奶牛日粮中大麦青贮代替牧草青贮对泌乳奶牛的影响

芬兰的Ahvenjarvi等学者研究用整株大麦青贮代替牧草青贮对泌乳奶牛饲料采食量、瘤胃、整个消化道和产奶量的影响。泌乳早期的4头奶牛安装瘤胃瘘管,饲喂4种日粮进行21d试验。基础日粮包括4种牧草青贮的混合物和整株大麦青贮,同时补充8.9kg/d精料(DM基础)。粗饲料中大麦青贮的比例为0,0.20,0.40,0.60kgDM/d。并在消化物质流进瓣胃的基础上测量了瘤胃营养成分的代谢,同时测量了瘤胃液中氨的浓度和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的浓度,并借助瘤胃排泄技术估测了瘤胃消化和流通动力学。结果表明,用大麦青贮代替牧草青贮对DM、可消化的有机物质和NDF没…     

不同青贮添加剂对构树叶青贮发酵品质和营养成分的影响

试验旨在探讨不同青贮添加剂对构树叶青贮发酵品质和营养成分的影响。试验设置6组,乳酸菌(LAB)组(1×105CFU/g的鲜重)、糖蜜(M)组(3%的鲜重)、酶制剂(E)组(22.3U/g的0.1%鲜重)、M+LAB组、E+乳酸菌组和对照组(蒸馏水)。(25±2.3)℃储存60d。结果显示:E+LAB组pH值显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。E+LAB组构树叶青贮中乳酸(LA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。M+LAB组乙酸(AA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。E+LAB组构树青贮叶的异丁酸(ISO-BA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。不同处理组构树叶青贮的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。M+LAB组构树叶青贮DM损失显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。M组构树叶青贮氨氮(AN)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在构树叶青贮中添加酶制剂和菌制剂的混合物,对构树叶青贮发酵品质和营养成分的改善效果最佳。     

全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮及黄贮对奶牛泌乳性能和乳品质的影响

为解决奶牛养殖中粗饲料的来源问题,并为全株玉米青贮饲料的推广应用提供科学依据,本项目开展了全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆青贮及黄贮对奶牛泌乳性能和乳品质影响的对比试验研究。结果显示,全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆青贮可显著提高奶牛的平均日产奶量和乳蛋白率( P <0.05);全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆黄贮可显著提高奶牛的平均日采食粗料量、平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率和乳糖率( P <0.05);全株玉米青贮相对于玉米秸秆青贮、黄贮,每头奶牛每天可分别多获得利润3.34元、9.48元。表明全株玉米青贮饲料可有效提高奶牛的泌乳性能及乳品质,提高奶牛养殖经济效益。     

新鲜构树叶青贮过程中品质动态变化规律及常规养分研究

试验旨在评估构树叶青贮过程中品质动态变化规律以及发酵质量。试验以新鲜构树叶为原料,采用常规方法制备青贮饲料,在青贮第0、6、12、18、24、30、70、100 d进行感官评价和常规养分测定;在青贮第0、3、6、9、12、15、18、21、24、27、30、70、100 d进行乳酸菌计数及pH值检测,每处理取3个样品。结果显示：构树叶青贮过程中品质变化不明显,构树叶在青贮第100 d逐渐出现淡淡丁酸臭味,色泽由淡绿色逐渐变为深绿色,质地在青贮过程中变化不明显,感官评定各项指标均为中等水平。构树叶在青贮过程中乳酸菌含量不断降低,在100 d时乳酸菌数量降至最低。整个青贮过程中,饲料pH值呈下降趋势,但下降速度缓慢,青贮100 d时降至4.52,发酵品质属于中等水平。随着青贮时间延长,构树叶青贮30 d内水分和可溶性碳水化合物含量不断减少,第12 d时显著低于原料（P<0.05）。构树叶氨态氮水平不断上升,18 d时显著高于原料（P<0.05）。青贮30 d内,构树叶粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量与原料相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。研究表明,单一构树叶原...     

构树叶在畜禽生产中的研究进展

随着畜牧业的快速发展,我国对蛋白质饲料原料需求日益剧增,导致蛋白质饲料原料供应不足。因此,寻找新的饲粮蛋白资源迫在眉睫。构树叶的蛋白质含量高,脂肪、氨基酸和矿物质等营养物质含量丰富,是一种价值较高的植物蛋白资源。文章从构树叶的营养成分以及其在畜禽上的应用进行综述,探讨构树叶作为蛋白质饲料原料在畜禽养殖上的应用前景。     

苎麻青贮替代苜蓿干草对奶牛生产性能、乳成分及血清指标的影响

本试验旨在研究苎麻青贮替代饲粮中苜蓿干草对奶牛生产性能、乳成分及血清指标的影响。选用24头体重、胎次、产奶量接近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组6头,各组以苎麻青贮分别等量替代基础饲粮中0(对照组)、33%(试验1组)、67%(试验2组)和100%的苜蓿干草(试验3组)。预试期14 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)苎麻青贮中的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维以及粗灰分的含量均高于苜蓿干草。2)苎麻青贮替代苜蓿干草对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量及乳成分含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)苎麻青贮替代苜蓿干草对血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、葡萄糖、甘油三酯、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量及谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性均无显著影响(P0.05)。4)试验3组的血清尿素氮含量显著高于试验1组和试验2组(P0.05),与对照组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。5)对照组和试验1组血清总胆固醇含量显著高于试验2组(P0.05),试验2组与试验3组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。6)随着苎麻青贮添加比例的增加,血清总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶含量逐渐升高,试验3组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综合得出,苎麻青贮可以替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿干草,而不影响生产性能、乳成分及血清指标,适宜的替代比例为33%~67%。     

苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在探讨苜蓿青贮料替代不同比例苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体重、产奶量、胎次相近的健康泌乳中期中高产中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂4.0 kg苜蓿青干草,试验A、B组分别用4.4,8.8 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0和4.0 kg等干物质的苜蓿青干草,正试期64 d。结果表明,1)各组间干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),B组产奶量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),A组与对照组、B组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 2)用50%,100%的苜蓿青贮料替代等干物质的苜蓿青干草,其乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖均有所改善,但只有B组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3)A、B组与对照组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率、钙表观消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组间粗蛋白和磷表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),但是粗蛋白表观消化率均显著低于对照组、磷表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4)苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草其血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血尿素氮、血糖、二氧化碳结合力等指标没有显著性改变(P>0.05);5)试验A、B组经济效益均有所增加,其中A组的净增收益最高,为0.61元/(头·d)。综上,用4.4 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0 kg苜蓿青干草对中高产奶牛是适宜的,能提高其生产性能,改善乳品质,增加收益。     

乳酸菌和糖蜜对构树叶青贮品质和细菌多样性的影响

为改善构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)叶青贮发酵品质,探究乳酸菌和糖蜜对构树叶青贮发酵指标和细菌多样性的影响,本实验以构树叶为原料,设置对照、添加乳酸菌(L)、糖蜜(M)和乳酸菌+糖蜜混合(ML)4个处理,贮藏30天后,测定其营养成分、发酵品质并及细菌群落结构。结果显示,除了添加乳酸菌组,其他添加剂处理pH值均显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸含量提高(P<0.05),乙酸(P<0.05)和丙酸含量下降。微生物分析表明与CK组相比,M和ML组均提高了细菌群落多样性,另外,添加剂处理改变了细菌群落结构,与CK相比,糖蜜处理组(M)乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度显著提升,魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)相对丰度降低。综上,构树叶青贮添加糖蜜可提高青贮饲料的发酵品质,并改变青贮细菌多样性。     

发酵构树叶在养猪生产中的应用调查

本文调查了四川某企业用发酵构树叶养猪的现状,分析了构树叶发酵前后的养分含量、在肥育猪饲料中的营养组成、构树叶养猪存在的主要问题,提出了用发酵构树叶养猪的发展建议。     

青贮紫花苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮和血液生化指标的影响

在苜蓿（Medicago sativa）中添加5%的糖蜜,并进行苜蓿大窖青贮和饲喂试验,研究以青贮苜蓿（试验组）替代相同干物质量（DM）的苜蓿干草（对照组）对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,给奶牛饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量（Dry Matter Intake,DMI）、日产奶量和乳脂率,试验后期乳蛋白含量有所下降,但差异均不显著（P0.05）;乳尿素氮（Milk Urea Nitrogen,MUN）及尿液尿素氮（Urinary Urea Nitrogen,UUN）含量均呈现下降趋势,血浆尿素氮（Plasma Urea Nitrogen,BUN）先下降后上升,其中试验组MUN和BUN低于对照组（P0.05）,UUN则高于对照组,在试验后期,试验组和对照组UUN分别为48.35和27.52 mmolL-1,差异显著（P0.05）;谷丙转氨酶（Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate Transaminase,AST）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphatase,ALP）含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著（P0.05）;血浆中总蛋白（Albumin,ALB）和葡萄糖（Glucose,GLU）含量试验组逐渐降低,且低于对照组,但差异不显著（P0.05）;胆固醇（Chinese Hamster Ovary,CHO）的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低,在试验后期分别为3.64和2.82 mmolL-1（P=0.059）,差异最大。总之,饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于改善奶牛的生产性能和机体代谢能力,由于美拉德反应的发生,试验后期降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢利用效果。     

胡萝卜对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验通过在产奶牛日粮中添加胡萝卜,研究胡萝卜不同饲喂量对舍饲奶牛的奶产量和乳成分的影响。试验牛选用中国荷斯坦奶牛,体重500~600 kg,胎次为头胎、泌乳100 d左右的健康荷斯坦奶牛30头,采用完全随机区组设计,分为3个处理组,试验1组为对照组(基础日粮),试验2组(基础日粮+5 kg胡萝卜)、试验3组(基础日粮+7.5 kg胡萝卜)为试验组,基础日粮由全株青贮玉米、羊草和精料组成。研究结果显示,奶牛在添加胡萝卜后能够显著提高产奶量,90 d后试验2组的产奶量比对照组提高了11.94%(P<0.05),试验3组的产奶量比对照组提高了16.17%(P<0.05),牛奶的风味也得到很大的改善。     

挤奶频率对奶牛生产性能的影响

文章介绍了挤奶频率对奶牛泌乳性能、繁殖性能、健康与福利等方面的影响。     

不同浓度乳酸菌对构树枝叶青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究不同浓度乳酸菌对于构树枝叶青贮品质的影响。共5个处理组,对照组(LA0)不使用添加剂,试验组青贮料调制时分别添加乳酸菌1×10⁵CFU/mL (LA5)、1×10⁶CFU/mL (LA6)、1×10⁷CFU/mL(LA7)以及1×10⁶CFU/mL+2%糖蜜+4%纤维素酶(混合添加剂组),每个处理组设4个重复。构树枝叶青贮料发酵50 d后取样进行感官评定、营养物质测定以及发酵品质分析。结果显示,混合添加剂组为1级青贮饲料,其余处理组均为2级青贮饲料。试验组粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(ASH)含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),除LA5组外,其余试验组pH值、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在乳酸菌试验组中,随着乳酸菌浓度的升高,青贮料pH值、NH3-N、丙酸(PA)和丁酸(BA)含量逐渐下降,乳酸(LA)含量逐渐上升;混合添加剂组CP含量显著高于LA0、LA6和LA7组(P<0.05),pH值、NH3-N含量显著低于LA0、LA5和LA6组(P<0.05),水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、粗灰分和La含量较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、半纤维素(HC)含量显著低于其余各组(P<0.05)。试验表明,用混合添加剂处理的构树枝叶青贮料品质最好。     

不同菌种对全株构树青贮饲料质量影响的探究

为探究外源添加不同菌种对于全株构树青贮饲料质量的影响,采用新鲜全株构树(70%)并搭配辅料(玉米粉5%、糖蜜10%、稻糠5%、麸皮10%)进行青贮试验。共设4个处理组:试验组Ⅰ(产朊假丝酵母CU-1+植物乳杆菌L-1混合青贮)、试验组Ⅱ(枯草芽孢杆菌BU-4+植物乳杆菌L-1混合青贮)、试验组Ⅲ(植物乳杆菌L-1单独青贮)、对照组(未加菌)。室温发酵30 d。结果表明:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),pH值与NH3-N/TN均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组Ⅰ粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组及试验组Ⅱ、Ⅲ(P<0.05),酸溶蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验表明,产朊假丝酵母CU-1和植物乳杆菌L-1混合青贮对于提高全株构树青贮饲料质量和蛋白品质效果较佳。     

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) silage in dairy cow rations reduces ruminal biohydrogenation and increases transfer efficiencies of unsaturated fatty acids from feed to milk

The effects of replacing grass silage by sainfoin silage in a total mixed ration (TMR) based diet on fatty acid (FA) reticular inflow and milk FA profile of dairy cows was investigated. The experiment followed a crossover design with 2 dietary treatments. The control diet consisted of grass silage, corn silage, concentrate and linseed. In the sainfoin diet, half of the grass silage was replaced by a sainfoin silage. Six rumen cannulated lactating multiparous dairy cows with a metabolic body weight of 132.5 ± 3.6 kg BW^0.75, 214 ± 72 d in milk and an average milk production of 23.1 ± 2.8 kg/d were used in the experiment. Cows were paired based on parity and milk production. Within pairs, cows were randomly assigned to either the control diet or the sainfoin diet for 2 experimental periods (29 d per period). In each period, the first 21 d, cows were housed individually in tie-stalls for adaptation, then next 4 d cows were housed individually in climate-controlled respiration chambers to measure CH₄. During the last 4 d, cows were housed individually in tie stalls to measure milk FA profile and determine FA reticular inflow using the reticular sampling technique with Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA) and Yb-acetate used as digesta flow markers. Although the dietary C18:3n-3 intake was lower (P = 0.025) in the sainfoin diet group, the mono-unsaturated FA reticular inflow was greater (P = 0.042) in cows fed the sainfoin diet. The reticular inflow of trans-9, trans-12-C18:2 and cis-12, trans-10 C18:2 was greater (P ≤ 0.024) in the sainfoin diet group. The cows fed sainfoin diet had a lower (P ≤ 0.038) apparent ruminal biohydrogenation of cis-9-C18:1 and C18:3n-3, compared to the cows fed the control diet. The sainfoin diet group had greater (P ≤ 0.018) C18:3n-3 and cis-9, cis-12-C18:2 proportions in the milk FA profile compared to the control diet group. Transfer efficiencies from feed to milk of C18:2, C18:3n-3 and unsaturated FA were greater (P ≤ 0.0179) for the sainfoin diet. Based on the results, it could be concluded that replacing grass silage by sainfoin silage in dairy cow rations reduces ruminal C18:3n-3 biohydrogenation and improves milk FA profile.     

Effect of feed restriction on dairy cow milk production: a review

In the dairy cow, negative energy balance affects milk yield and composition as well as animal health. Studying the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cow milk production is thus essential. Feed restriction (FR) experiments attempting to reproduce negative energy balance by reducing the quantity or quality of the diet were conducted in order to better describe the animal physiology changes. The study of FR is also of interest since with climate change issues, cows may be increasingly faced with periods of drought leading to a shortage of forages. The aim of this article is to review the effects of FR during lactation in dairy cows to obtain a better understanding of metabolism changes and how it affects mammary gland activity and milk production and composition. A total of 41 papers studying FR in lactating cows were used to investigate physiological changes induced by these protocols. FR protocols affect the entire animal metabolism as indicated by changes in blood metabolites such as a decrease in glucose concentration and an increase in non-esterified fatty acid or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations; hormonal regulations such as a decrease in insulin and insulin-like growth factor I or an increase in growth hormone concentrations. These variations indicated a mobilization of body reserve in most studies. FR also affects mammary gland activity through changes in gene expression and could affect mammary cell turnover through cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and exfoliation of mammary epithelial cells into milk. Because of modifications of the mammary gland and general metabolism, FR decreases milk production and can affect milk composition with decreased lactose and protein concentrations and increased fat concentration. These effects, however, can vary widely depending on the type of restriction, its duration and intensity, or the stage of lactation in which it takes place. Finally, to avoid yield loss and metabolic disorders, it is important to identify reliable biomarkers to monitor energy balance.     

Effects of ear corn silage supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles in grazing dairy farms

This study investigated the effects of substituting ear corn silage (ECS) for commercial formula feed on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles in grazing dairy farms during the summer season. A field survey was conducted on five grazing dairy farms in every summer month of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Three of the five farms substituted fresh ECS for the commercial formula feed at a ratio of 2:1 from July of each year (ECS farms). Other farms maintained the same feeding management as before (non‐ECS farms). An interview survey was conducted on each farm to calculate feed intake and milk yield per cow. Feed and milk samples were collected in each survey. Milk compositions and milk fatty acid profiles were determined. The substitution of ECS for the commercial formula feed did not affect milk yield or milk composition, but ECS farms maintained low levels of milk urea compared with non‐ECS farms (p < .01). The ECS substitution also influenced some of the milk fatty acid proportions; C16:0 and C16:1 increased, and trans‐11 C18:1, cis‐9,trans‐11 C18:2, and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, while these fatty acid proportions were maintained in non‐ECS farms throughout the summer season (p < .05).     

Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.