新疆输油管道工程风蚀监测及其规律分析

通过监测数据分析得出新疆输油管道工程风力侵蚀的一般规律。在平原区,土壤侵蚀模数明显大于原地貌;风口区土壤平均侵蚀模数远大于平原区。增大植被盖度能缓解气流对地表的侵蚀作用,减少土壤风蚀率。同一地貌单元内,工程扰动区造成的水土流失量较原地貌严重。不同地貌单元由于其植被、土壤结构和风力因素的不同,风力侵蚀规律不尽相同;植被对防治土壤风力侵蚀具有良好效果。在开发建设项目中,尽可能避免对植被的破坏;一旦毁坏植被,在施工结束后积极采取措施恢复植被。     

黑龙江山区风电场工程水土流失特点及防治措施

结合风电场工程水土保持方案编制和验收技术评估工作实践,对黑龙江省山区风电场水土流失特点、防治分区、措施布设进行了分析、探讨。风电场工程建设周期短、扰动强度差异显著、植被破坏点多面广、植被恢复难度大,具有点线面侵蚀并存、风蚀与水蚀共存的水土流失特点;运输道路区是产生水土流失的主要区域,是防治和监测的重点部位。将水土流失防治分区划分为风电机组区、运输道路区、输电线路区、升压站区、施工生产生活区,并有针对性地布设了水土保持措施。     

大渡河流域冻融侵蚀监测与分析

高山雪原区域的水土流失监测尤其需要重视冻融侵蚀。为充分研究高山雪原区的冻融侵蚀规律,以大渡河流域为项目区进行遥感监测,选取地温年较差、降水量、植被覆盖度、土壤类型、坡度、坡向等6个侵蚀单因子及其评价指数,采用"加权加和"方法进行冻融侵蚀综合评价指数的计算和冻融侵蚀强度分级。最终完成了大渡河流域冻融侵蚀监测成果,掌握了冻融侵蚀空间分布特征,总结冻融侵蚀变化趋势。该研究成果对相似自然条件的高山雪原地区的冻融侵蚀具有借鉴意义,并可为该地区的水土保持规划提供科学决策依据。     

关于中国水土保持监测的基本思路

１水土保持监测的目的、意义和任务水土保持监测包括水土流失及其治理的监测。我国水土流失分布广泛,按侵蚀营力的不同,可分为水力侵蚀、重力侵蚀、冻融侵蚀和风力侵蚀四种类型。其中水蚀主要分布在山地丘陵区;风蚀主要分布在长城以北,其次在黄泛平原沙土区与滨海地带...     

西藏地区水土流失现状及防治对策

西藏地区土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀为主,水土流失主要受降水、大风、温度、地形地貌、地质、植被等自然因素及乱垦滥伐、过度放牧、掠取资源、破坏环境等人为因素影响.为防治西藏地区复杂多样的水土流失,结合西藏地区的自然属性和区域水土流失特点,将西藏地区分为藏东南水力侵蚀为主区、藏西风力侵蚀为主区、藏北冻融侵蚀为主区及藏中复合侵蚀区,并针对各区的自然属性及影响因素,提出在不同时期以防治水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀、冻融侵蚀和复合侵蚀为主的防治措施和发展方向,并提出加强水土流失防治宣传、研究水土流失机制和防治对策、落实水土保持措施等举措,以达到防治西藏地区水土流失、保护区域生态环境的目的.     

风蚀区引水工程边坡防护

新疆地区风蚀严重,开发建设项目边坡施工过程中应特别注意风蚀和水蚀、重力侵蚀共同作用造成的水土流失。本文针对风蚀区的水土流失特点,从某引水工程入手,探讨挖填边坡工程护坡与植物护坡的设计和施工。     

河北省坝上风电场建设区水土流失特点与植被恢复途径

以河北省坝上风电场建设区为研究对象,探讨风电场建设区水土流失特点、分区、防治重点及植被恢复措施。结果如下：风电场建设区水土流失特点为风电场工程的特殊性与坝上水土流失特征的相互耦合的表现;风电场建设区水土流失特点表现为点状与线状侵蚀并存,风蚀与水蚀共存,植被破坏点多面广、植被恢复难度大,土石方量较小、弃渣相对较少,水土流失重点在施工建设期等;风电场建设区的水土流失主要来自升压站、风机区、施工生产生活区、道路区、集电线路区和弃渣场等6个区域,不同区域的水土流失特点和防治重点各有侧重;坝上风电场建设区的植被恢复可采取封育恢复自然植被,清理表土集中覆盖、利用土壤种子库恢复植被及人工植被建设3类途径。     

佳芦河流域水土保持监测及土壤侵蚀评价

以佳芦河流域分辨率为0.38 m的航摄影像和5 m的DEM等为信息源,基于ArcGIS平台,获取了流域水土保持措施、土地利用、植被覆盖度、坡度、沟壑烈度等土壤侵蚀影响因子,依据《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL 190—2007),对各因子进行叠加分析,对水蚀、风蚀区等不同侵蚀类型的土壤侵蚀强度进行了分析评价。结果表明,截至2012年9月,佳芦河流域有水土流失面积1068.89 km 2,占流域面积的94.26%,其中轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别为118.69、206.35、126.29、75.08、542.48 km 2;强烈及以上侵蚀面积占到水土流失面积的69.59%,其中强烈和极强烈侵蚀多发生在风蚀区,而剧烈侵蚀主要发生在水蚀区的沟道中。     

森林植被防止地表侵蚀机制研究

森林等植被具有涵养水源、防风固沙和防止地表侵蚀等机能。引起地表侵蚀的主要原因是降雨 ,其次是冻融。然而在有植被特别是森林植被的情况下 ,能够减免地表因降雨和冻融作用而发生的侵蚀。植被防止地表侵蚀最明显的机能有 :植被的地上部和枯枝落叶削减雨滴能量的机能 ;茎和枯落物削减地表径流流速及改善土壤渗透性减少径流量的机能 ;根系固结土壤颗粒的机能 ;枯枝落叶层保温的机能     

我国冻融侵蚀的调查方法

冻融侵蚀是我国仅次于水蚀和风蚀的第3大土壤侵蚀类型,也是第1次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查的土壤侵蚀类型之一,其普查方法的制定和正确运用对普查结果有重要影响.通过介绍冻融侵蚀范围的确定方法和冻融侵蚀强度评价方法,阐述冻融侵蚀分级评价中涉及到的年冻融日循环时间、日均冻融相变水量、年均降水量、坡度、坡向和植被盖度等6个因子的计算流程、赋值标准和权重,以及普查过程中各个环节的质量控制措施.研究结果对于完善我国冻融侵蚀的调查方法以及科学评价冻融侵蚀的现状、发展趋势和预测预报等具有重要意义.     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.