Analysis of the Lignin Contents and Related Enzymes Activities in Seed Coat Between Black-Seeded and Yellow-Seeded Rapes （Brassica napus L.）

One pair of near isonegic yellow/black seeded rape （Brassica napus L） were used as experimental materials to study the changes of lignin contents and enzymes activities of 4-coumarate： CoA ligase （4CL）, Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （CAD） and ferulate 5-hydroxylase （F5H） in seedcoats during the stage of seed development. The variation analysis showed that the changes of lignin contents and enzyme activities of 4CL, CAD and F5H in seed coat had significant differences between black- and yellow-seeded rapes, and also between different development stages. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the lignin contents were positively correlative to the activities of all three enzymes investigated in the study, and the interactions between them in the seed coat of the two lines. For yellow-seeded rape, the correlation coefficient （0.7262018） of lignin content and the interaction between 4CL and F5H was significant, the lignin contents were highly positively correlative to the activities of CAD and F5H, the interaction between 4CL and CAD, and the interaction between CAD and F5H. For the black-seeded rape, only the lignin content was highly positively correlative to the activity of F5H （the correlation coefficient was 0.772949）, the other correlation coefficients, i. e. lignin contents to 4CL, CAD activities, the interactions between the three enzymes were not significant although all the correlation coefficients were above 0.5000. The results suggested that 4CL, CAD and F5H regulated the biosynthesis of lignin in seedcoat of rapes, leading to the lignin contents in the seedcoats of the yellow-seeded rape much lower than that of the black-seeded line, and affecting the thickness of the developing seedcoats in rapes. Therefore, it was likely to change the seedcoat ratio by overexpressing or suppressing the activities of one of the enzymes, both of them or all of them.     

Genetics of Fertility Restoration in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Pepper

Pepper hybrid seeds production using male sterility could lower cost by reducing time and labour, and increase the genetic purity of the F1 seeds. To investigate the genetics of fertility restoration of the Peterson cytoplasmic sterility in pepper, a doubled haploid population of 115 pepper lines obtained from anther culture of the F1 hybrid between Yolo Wonder （sterility maintainer line） and Perennial （fertility restorer line） and the parental lines were test-crossed by 77013A （a strict cytoplasmic-genic male sterile line）. The fertility of the test-crossed lines was assessed in greenhouse and open field with the following three criteria： pollen index （PI, visual estimation of pollen amount per flower）, pollen number （PN, pollen counting under microscope）, and seed number （SN, the number of seeds per fruit in open pollination）. Correlations between the each couple of criteria within, as well as between the cultivation methods ranged from 0.55 to 0.84. Analysis of variance showed that the genotype （DH line） and environment were the significant sources of variation of the fertility. Narrow sense of heritance of fertility restoration ranged from 0.38 to 0.92, depending on the criteria and environment. The distribution of the progeny was continuous between the parental genotypes indicating the quantitative inheritance of fertility restoration. Inferred from segregation according to Snape et al.（1984）, the number of segregating genes was estimated to be that three to four genetic factors were involved in pollen traits （PI and PN） and five to eight genetic factors in seed production （SN）. The heredity analysis of the CMS will be helpful for understanding of the genetic mechanism of the fertility restoration and the exploitation of the CMS in hybrid seed production.     

QTL Analysis of Major Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Soybean is a main crop, and most agronomic traits of soybean are quantitative; therefore, there is vely important studying and applying value to locating these traits. A F2：10 RIL population containing 154 lines, derived from the cross between Charleston as female and Dongnong 594 as male parent, were used in this experiment. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 164 SSR primers, which were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. 12 agronomic traits different between the two parents were investigated, and QTLs of all the traits were analyzed using the software Windows QTL Cartographer V2.0. The agronomic traits included quality traits： protein content, oil content, and content of protein and oil; yield traits： pods per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100 seeds weight; and other agronomic traits： plant height, days to maturity, branches, nod number in main stem, average leaf length, and average leaf width. The results showed that 68 QTLs in total were found for the 12 agronomic traits. The number of QTLs per trait varied from 3 for the average leaf width to 11 for 100 seeds weight and plant height, and was 5.8 on average. Good accordance was seen in many QTLs between the results of this study and the results obtained by other similar studies; therefore, these QTLs may be valuable for molecular marker assistant selection in soybean. In this study, 68 major QTLs of 12 important traits of soybean were analyzed.     

Resistance identification of bivalent fungi-resistant genes transformed soybean to Phytophthora sojae

Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins in the world.However,it suffers from many kinds of fungal diseases which is a major limiting factor in soybean production.The fungal disease can be effectively controlled by breeding plant cultivars with genetic transformation.In this study,the resistance to Phytophthora sojae of five bivalent transgenic soybean lines was identified using the hypocotyls inoculation technique.The lines were the T,of the transgenic soybean which were transformed with kidney bean chitinase gene and barley ribosome inactivating protein gene,and were positive by Southern Blot analysis.The resistance difference was studied through comparing the death percentage of transgenic soybean with the control.The results showed that four lines were more resistant to P.sojae,whereas other one had no significant difference in comparison with the control.These transgenic soybean lines with enhanced resistance to P.sojae will be useful in soybean resistance breeding.     

Studying the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation

In order to study the physiological and yield responses of sunflower inbred lines to full and limited irrigation, an experiment was conducted in the growing season of 2014–2015 in the research field of the Agricultural Research Station in Khoi, Iran. Water withholding was imposed in the flowering stages from R4 (initial flowering) to R6 (full flowering). The results showed that the main effect of irrigation and inbred lines and the interaction effect between irrigation and inbred lines in terms of the proline and protein contents, the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, and seed yield in all inbred lines, and relative water content(RWC) were significant at 1% level. Water withholding in the flowering stage increased the proline content and the catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, whereas limited irrigation decreased the protein content and seed yield in all inbred lines and RWC. The lowest protein content and the highest catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were observed in BGK 39 under limited irrigation condition, while BGK 37 revealed the highest proline content in such circumstances. The highest seed yield was seen in BGK 1 and BGK 375 in full irrigation condition. Limited irrigation increased the proline content by 49.51%, compared to that of full irrigation condition.     

Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae biocontrol in sorghum

Maximum germination distance(MGD) is an important component of Striga resistance in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine gene action influencing MGD of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica among selected sorghum lines treated with a biocontrol agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae(FOS) for effective breeding with Striga resistance, and FOS compatibility. Twelve sorghum genotypes were selected based on their Striga resistance, FOS compatibility, and superior agronomic performance. Selected genotypes were crossed using a bi-parental mating design to generate six families for genetic analysis. Agar-gel assays were used to determine low haustorium initiation factor(LHF) using the 12 parental lines, their F_1 progenies, backcross derivatives, and F_2 segregants in two sets. One set had S. hermonthica seed and the other one had S. asiatica seed. Both were treated with and without FOS. Genotypes were evaluated using a split-plot design with three replications and MGD data were recorded followed by generation mean analysis. FOS reduced MGD by 1cm under both S. hermonthica and S. asiatica infestations. Additive, dominance, and epistatic gene actions were involved in the control of MGD of the two Striga species in the evaluated populations. On average, the relative contribution of additive, additive×additive and dominance×dominance genetic effects on the MGD of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, with FOS, were 20, 33, and 36%; and 21, 32, and 35%, respectively. Breeding methods exploiting these genetic effects may provide enhanced response to selection for Striga resistance and FOS compatibility in integrated Striga management(ISM) programmes.     

Sugar and Acid Content and Their Genotypic Correlations of Unselected P. persica x p. davidiana Progenies as Affected by Hairness and Flesh Color

Fruit sugar and acid content were determined in a group of hybrids from one family,including 22 peach and 85 nectarine genotypes, or 75 white-fleshed and 32 yellow-fleshed genotypes. Sucrose accounted for about 65% of the total sugar, and malate for about 50% of the total acid. Mean sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, total sugar, soluble solid and quinate content were significantly higher in nectarines than in peaches, while no significant difference was found in mean malate, citrate and total acid content between nectarines and peaches. Shikimate content was very low and ranged from 0.011-0.046 meq 100 g^-1 FW in all genotypes studied. Flesh color did not affect sugar and acid content.Glucose and fructose had a close positive correlation (r=0.63***). Malate had positive correlations with sucrose, sorbitol, total sugar and soluble solid content. The correlation between citrate and sugars were not significant. Glucose, fructose, sorbitol and malatecontent seemed to be higher in late-maturing genotypes. Sucrose, total sugar and total acid content had a parabolic relationship with developmental period (from full blooming date to maturity date).     

Constitutive expression of feedback-insensitive cystathionine γ-synthase increases methionine levels in soybean leaves and seeds

Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is a major crop that provides plant-origin protein and oil for humans and livestock.Although the soybean vegetative tissues and seeds provide a major source of high-quality protein,they suffer from low concentration of an essential sulfur-containing amino acid,methionine,which significantly limits their nutritional quality.The level of methionine is mainly controlled by the first unique enzyme of methionine synthesis,cystathione γ-synthase(CGS).Aiming to elevate methionine level in vegetative tissues and seeds,we constitutively over-expressed a feedback-insensitive Arabidopsis CGS(At D-CGS) in soybean cultivars,Zigongdongdou(ZD) and Jilinxiaoli 1(JX).The levels of soluble methionine increased remarkably in leaves of transgenic soybeans compared to wild-type plants(6.6-and 7.3-fold in two transgenic ZD lines,and 3.7-fold in one transgenic JX line).Furthermore,the total methionine contents were significantly increased in seeds of the transgenic ZD lines(1.5-to 4.8-fold increase) and the transgenic JX lines(1.3-to 2.3-fold increase) than in the wild type.The protein contents of the transgenic soybean seeds were significantly elevated compared to the wild type,suggesting that the scarcity of methionine in soybeans may limit protein accumulation in soybean seeds.The increased protein content did not alter the profile of major storage proteins in the seeds.Generally,this study provides a promising strategy to increase the levels of methionine and protein in soybean through the breeding programs.     

Effect of germination on the nutritional quality of Pearl millet

Changes in proximate composition, trypsin inhibitor activity, phytic acid, tannins, in vitro protein digestibility and amino acids content of Pearl millet were investigated after germination for 5 days. Germination significantly increased protein content of pearl millet, with a parallel decrease in lipid and carbohydrates. Trypsin inhibitor activity and the phytic acid content showed significant decrease whereas tannin content increased after 5 days germination. In vitro protein digestibility （IVPD） was significantly decreased with germination, suggesting that tannins may be responsible for enzymes inhibition. Amino acid analysis revealed significant increase in essential amino acids and none essential amino acids.     

Variation on Wild Sunflower （Helianthus ruderalis L.） for Quantitative and Qualitative Parameters

Our expedition have identified location in the central part of Kosovo where were collected a samples （accessions） at coordinates; Sub-Locality SL-1 （N42°34′36″, E21°07′45″）, altitude 574 m, SL-2 （N42°34′29″, E 21°07′45″altitude 591 m and SL-3 （N42°34′30″, E21°07′46″） on altitude 565 m. The aim of present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The populations from SL-2 were characterized of higher significance on seed oil （23.74%） and protein content （16.74%）. The estimation average value of seed protein and oil content was 15.52% and 23.48% respectively. The variability of plant height ranged from 182.33 cm to as much as 200.89 cm, while distinction＇s between them were ＋ 18.56 cm which was a significant higher at P〈0.05 probability level. The SL-3 showed the higher value of HWK （34.6 g）, head per plant （39.33） and head diameter （9.5 cm） but, was characterized significantly lowest on seed protein content （13.99%）. The all traits included in our investigations showed a higher genetic variability with majority of extreme values. The sunflower populations differed significantly in several parameters measured, they have a different genetic and morphological backgrounds. Results from wild sunflower form indicated notable differences in dispersion of important genes for different traits and showed the potential for using in future for breeding program.     

Corelation Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Mu Opioid Receptor Exon 2 and Stereotypic Behaviour in Sows

Three breeds of sows were observed to investigate the relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms（SNPs） in Mu Opioid Receptor（MOR）and stereotypic behaviour,such as,sham-chewing,bar biting and standing still in order to better understand the mechanism of stereotypic development of the animals in restrained conditions.MOR exon 2 partial sequences were amplified to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms by PCR-SSCP.One SNP,a silence mutant was found.A significant difference （P〈0.01）was found in the frequency of genotypes in these 3 breeds where only the BB genotype,which was identical to that published in GenBank,was found in the Duroc breed,while no AA genotype was found in Landrace,3 genotypes AA,BB and AB were found in Yorkshire.The result also indicated that the individuals with AA and AB genotypes tended to be more active in sham-chewing than those with the BB genotype（P〈0.05）.The overall results of this study suggested that sham-chewing of sows may be subjected to both genetic control and environmental conditions,but activity level was more likely to be affected by their environment.We can putatively draw the conclusion that MOR gene has effect on the sham-chewing behavioral traits of sow.     

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Quality in Chinese Radish （Raphanus sativus L. ）

Radish （Raphanus sativus L.） is an important vegetable crop worldwide. High nutritional quality was critical in its genetic improvement and production. The nutritional quality of 42 Chinese radish cultivars was analyzed in this study. The contents of six nutritional facts, dry matter （DM）, crude fiber （CF）, total soluble sugar （TSS）, vitamin C （Vc）, protein, and nitrate, ranged from 29.7 to 88.2, 4.507 to 18.546, 2.233 to 15.457, 0.1416 to 0.3341, 0.34 to 1.15, and 1.81 to 5.89 g·kg^-1 fresh weight （FW）, respectively. Significant differences among the 42 radish cultivars were detected in the contents of nutritional facts. The data were subjected to cross-correlation analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. It was found that DM content was positively correlated with the content of TSS （r=0.7104）, Vc （r=0.4011） and protein （r=0.4120）. Vitamin C （Vc） content of radish showed a positive correlation （r = 0.3300） with the protein content. According to the principal component analysis, out of the 42 radish cultivars, Nau-17, Nau-28, Nau-6, Nau-11, Nau-10, Nau-27, and Nau-31 were detected with very high scores in comprehensive evaluation. It could be concluded that abundant diversity of nutritional fact content occurred in different radish genotypes, and PCA analysis was effective for selecting radish germplasm with high quality. The results could contribute useful knowledge of nutritional quality, and provide important germplasms for the elite cultivar development and the inheritance study of nutritional facts in radish.     

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting with supplemental irrigation to improve seed yield and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting(RFRH) planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons(2012–2013 and 2013–2014) to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0(I1), 60 mm(I2) and 120 mm(I3) with RFRH planting pattern and a control(CK) irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter(ADM), nitrogen nutrition index(NNI), radiation use efficiency(RUE), water use efficiency(WUE), and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in I3 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in I3 averaged 3 235 kg ha~(–1) and 8.85 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1), respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in I2 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in I2 averaged 3 089 kg ha~(–1) and 9.63 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1), respectively. Compared to I3, I2 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. I2 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.     

Over-Expression of BnMAPK1 in Brassica napus Enhances Tolerance to Drought Stress

Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases widely conserved in all eukaryotes and involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, two over-expressing BnMAPK1 oilseed rape lines, ov3 and ov11, were used to study the drought-resistant mechanism of BnMAPK1 under natural drought and simulation drought through spraying 10%PEG 8000 in seedlings. Zhongyou 821 （WT） was used as control. Compared with wild type, transgenic seedlings had higher leaf water content, higher root activity, slightly higher peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde （MDA） content. The expression of drought-resistant related genes, including P5CSB, PLC, LEA4 and SCE1, have been up-regulated in some degree and the expressed time of transgenic lines were earlier than that of wild type. These results suggested that over-expression of BnMAPK1 can enhance the resistance to drought in oilseed rape （Brassica napus）.     

Effect of four crop straws on transformation of organic matter during sewage sludge composting

A 45-d laboratory experiment was conducted to compare the effect of four crop straws on the transformations of organic matter(OM) during composting of sewage sludge. The four crop straws included rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw. The following parameters such as temperature, OM, humic-like substances(HS), fulvic-like acids(FA) and humic-like acids(HA) were determined. The degradation of OM and the formation of HS and HA could be described well by the first-order kinetic model, while the FA content fluctuated during composting. T he maximal degradation rates of OM in the compost piles added with rape straw, wheat straw, maize straw and rice straw were 34.7, 46.9, 54.7 and 52.8%, respectively, and the final contents of HS were 118, 128, 141 and 134 g kg~(–1), respectively, while the humification indices were higher in the compost piles added with maize straw and wheat straw than in those with rice straw and rape straw. The results indicate that a higher hemicellulose content and a lower C/N ratio in crop straw can result in a higher rate of OM degradation and higher contents of HS, while a higher content of lignin can lead to a higher polymerization degree of humic substances in compost piles. The final compost piles added with maize straw has the highest contents of OM, total nitrogen and humus substance as well as the highest values of polymerization degree, while compost piles with rape straw have the highest potassium content and those with rice straw have the highest pH values.     

QTL Analysis of the Oil Content and the Hull Content in Brassica napus L.

The QTLs of the oil content and the hull content were analyzed in Brassica napus L. By constructing the linkage map. The F26 RIL population with 188 lines, derived from the cross of GH06 × P147, was used as the mapping population. The SRAP, SSR, AFLP, and TRAP markers were used to construct the linkage map, and the composite interval mapping (CIM) to identify the quantitative trait loci associated with the oil content and the hull content. 300 markers were integrated into 19 linkage groups, covering 1 248.5 cM in total. Seven QTLs were found to be responsible for the oil content with the single contribution to phenotypic variance ranging from 3.73 to 10.46%; four QTLs were found for the hull content with the single contribution to phenotypic variance ranging from 4.89 to 6.84%. The yellow-seeded Brassica napus L. Has the advantage of higher oil content and the hull content has a significant effect on the oil content. In addition, the SRAP marker is good for detecting QTL.     

High plant density increases seed Bt endotoxin content in Bt transgenic cotton

Plant density is the cultivation practice usually employed to manipulate boll distribution, boll setting and yield in cotton production. In order to determine the effect of plant density on the insecticidal protein content of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton plants, a study was conducted in Yangzhou University of China in 2015 and 2016. Five plant densities(PD1–PD5, representing 15 000, 30 000, 45 000, 60 000, and 75 000 plants ha–1) were imposed on two Bt cotton cultivars, Sikang 1(the conventional cultivar, SK-1) and Sikang 3(the hybrid cultivar, SK-3). The boll number per plant, boll weight and boll volume all decreased as plant density increased. As plant density increased from 15 000 to 75 000 plants ha~(–1), seed Bt protein content increased, with increases of 66.5% in SK-1 and 53.4% in SK-3 at 40 days after flowering(DAF) in 2015, and 36.8% in SK-1 and 38.6% in SK-3 in 2016. Nitrogen(N) metabolism was investigated to uncover the potential mechanism. The analysis of N metabolism showed enhanced soluble protein content, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT) activities, but reduced free amino acid content, and protease and peptidase activities with increasing plant density. At 20 DAF, the seed Bt toxin amount was positively correlated with soluble protein level, with correlation coefficients of 0.825** in SK-1 and 0.926** in SK-3 in 2015, and 0.955** in SK-1 and 0.965** in SK-3 in 2016. In contrast, the seed Bt protein level was negatively correlated with free amino acid content, with correlation coefficients of –0.983** in SK-1 and –0.974** in SK-3 in 2015, and –0.996** in SK-1 and –0.986** in SK-3 in 2016. To further confirm the relationship of Bt protein content and N metabolism, the Bt protein content was found to be positively correlated with the activities of GPT and GOT, but negatively correlated with the activities of protease and peptidase. In conclusion, our present study indicated that high plant density elevated the amount of seed Bt protein, and this increase was associated with decreased boll number per plant, boll weight and boll volume. In addition, altered N metabolism also contributed to the increased Bt protein content under high plant density.     

Identification of QTLs Underlying Folate Content in Milled Rice

Understanding the genetic mechanism underlying folate biosynthesis and accumulation in rice would be beneficial for breeding high folate content varieties as a cost-effective approach to addressing widespread folate deficiency in developing countries. In this study, the inheritance of rice grain folate content was investigated in the Lemont/Teqing recombinant inbred lines and the Koshihikari/Kasalath//Koshihikari backcross inbred lines. 264 F12 recombinant inbred lines（RILs） and 182 BC1F10 backcross inbred lines（BILs） with their parents planted in randomized complete blocks with two replicates in 2010, and RILs harvested in 2008 were used for QTL detection using inclusive composite interval mapping（ICIM） method. In the RIL population, two QTLs, denoted by qQTF-3-1 and qQTF-3-2（QTF, quantitative total folate）, explaining 7.8% and 11.1-15.8% of the folate content variation were detected in one or two years, respectively. In the BIL population, a QTL, denoted by qQTF-3-3, was detected, explaining 25.3% of the variation in folate content. All the positive alleles for higher folate content were from the high-folate parents, i.e., Teqing and Kasalath. The known putative folate biosynthesis genes do not underlie the QTLs detected in this study and therefore may be novel loci affecting folate content in milled rice. QTLs identified in this study have potential value for marker assisted breeding for high-folate rice variety.     

Studies on Single Cell Culture in vitro in Wheat--The variation of grain protein content and its fractions from regenerated plants

On the basis of previous studies dealing with the variation of major agronomic and yield characteristics of regenerated plants derived from single cell culture in vitro of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.Cultivar NE 7742),the grain protein content and its fractions from regenerated plants with stable agronomic characteristics were studied from 1992 to 1995.The results showed that the variation of grain protein content and its fractions in somaclones from single cell culture in vitro were very significant and the range was very wide (11.53-17.70%).Several types of variation were found in the studies,espercially the type with higher protein content than that of cultivar NE 7742(non-culture parent).Among them.-20.69% of lines the grain protein content was significantly higher than that of NE 7742 and combined with high yielding potential.The tendency of variation of the four protein fractions showed that the variation of albumin was not obvious and maintained the same level as NE7742,the content of gliadin increased in some somaclones and decreased in others.However,the percentages both globulin and glutenin tended to increase.The variation of total amount of structural protein and the ratio between globulin and glutenin tended to increase.the variation of total amount of structural protein and the ratio between globulin and albumm was mainly influenced by globulin under the condition of culture in vitro.The variation of total amount of storage protein and the ratio between gliadin and glutenin was mainly by glutenin.The results mentioned above bemonstrated that the induction and screening of somaclonal variation could be an effective way in wheat improvement in combining high protein content with high yield.