地人工林地,随着土壤层次增加,土壤容重呈增大趋势。总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水率、毛管持水率均与容重规律相反;(2)4种土地利用方式主要以粉粒、砂粒为主,黏粒含量仅占到0.36%~4.27%,土壤质地偏砂性;(3)0~30 cm土壤颗粒体积分形维数平均值的顺序为:农耕地荒草地人工林地稀疏灌丛。人工林地具有较好的土壤结构,相对疏松、通透性好。而稀疏灌丛受到砾石影响,分形维数最小,但在保水保肥能力上最弱;(4)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与砂粒体积百分含量呈极显著负相关(r=–0.873,P0.01);与粉粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.860,P0.01);与黏粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.913,P0.01)。这表明,一定程度上,研究区分形维数可作为评估水土流失的指标;(5)土壤颗粒体积分形维数与各土壤单一物理性质具有不同程度相关性,其中与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量、毛管含水量均为正相关关系,而与容重、有机质呈负相关关系。     

张家口坝上地区土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

土壤理化性质作为土壤健康评价的重要指标,对土地利用方式响应敏感.为揭示张家口坝上地区土地利用类型对土壤理化性质的影响,本研究以张家口市坝上地区草地、林地、菜地和常规耕地4种主要土地利用类型为研究对象,分析了0～15 cm和15～30 cm土层的pH、容重、有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有效态微量元素等物...     

北京山区典型土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及可蚀性的影响

延庆县地处北京市西北部,作为北京生态环境建设工程的重要组成部分,是北京五大风沙口之一,此区属于生态环境脆弱地带,加之人类对土地资源的不合理利用,导致了严重的土壤侵蚀性问题。针对北京市延庆县山区不同土地利用类型的土壤,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,对研究区农田、果园、苗圃幼林地、山地灌木林和土路5种土地利用类型下土壤可蚀性及其理化性质进行研究,结果表明:各土地利用类型中,山地灌木林的土壤总孔隙、土壤贮水能力、土壤饱和持水量和有机质显著大于其它土地类型（P < 0.05）。不同土地利用方式的土壤可蚀性K值存在差异,由大到小依次表现为:土路（0.047 4） > 农田（0.043 5） > 果园（0.042 1） > 苗圃幼林地（0.040 8） > 山地灌木林（0.034 2）。对土壤可蚀性和土壤理化性质进行相关性分析结果表明:土壤可蚀性与砂粒、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、非毛管孔隙、土壤贮水能力和容重相关性较好（P < 0.05）,可作为土壤可蚀性评价的指标。     

黄土高原丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质的影响

对晋西北黄土高原丘陵区持续利用30年的小叶锦鸡儿人工林、农田、杨树林、小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林地以及撂荒地的土壤理化性状进行了研究。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤理化性质影响很大。小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林以及小叶锦鸡儿人工林可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤酶活性、有机质和全N含量,从而改善土壤肥力。混交林和小叶锦鸡儿人工林的土壤培肥作用高于杨树纯林。粗放的农业耕作措施提高土壤容重,降低土壤养分含量,使土壤退化。撂荒地一定程度上可以起到培肥土壤的作用。在黄土高原丘陵区,种植小叶锦鸡儿人工林以及小叶锦鸡儿和杨树的混交林是较好的生态重建和植被恢复方式。     

不同土地利用方式对黄河三角洲盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

采用野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,分析3种不同土地利用方式对黄河三角洲河口区盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)刺槐林地土壤表层0～10 cm有机质和全氮质量分数均最高,分别为17.30和1.04g/kg,0～20 cm平均土壤密度(1.33 g/cm3)和0～100 cm平均土壤电导率(290.25μs/cm)均小于柽柳林地和棉花地,0～20 cm平均土壤孔隙度(51.91%)和黏粒质量含量(3.99%)均大于柽柳林地和棉花地;2)柽柳林地0～100cm平均土壤pH值为6.77,极显著低于刺槐林地和棉花地(P<0.01),平均土壤速效钾质量分数最高(104.47 mg/kg),极显著高于棉花地(P<0.01),而与刺槐林地差异不显著,0～100 cm平均土壤速效磷质量分数为棉花地>柽柳林地>刺槐林地;3)人工栽植的刺槐林地土壤理化性状优于天然更新的柽柳林地和人工耕作的棉花地。研究结果可为黄河三角洲河口区盐碱地土地合理利用和改良提供参考。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同利用方式土壤理化性质

为了缓解土壤盐碱性,保证土壤可持续利用,研究了黄河三角洲典型土地利用类型撂荒地、棉田、苜蓿地和梨园土壤理化性质.结果表明:棉田土壤容重较高,而孔隙度和毛管孔隙度低,由于棉田灌水压盐措施,抬高了地下水位,土壤返盐严重.苜蓿地由于管理粗放,对土壤扰动少,容重较低,孔隙度和毛管孔隙度较高,盐碱度较低;每年对苜蓿的采收显著降低了苜蓿地土壤有机质和养分含量,而豆科固氮菌的存在,使表层速效氮含量较高.梨园位于黄河三角洲土壤质地较好的区域,且有机肥料施用一定程度上缓解了土壤板结,盐碱度较低.撂荒地表层土壤理化指标均显著优于棉田,在退化土壤恢复中具有较好的效果.     

Influence of land use on soil properties in a forest region of Southern Nigeria

Abstract. To assess the effect of different land uses on soil properties, five land use types (fallow, Gmelina , arable, secondary forest and cocoa plots) on a sandy loam Alfisol (Typic Kandiudalf) were compared in terms of surface (0–15 cm) soil pH, exchangeable acidity, K, Ca and Mg, extractable P, total N, organic matter, gravimetric moisture, temperature and bulk density. There were significant differences ( P ≤ 0.05- P ≤ 0.001) between the land use types for all the properties except exchangeable acidity and moisture. All the land use types differed significantly from each other in at least four properties. Fallow and secondary forest differed in nine properties, fallow and cocoa in seven and fallow and Gmelina in six. In terms of the number of properties with high variability (CV ≥ 35%), the order was arable, secondary forest and cocoa (4) > Gmelina (3) > fallow (1).     

Influence of soil properties and land use on organic carbon storage in agricultural soils near hedges

In this context of climate change, agroforestry systems are acknowledged to have a good potential to increase carbon storage in agricultural areas. However, the carbon storage potential of agroforestry systems still needs to be quantified accurately, especially for hedges. The objectives of this study were to (1) add references to the existing literature on the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) storage near hedges and (2) identify the main factors that influence the variability in this potential. To this end, we sampled soil in the adjacent fields of 25 hedges in France with mixed crop-livestock agriculture, with sampling on both sides for 20 hedges and sampling on only one side for five hedges, giving a total of 45 study sites. We measured SOC stocks to a depth of 90 cm at distances of 1, 2, 3 and 10 m from the hedge. The results showed that hedges have a strong potential to store carbon in soils, with a mean increase of 15% in SOC stock within 3 m of the hedge. This increase in SOC stock had high variability because of site characteristics. Additional SOC stocks were the largest in rotations of annual crops and grasslands with a permanent grass strip 1 m wide near the hedge, followed by rotations of annual crops, permanent grasslands and rotations of annual crops and grasslands. Large additional SOC stocks because of the hedge were also associated with soils that had a high C:N ratio. The contribution of this type of land management to soil carbon storage thus depends on the local context in which it is implemented.     

Influence of land use change on soil nutrients in an intensive agricultural region of North China

The pressures of development and major shifts in land use have increased the need to assess the impact of land use change on soil nutrients. This study was conducted in an area with intensive agricultural land use in north China to assess effects of land use change on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). Soil samples were collected from rainfed land, irrigated land, virgin grassland and vegetable land in 1980 and 1999. SOC, TN and AP were higher in 1999 than in 1980, and the increases followed the following order: vegetable land > irrigated land > rainfed land, except for AK. Soil nutrient contents were increased when land uses underwent the following changes (except for AK): virgin grassland → rainfed land → irrigated farmland → vegetable land. The SOC, TN and AP fluxes (rate of change in C, N, P and K as kg(ha y)⁻¹) in the transition systems from rainfed land to vegetable land were 518.46, 69 and 3.9 kg(ha y)⁻¹, respectively, which were considerably higher than the transition systems from rainfed land to irrigated land. The SOC, TN and AP fluxes in the transition systems from virgin grassland to irrigated land were 297.83, 56.3, 2.1 kg(ha y)⁻¹, respectively, which were higher than the transition systems from virgin grassland to rainfed land. The study shows that land use intensification can increase soil nutrient contents if accompanied by increased fertilizer application.     

艾比湖绿洲农业区土地利用动态与盐碱化影响的遥感应用研究

采用1972～2001年的4期MSS和TM图像为数据源,通过人工解译方法获得新疆艾比湖地区土地利用数据,并使用土地利用转移矩阵和土地利用变化指数等方法分析近30a该地区土地利用动态情况。在此基础上,应用基于光谱分析的光谱角度填图(SAM)分类方法从2004年ASTER和SPOT图像上提取土地盐碱化现状信息,与人工解译的土地利用数据进行空间分析,对农业区土地利用受盐碱化影响的程度进行评估,并对盐碱化因素限制下的农业发展提出建议。研究结果表明,近30a来该地区耕地面积持续增加,新开垦耕地主要来源于未利用地的开发。新开垦耕地明显地受到盐碱化的影响,农业生产将受到一定威胁。     

科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对大型土壤节肢动物群落影响

土地利用类型是地球表层系统最突出的景观标志,不仅可以客观地展示地球表面特征空间格局的活动,还反映着地球表面景观的时空动态过程[1-2].由于土地利用变化与人类活动和全球气候变化密切相关,对生物多样性消长、生态环境演变、生态安全水平以及人类可持续性发展有着重要影响,因而其研究已成为当今全球变化研究的前沿和热点课题[1,3].     

Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton, Hungary

Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.     

Impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton,Hungary

Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical land use data for the last 200 years, provides an opportunity to study and model impacts of historical land use changes on erosion and agricultural soil properties. Comparison of long-term land uses with present soil degradation indicator parameters showed that permanent arable land use has led to degradation of both the physical and chemical properties of soils in the Kali Basin. Application of the SEDEM/WATEM distributed erosion and sediment transport model showed that, despite the low overall sediment export from the catchment, land use changes introduced by property ownership and agricultural changes have decreased average soil erosion in the catchment but increased relative sediment export to Lake Balaton. This is due to changes in the land cover pattern that allow more sediment transported to the river system. The overall conclusion of this study is that besides the size and area proportion of land use types, land use pattern seems to be equally important in soil erosion and degradation processes, thus land use pattern is a key factor for landscape planning and development in the Kali Basin. A relationship between the sociological and agro-ecological reasons for the recorded land use changes is also shown in this study.     

Influence of former agricultural land use on net nitrate production in forest soils

Except where nitrate is added to the soil artificially, nitrate is leached from forest soils only if it is produced. Although the factors influencing nitrification have been widely studied, nitrification activity still cannot be simply predicted from ecosystem characteristics. In France, about half of the present forest area was agricultural in 1850. Previous work suggested that former cultivation could be a major factor influencing nitrogen availability in forest soils. Using laboratory incubations, we compared the net production of ammonium and nitrate in soils from formerly manured lands planted with conifers 70–100 years ago with that in soils of surrounding ancient coniferous forests. Net nitrate production, available P content, and natural abundance of nitrogen 15, δ¹⁵N, were greater in soils from formerly manured plots than other land, whereas the C:N ratio of the soil was less. The difference in net nitrate production between previously manured sites and adjacent ancient forests was related to differences in δ¹⁵N values in the soil but not evidently to other soil properties. Because soil δ¹⁵N increases with the intensity of organic manuring, these results suggest that nitrification in forest soils depends on previous manurial practices under agriculture. In this context, the soil δ¹⁵N might be used as an indicator of both previous agricultural land use and potential nitrification. Because a significant proportion of West European forests grow on previously cultivated soils, past land use should be taken into account when evaluating the risks of nitrate leaching from forests.     

Relationships between biological and physico-chemical soil characteristics in a mediterranean agricultural area

Fourteen agricultural soils from various areas of Tuscany were characterized by a range of measurements indicative of soil biological activity. The objective of our research was to identify soil parameters suitable as indicators for evaluating their quality. In general, enzyme activities were found to vary widely, with the highest activity for each enzyme being distributed among only five of the 14 soils studied. The narrowest range (14-fold) in enzyme activities for the various soils was observed for catalase and the widest range (577-fold) for g -glucosidase. Biomass C and, among the measured enzyme activities, amylase, were well correlated with total organic carbon, total N, cation and anion exchange capacity. Positive correlations were found between the maximum water holding capacity and dehydrogenase, amylase, biomass C, FDA hydrolytic activity, the biological index of fertility and the enzyme activity number, so showing that soil moisture may play an important role in affecting soil biological characteristics. No significant correlations were observed among the soil enzymes themselves. The FDA hydrolytic activity appeared to be the index most related with the other biological characteristics tested in this study and, for this reason, can be considered the most effective index for putting in evidence relationships existing between the different biological characteristics in the soils investigated.     

广东省典型土壤类型和土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了广东省韶关红壤、广州赤红壤、雷州砖红壤3个典型地带性土壤分布区4种不同土地利用方式(包括林地、果园、草地和农田)对表层(0~20 cm)土壤几种主要酶活性(过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性)的影响。结果表明,不同土壤类型和不同土地利用方式对土壤酶活性均有一定影响,其中土地利用方式影响更为明显。土壤酶活性多表现为果园和林地较高,农田和草地较低;而土壤过氧化氢酶对土地利用方式和土壤类型的响应均较其它几种酶弱。典范相关分析结果表明,全磷、速效磷、速效氮含量是土壤养分因子中影响土壤酶活性的最重要因素,5种酶中纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性与土壤养分因子关系最大,而土壤酶活性之间也存在着一定的共性关系。