脂肪酸钙在反刍动物营养中的应用研究进展

综述了脂肪酸钙的过瘤胃保护机理、降解规律以及对瘤胃发酵、营养物质消化率和血液指标的影响及机理、脂肪酸钙的应用效果,指出了其应用前景及有待解决的问题。     

不同粒度脂肪酸钙在瘤胃中稳定性的研究

本试验旨在通过测定不同粒度脂肪酸钙的在瘤胃发酵过程中干物质降解率和脂肪酸组成的变化,研究粒度对脂肪酸钙瘤胃稳定性的影响。选择4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦泌乳母牛作为试验动物,饲喂基础饲粮,每天将400 g未经筛分的脂肪酸钙混于每头牛的精料中饲喂。采用尼龙袋法分别测定4种粒度(12目筛上部分,12目筛下、40目筛上部分,40目筛下、60目筛上部分,60目筛下部分)脂肪酸钙在发酵后2、4、8、12、24、36、48 h的瘤胃干物质降解率,并采集降解残渣,测定脂肪酸组成的变化。结果表明:1)试验脂肪酸钙的粒度分布为12目筛上部分40.20%,12目筛下、40目筛上部分50.30%,40目筛下、60目筛上部分4.50%,60目筛下部分5.00%。2)不同粒度脂肪酸钙的脂肪酸组成基本没有差别。3)脂肪酸钙粒度对瘤胃干物质降解率具有极显著影响(P<0.01),60目筛上部分在瘤胃中基本稳定,60目筛下部分干物质降解率较高。4)发酵过程中,C16∶0、C18∶0脂肪酸比例升高,C18∶1、C18∶2、C18∶3脂肪酸比例下降,60目筛上部分上述变化较小,60目筛下部分变化较大。总之,脂肪酸钙的粒度过小瘤胃稳定性差,不饱和脂肪酸易转化为饱和脂肪酸,提示在生产加工过程中应采用合理的工艺以保证脂肪酸钙的适当粒度与均匀度。     

脂肪酸钙及其在反刍动物中的应用

本文对新型高能饲料添加剂——脂肪酸钙的加工工艺、在反刍动物瘤胃中的降解规律及在反刍动物生产中的应用作一全面综述,指出了存在的问题,供参考。     

大豆脂肪酸钙代替油脂饲喂肉仔鸡的试验

脂肪酸钙是反刍动物日粮中常用的过瘤胃脂肪营养来源,由于其在瘤胃中不易被微生物降解,可避免脂肪对瘤胃微生物分解纤维素的干扰。大豆脂肪酸钙是由大豆油脂水解所得的脂肪酸经皂化反应制取的脂肪酸钙盐,它比用棕榈油或动物油制造的脂肪酸钙含有更丰富的必需脂肪酸,除了用于反刍动     

脂肪酸钙生产工艺参数的筛选及其体外降解率的测定

以猪脂肪、氢氧化钠、氯化钙为原料,在实验室条件下制作脂肪酸钙,通过正交试验设计方法对脂肪酸钙的加工工艺参数进行了筛选,并通过体外两级离体消化试验对脂肪酸钙的瘤胃和真胃降解率进行了测定。结果表明:最佳的加工工艺参数为碱用量为脂肪重的28%、盐用量为脂肪重的26%、皂化时间4h、复分解温度80℃、用水量为脂肪重的5倍;脂肪酸钙在模拟瘤胃内环境(pH值6.6)条件下24h降解率为16.89%,在模拟真胃内环境(pH值1.5)条件下24h降解率为98.73%。     

脂肪酸钙在反刍动物中的应用

脂肪酸钙又称保护性油脂,是由脂肪酸和钙盐结合而成的一种能量饲料添加剂。在反刍动物日粮中添加脂肪酸钙可以避免直接添加脂肪酸对瘤胃微生物区系的影响,有效缓解反刍动物的能量负平衡状态,改善反刍动物消化率、提高能量摄入和脂肪酸利用率,进而提高生产性能。文章就脂肪酸钙在反刍动物饲料中的应用效果进行了简要综述。     

脂肪酸钙在反刍动物中的应用

脂肪酸钙是一种应用较广的反刍动物优质高能饲料添加剂。本文就研究脂肪酸钙的必要性、脂肪酸钙的作用机理、脂肪酸钙对反刍动物生产性能的影响、确保脂肪酸钙饲用效果需要强调的问题进行了综述,并指出今后的研究重点仍是脂肪酸钙产品的产业化,并加强其在畜牧业中的应用研究。     

脂肪酸钙在牛业中的开发与科学利用

脂肪酸钙是一种应用较广的牛优质高能饲料添加剂。此文就研究脂肪酸钙的必要性、脂肪酸钙的作用机理、脂肪酸钙对牛生产性能的影响、确保脂肪酸钙饲用效果需要强调的问题进行了综述，并指出今后的研究重点．仍是脂肪酸钙产品的产业化，并加强其在畜牧业中的应用研究。     

脂肪酸钙作为乳牛能量添加剂的应用

近年来,脂肪酸钙作为新型的奶牛能量添加剂已被广泛的应用。本文从作用机理、应用效果、应用注意事项等方面对其作了系统地阐述,并指出其在饲料行业中的开发利用前景,以期为脂肪酸钙的进一步研究提供参考。     

脂肪酸钙在反刍动物中的应用

在反刍动物尤其是泌乳期的奶牛饲粮中添加脂肪,可以解决能量负平衡的问题。但直接添加脂肪,会带来一些负效应,如影响瘤胃发酵,降低乳脂率和干物质采食量等,因此其添加水平受到限制,在这种情况下,保护油脂便应运而生。最早的保护油脂,是1970年由Ｓｃｏｔｔ用酪蛋白包被油脂,然后用甲醛处理而成,但因其成本太高,在生产中难以推广。后来人们在此原理的基础上,研制出了钙皂型的保护油脂,即脂肪酸钙。目前脂肪酸钙在欧美和日本等40多个国家广为应用,而我国脂肪酸钙的应用研究,还处于起步阶段。本文仅就脂肪酸钙在反刍动物特别是奶牛饲料中的应用…     

Pansteatitis and severe hypocalcaemia in a cat

A 13-year-old Siamese cat was presented for investigation of lethargy and progressive abdominal enlargement. Serum chemistry revealed severe reduction of total and ionised serum calcium. The omentum appeared hyperechoic with scattered hypoechoic foci on abdominal ultrasound examination. Elevated serum parathormone and low fractional excretion of calcium excluded a parathyroid disorder and renal loss of the electrolyte. During laparotomy the omentum appeared opaque, white and firm. Post-mortem examination revealed that the thoracic and subcutaneous fat was also affected. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of pansteatitis with diffuse calcium soaps formation. While, severe hypocalcaemia is occasionally seen in cats, the association with pansteatitis has not been reported previously. In man, a cause-and-effect relationship between calcium soaps and hypocalcaemia is recognised, though the association is rare.     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

Effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids (calcium soap) on feedlot performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers fed diets (85% concentrate:15% corn silage) containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% calcium soap. In Trial 1, increasing calcium soap decreased (P less than .05) DM, CP and gross energy intake but increased total fatty acid intake. Feed to gain ratio tended to improve with increased calcium soap; gross energy conversion was not affected (P greater than .05) by diet. Average daily gain and hot carcass weight decreased (P less than .05) with addition of calcium soap; other carcass characteristics were not affected (P greater than .05). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, energy and ash were not affected (P greater than .05) by calcium soap. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (P less than .08) with increasing calcium soap, whereas digestibility of total fatty acids was affected quadratically (P less than .05); fatty acid digestibility was similar among 0, 2 and 4% calcium soap diets but decreased for the 6% calcium soap diet. In Trial 2, increased calcium soap did not affect (P greater than .05) ruminal VFA concentrations, pH or in sacco NDF disappearance of orchardgrass following 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Calcium soap increased (P less than .07) ruminal concentrations of calcium soap fatty acids at 1, 2, 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Calcium soap did not improve performance of feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Further, calcium soap did not affect ruminal fermentation and did not dissociate significantly even when ruminal pH was below 6 for extended periods of time.     

Surgical hand antisepsis in veterinary practice: evaluation of soap scrubs and alcohol based rub techniques

Recent studies have shown that hydro-alcoholic solutions are more efficient than traditional medicated soaps in the pre-surgical hand antisepsis of human surgeons but there is little veterinary literature on the subject. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of medicated soaps and a hydro-alcoholic solution prior to surgery using an in-use testing method in a veterinary setting. A preliminary trial was performed that compared the mean log₁₀ number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) and the reduction factors (RF) between two 5-min hand-scrubbing sessions using different soaps, namely, povidone iodine (PVP) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), and the 1.5-min application of a hydro-alcoholic rub.A clinical in-use trial was then used to compare the hydro-alcoholic rub and CHX in a surgical setting. Sampling was performed using finger printing on agar plates. The hydro-alcoholic rub and CHX had a similar immediate effect, although the sustained effect was significantly better for the hydro-alcoholic rub, while PVP had a significantly lower immediate and sustained effect. The hydro-alcoholic rub showed good efficiency in the clinical trial and could be considered as a useful alternative method for veterinary surgical hand antisepsis.     

甲酸钙的合成、测定及其在乳猪料中的应用

甲酸钙作为一种饲料添加剂,能降低和调节胃肠道pH值、促进营养物质的消化和吸收。本文系统介绍了甲酸钙的合成和检测方法,并介绍了甲酸钙作为饲料添加剂的作用效果。     

Presurgical hand antisepsis: concepts and current habits of veterinary surgeons

Objective: To assess current habits for surgical hand preparation among veterinary surgical specialists and to compare data with current guidelines for hand asepsis techniques. Study design: Survey of veterinary surgical specialists. Sample Population: Diplomates of the American (ACVS) and European Colleges of Veterinary Surgeons (ECVS). Methods: An internet‐based survey of hand preparation methods before surgical procedures was conducted of 1300 listed ACVS and ECVS Diplomates. Results: A 42.6% response rate was obtained. Approximately, 80% of respondents use disinfecting soaps as a primary method for hand antisepsis. Of those, 81% use chlorhexidine‐based scrubs and 7% use a neutral soap followed by a hydroalcoholic solution. Conclusions: Contrary to current recommendations of the World Health Organization and scientific evidence supporting use of hydro‐alcoholic rubs for presurgical hand preparation, veterinary surgical specialists still use surgical scrub solutions containing disinfecting soaps.     

阴离子盐对围产期奶牛的作用机理及其应用

本论文从阴离子盐的作用机理出发,综述了阴离子盐对奶牛采食量、尿液pH值、产奶性能与乳成分、血液离子浓度和血液生化指标、奶牛健康等的影响.     

Clinical application of tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads in six dogs (2002-2004)

Medical records for six dogs treated with tobramycin-impregnated calcium sulfate beads were reviewed for indications, duration of disease, number of beads implanted, complications, radiographic appearance of the beads, and outcomes. Beads were no longer visible on radiographs made 5 weeks after implantation. Osteomyelitis resolved in five of five dogs with follow-up. The lack of complications and the resolution of clinical signs associated with tobramycin calcium sulfate bead implantation support their clinical application in treating osteomyelitis.     

Effect of various dietary fat supplementations on liver lipid and glycogen of high-yielding dairy cows in the peripartal period

In a model experiment, Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed on a corn-silage-based diet supplemented with 11.75 MJ NE1 per day of calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (CAS) or hydrogenated triglyceride (HTG) or without fat supplementation (control). All diets were fed to the cows over a period from 21 +/- 3 days (d) prior to the expected calving to d 100 +/- 5 postpartum. On d 25 (basal sample) and d 14 prepartum as well as on d 5 and 25 postpartum liver samples were collected by percutaneous biopsy. Total lipid content, fatty acid composition and glycogen of liver tissues were determined. At d 5 postpartum, both control and CAS cows had higher liver lipid (P < 0.05) and lower glycogen (P < 0.05) concentrations than cows in the HTG group. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were detected in liver fat content among the groups at d 14 prepartum or d 25 postpartum. The glycogen concentration slightly decreased in the liver of cows in each treatment group from d 14 prepartum to d 5 postpartum; however, this decrease was more intensive in both the control and CAS groups than in the HTG group. The variations in liver lipid concentrations were accompanied by significant changes in the proportion of C16:0, C16:1n-7, C18:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 fatty acids in the liver lipids. The results show that HTG supplementation exerted more advantageous effects on liver lipid and glycogen metabolism than did CAS supplementation.