泡桐木材的防变色暨干燥（续）

泡桐木材的防变色暨干燥（续）苗平，顾炼百，刘启明２泡桐板材的防变色处理２．１泡桐板材的吸水性一般所说的泡桐板材的防变色处理方法主要是用水浸泡法，同时在水中添加对泡桐中的变色成分有一定防变色作用的各种化学药剂，从而达到泡桐板材防变色的效果。用水浸泡就必...     

泡桐木材的防变色和干燥

泡桐木材防变色问题一直是生产单位和研究部门的难题。本文研究了泡桐木材产生变色的化学成分,得出泡桐中的酚类物质、环烯醚萜甙类、有机酸等是它变色的内因。同时对泡桐变色的物理生物因素进行了研究,发现泡桐木材暴露于空气中时产生变色,较高的外界温度和高的湿度加速泡桐变色。在此基础上摸索了泡桐板材防变色的化学处理方法,研究制定了泡桐板材的干燥工艺,经生产性试验,证明该方法是可行的。     

泡桐渗透性改善与防变色效果关系的研究

本研究通过改善泡桐的渗透性，来解决多年来一直困扰泡桐加工业的防变色处理效果不佳的难题。试验表明，对豫林一号泡桐材改善渗透性后进行防变色处理的试件，与相同条件下未改善渗透性即进行防变色处理的对照样相比较，白度和明度有极显著提高，总色差有极显著降低，好于外贸出口一级板材标准。     

防止兰考泡桐木材变色的初步试验

对多种化学药品配方防止兰考泡桐(Paulownia elongata)木材变色的效果进行了试验,并观测了处理前后材色的变化,探索到4种对防止变色有一定作用的配方。同时,初步观察了干燥条件和木材含水率对变色的影响,讨论了各种处理方法对防止兰考泡桐材变色的适用性。     

泡桐材变色类型的确定及变色真菌的鉴定

对泡桐材变色类型的研究表明,泡桐材变色存在着真菌变色。同时从新伐的泡桐木材中分离出两种真菌,经鉴定是链格孢菌和一种根霉菌,这两种真菌可引发泡桐木材变色。     

兰考泡桐木材成分的变色行为及其变色过程

从兰考泡桐木材的含水甲醇浸提物分离出梓醇、泡桐素和芝麻素三种成分,在不同条件下进行模拟变色试验。结果显示,ｐＨ值是影响梓醇变色的主要因素,光照和氧气同时作用可导致泡桐素和芝麻素变色。温度和湿度变化对兰考泡桐木材成分变色也有明显影响。泡桐木材变色是多种因素共同作用的结果。根据对实验事实的分析,提出了这些成分在变色过程中可能发生的一系列反应。     

提高河南省泡桐木拼板出口能力的几个问题

泡桐木拼板是河南省桐木出口的主要产品,由于产品存在脱色欠佳、粘结不牢、易脱胶、板材厚薄不均等问题,出口量减少。作者通过对全省拼板厂家调查分析,就如何增强桐木拼板出口能力提出了具体意见。     

泡桐木材变色的物理化学因素

从化学和物理两个角度分析了泡桐木材变色的主要因素，对泡桐木材中变色物质进行甲醇浸提。分别用极性从小到大的石油醚、氯仿、乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取，将其分成包括水溶性部分在内的6个组分，进行化学试验分析，得出泡桐木材中所含的酚类物质、环烯醚萜甙类物质和有机酸等是泡桐木材变色的内在因素。而接触空气以及较高的温度和相对湿度是引起泡桐木材变色的外在因素。     

樟子松生材的防霉防变色处理

近年来我国从俄罗斯进口大量樟子松木材，因新采伐的樟子松原木和湿锯材极易被霉菌和变色茵感染，在温暖潮湿季节引起边材严重变色而降等。为有效防止霉菌和变色茵的侵害，采用TBQ木材防腐剂对其进行防霉、防变色处理试验。结果表明：将湿锯材样品在6％TBQ溶液中浸泡1h后，其防霉、防变色效果可达到98％．说明TBQ木材防腐剂有良好的防霉、防变色效果。建议在木材产区或进口口岸制材并就地进行防霉、防蓝变处理后再运往国内市场。     

桐木拼板贴桐木刨切薄木提高等级的工艺

桐木拼板贴桐木刨切薄木提高等级的工艺林业部泡桐研究开发中心黄文豪桐木拼板是我国泡桐工业制品出口创汇的传统产品。近年来，我国大陆每年生产桐木拼板约１０００００ｍ￣３，外销量５００００ｍ￣３左右，主要销往日本、南韩和台湾省、香港等地。桐木拼板质量分Ａ、Ｂ...     

硅铝凝胶改性防腐剂对竹材表面颜色的影响

为考察硅铝无机防腐处理对竹材表面颜色的影响,以毛竹为材料,采用不同热处理溶液浓度(0、25%、50%、100%)、处理温度(140、160、180℃)和处理时间(1、2h)分别对其进行处理。依照标准色度系统指定表征防腐处理前后竹材表面颜色,通过颜色总色差、明度、红绿色指数、蓝黄色指数的变化,探讨防腐处理工艺参数对竹材表面颜色的影响。通过傅里叶红外光谱和X衍射光谱分析防腐液与竹材结合方式,并使用场发射扫描电子显微镜观察对比处理前后防腐液在竹细胞腔内的分布情况。结果表明,防腐液浓度对竹材色差变化影响较大,随着浓度的增大,竹材色差也随之增大。热处理工艺的处理温度与处理时间对竹材表面颜色的影响也符合传统木材热处理色差变化规律。微观检测发现,防腐剂不仅与纤维有化学键结合,也通过物理吸附以分子团聚形式附着填充在细胞腔内部。     

中国主要木材交易市场发展时空变化分析

文中从区域均衡性、市场繁荣度以及区域相关性3个方面对中国成交额上亿元的木材交易市场时空变化情况进行分析,结果表明:1）中国主要木材交易市场区域发展不均衡状况日益突显;2）处于繁荣地区和较繁荣区的木材交易市场较少,木材交易市场处于发展阶段,未来仍有较大潜力;3）各地区木材交易市场在空间发展上呈正相关,但其程度正在逐渐减弱,“HH”型木材交易市场集中在东部沿海地区,而“LL”型木材交易市场向西南方向缓慢延伸。     

抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长及出材量的影响

间伐对人工林生长及木材质量具有重要影响。在浙江开化开展了间伐强度（强度、中度和对照）和间伐方式（间伐1次,间伐2次）对杉木人工林生长及出材量等的影响研究,第1试验区大径材培育林分在第7年和第14年进行了2次间伐,第2试验区中径材培育林分仅在第12年时进行1次间伐。结果表明：22年生大径材培育林分和19年生中径材培育林分不同间伐处理之间树高、总断面积的差异均不显著。间伐显著增加了林木胸径的生长,大径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加13.78%和9.69%,中径材培育林分强度和中度间伐处理的平均胸径分别比对照增加12.28%和7.02%。间伐显著促进了林木单株材积的增加,2组试验林分活立木材积随着间伐强度的增加而降低,第1试验区22年生林分不同间伐强度之间活立木材积的差异不显著（P>0.05）,第2试验区强度间伐活立木材积显著低于对照（P<0.05）,中度间伐林分活立木材积与对照和强度间伐之间的差异不显著（P>0.05）。2组试验林分总蓄积和出材量也随着间伐强度的增加而降低,二者在3种间伐处理之间均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。间伐强度不能有效增加林分活立木材积和林分出材量,间伐次数对林分出材量及出材规格有重要影响。试验区杉木大径材培育以2次间伐,总间伐强度50%左右较为适宜,而中径材培育则以1次中度间伐（约25%）为宜。     

Effective lateral resistance of timber–plywood–timber joints connected with nails

In this study, an experimental study was conducted on the nailed timber–plywood–timber joints extended from the standard wall–floor joints of wooden light frame constructions, where the bottom plates of shear walls are nailed to the floors consisting of joists and floor sheathings nailed to them. The principal conclusions are as follows: The allowable lateral resistance of the nailed timber–plywood–timber joints can roundly be estimated by neglecting the plywood panels if their densities are higher than those of the timber main-members and they are fastened effectively onto the timber main-members. The stiffness of the timber–plywood–timber joints is less than that of the control timber–timber joints, which is improved by increasing the number of nails used to fasten the plywood panels onto the timber main-members. The stiffness of the joints whose floor sheathings are glued onto the joists is equivalent to the control timber–timber joints. The timber–plywood–timber joints with appropriate specifications have greater energy capacity until the failure than that of the control timber–timber joints. This ensures their energy capacity, which is important in dynamic resistance, to be equivalent to the control timber–timber joints.     

Tropical Timber Trade Flows in P.R. China

The historical transition of timber distribution pattern in China was presented firstly with main parts of timber flows in China, which included timber markets, timber transport system and regulations of timber transport. Based on the overview on tropical timber flows in China, the trade flows of tropical timber from production and imports of tropical timber to export of tropical timber products were analyzed by vivid illustrations. At the same time, problems in timber trade flows in China were analysed in the end.     

泡桐材色变异规律的研究

泡桐材色在树干或侧枝圆盘年龄上从里向外呈现“深-浅—深”的径向变化形式。在不同高度上,泡桐材色随树高增加逐渐变浅,在靠近梢部时又有变深的趋势;泡桐枝材的材色变化规律与干材相似,可以用6年生的成熟枝材来评估干材材色。     

Strength properties and effect of moisture content on the bending and compressive strength parallel to the grain of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) round timber

Static bending tests and compressive test parallel to the grain of sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica) green round timber were conducted to confirm whether its strength would satisfy the referenced strength determined by the Construction Ministry. The strength of green round timber and air-dried round timber were compared for bending and compression parallel to the grain. The strength change ratio in response to a 1 % change in the moisture content of round timber was compared with that of small clear specimens and timber. The results revealed that a 5 % parametric tolerance limit of bending and compressive strength parallel to the grain satisfied the referenced strength, even when using green round timber. The average strength of air-dried round timber was higher than that of green round timber, in both bending and compression parallel to the grain, with significant differences indicated at a 5 % significance level. The relation between the cross-section area that includes round timber, timber and the small clear specimens, and the strength change ratio in response to a 1 % change in moisture content change was fitted to a logarithm curve. Thus, the size of the specimen was considered to affect the strength change ratio.     

SBB防护剂处理木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能等效果的研究

木材保护药剂SBB处理马尾松材后对木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能影响的研究结果表明:处理材的气干湿胀率与未处理材相比有所增大,(NH4)2HPO4与SBB质量配比对试材湿胀率的影响不明显。质量比为1∶3的(NH4)2HPO4与SBB的混合液以10%浓度处理的试材的体积湿胀率为最小,且该混合液处理的试材阻燃性能最佳。随着药剂处理浓度的增大,处理材顺纹抗压强度增大较明显,处理材静曲强度和抗弯弹性模量略有降低。     

Assessment of technologies and dogs for detecting insect pests in timber and forest products

Abstract

Lack of accurate tools for detecting insect infestation in timber remains a big challenge for pest management authorities. Seven non-destructive insect detection technologies were used to assess their effectiveness in detecting insect borers and termites in timber samples. These technologies were: Termatrac®; Tramex Moisture tester; Acoustic Emission Device (AED-200L®); X-ray, thermal imaging camera; a termite detector dog; and trained quarantine inspectors using standard visual inspection (VI). The timber samples of Acacia parramattensis and Acacia decurrens used for the trial were naturally infested timber branches; timber blocks inoculated with lyctine beetles; timber blocks naturally infested with termites; and un-infested controls. All timber samples used were destructively sampled at the end of the trial to confirm the presence or absence of insects. The detector dog was 100% effective in detecting natural infested termite colonies but was totally ineffective in detecting termites on artificially inoculated timber blocks. The moisture metre and the thermal image camera were 100% effective in detecting large termite colonies but ineffective in detecting other insects in dry timber samples. The effectiveness of other methods of detecting insects or termites varied considerably. The AED was 79% effective, Termatrac 70%, X-ray 40% and VI 35%. Implications of these findings for quarantine and inspection purposes are discussed.     

Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management,incorporating timber,carbon and oxygen values: A case study

Abstract

This paper comparatively examines two forest management planning approaches: multipurpose forest management and traditional timber management, with carbon, timber and oxygen production objectives in mind. The effects of both approaches on carbon and oxygen values were estimated with an oxygen and carbon flow matrix, while timber production was modelled through a growth and yield model. The estimated values were simultaneously integrated into a linear programming model developed for this study. The objective was to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the profits of timber, oxygen and carbon under the constraints of an even flow of timber production and ending forest inventory for each planning approach. The results showed that the ecological and environmental regulations in multipurpose management substantially decreased the NPV of timber production even though they increased the NPV of carbon and oxygen flow. The results also indicated that over a 100 year planning horizon the total NPV of all forest ecosystem values including carbon, timber and oxygen is almost the same (only 1.9% reduction in multipurpose management approach) in both management approaches. Although multipurpose management creates more NPV of carbon and oxygen than timber management does, the latter provides better results in terms of timber production. It is therefore important to take into account the NPV of all apparent and quantifiable forest values in preparing forest management plans, particularly in developing new management planning approaches.