宁夏河套灌区典型区域土壤盐碱化空间变异特征

运用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,以宁夏河套灌区盐碱化最严重的区域作为研究区,研究其土壤盐分含量和pH值的空间变异特征。结果表明:土壤全盐含量在表层为强变异性,在其他层次为中等变异性;pH值为弱变异性,其空间变异格局主要由结构性因素引起。土壤全盐含量和pH值均呈现出西北地势低洼地区高于其他地区的空间分布格局,平行于和垂直于贺兰山和黄河走向的方向上土壤全盐含量变异程度较小,而在以沙湖为中心的对角线方向上土壤全盐含量变异程度较大。研究区土壤盐分剖面类型以表聚型为主,底聚型和平均型盐分剖面主要分布于平行于贺兰山和黄河方向偏东的带状区域内和垂直于该方向偏南的带状区域内。     

塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征

结合传统统计学与地统计学方法,以塔里木河上游典型绿洲阿拉尔垦区为研究区,根据64个样点的试验数据,分析样区表层(0-10cm)和亚表层(10-20cm)土壤水盐空间分异特征。结果表明,土壤水分、pH值、电导率和全盐具有明显的空间变异性。样区土壤盐碱化程度较高,土壤水分表现为中等变异性,pH值为弱变异性,电导率、全盐及大部分离子含量为强变异性,盐分呈现强烈的表聚性特性。土壤水分和表层pH值的半方差理论模型较符合指数模型,亚表层pH值、电导率和全盐较符合球状模型。各指标块金值/基台值在0.122～0.316之间,且表层小于亚表层,空间自相关性较高,变异更多受结构性因素影响,空间结构较为复杂。指标的空间分布与区域环境密切相关,各层土壤水分、电导率和全盐均为西北高于东南,即沿河岸-绿洲-荒漠方向递减,而pH值表现为相反的规律。研究区棉田的长期连作,使得水盐运动在多年耕作棉区较为活跃,中小尺度下水盐空间分布的异质性增强。     

客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐分分布及影响因素分析

土壤盐碱化问题严重制约着盐碱地生态绿化环境和农业可持续发展。为研究客土造林后滨海盐碱地土壤盐碱化状况的空间分布格局及影响因素，该研究开展实地调查采样，结合地统计学、经典统计学和Kriging插值等方法分析徐圩新区滨海盐碱地0～10、>10～20、>20～40、>40～60、>60～100 cm土层土壤盐分分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：1）研究区5个土层土壤电导率均为中等强度变异，pH值是弱变异。大多数土层土壤电导率和pH表现为弱空间相关性，由随机因素引起的空间变异性较弱，自相关引起的空间变异性较强。水平方向上看，研究区从西向东盐碱程度逐步加深，垂直方向上，土壤电导率随着土层深度增加而不断变大；2）研究区客土0～100 cm土层土壤电导率均值为2.91dS/m，属于轻度盐渍化土；原土0～100 cm土层土壤电导率均值为31.00dS/m，属于极重度盐渍化土，原土上只有极少数耐盐作物能自然正常生长。客土土壤电导率明显低于原土，但pH值与原土差异不大，客土土壤盐分表聚和底聚现象明显，存在返盐返碱的问题，长期来看，客土造林并不是该地区绿化最好的方式。3）影响研究区土壤...     

基于不同插值方法的于田绿洲盐渍化土壤特性空间变异分析

以于田绿洲为例,基于地统计学的反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数法(RBF)、普通克里金法(OK)及局部多项式法(LPI)等4种不同插值方法,经过交叉验证对比确定了适用的方法进行插值,揭示了盐渍化土壤含盐量、电导率、PH值和含水量的空间变异特征。研究表明:(1)于田绿洲含盐量均值为9.29 g kg-1属重盐土类型,同时土壤电导率、含盐量、含水量和pH分别表现为强、中等、弱空间变异性;(2)土壤特性的结构性因子C/(C0+C)均大于75%,表现出空间自相关较强,是结构性因素主导作用的影响;(3)在电导率和含盐量的空间变异分析采用IDW法较为适合,对pH值的空间插值采用OK法精度最高,含水量则除了LPI法,其他三种方法都可以任意选用;(4)土壤含盐量和电导率空间分布表现出北高南低的分异规律,绿洲外围高于绿洲内部,pH值呈现从东部至西部递减的趋势,易受随机性因素的影响,含水量则出现南北方向明显的差异,研究区中、东部绿洲内高值存在。通过不同插值方法对于田绿洲盐渍化土壤特性的空间异质性研究,揭示了土壤特性空间变异特征及空间分布规律,可为解决土壤盐渍化问题提供基础参考。     

霍林河下游典型洪泛区湿地土壤pH值和土壤含水量分布特征

以霍林河下游洪泛区湿地为研究区,采用网格采样法研究了土壤pH值和土壤含水量的时空变化及其相互关系。结果显示,研究区湿地土壤含水量和pH值存在明显的季节性差异,7月份土壤含水量高于9月份土壤,但7月份土壤pH平均值则低于9月份,9月份湿地土壤,尤其是亚表层发生明显碱化。湿地土壤含水量和pH值均呈现出条带状和斑块状的空间分布格局,尤其在9月份的空间变异性较高,且土壤pH值与土壤含水量间存在较显著的负相关关系,即含水量高的区域对应土壤pH值较低。土壤含水量和pH值的回归分析表明当土壤pH值>8.8时,非线性回归更适宜描述研究区土壤含水量和土壤pH值的显著负相关关系。     

神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究

运用统计学方法,对黄土高原神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因子进行研究. 结果表明(1)土壤水分含量在垂直剖面方向表现出随深度增加,土壤水分含量呈增加趋势,在100 cm土层内变异最大,在100 cm以下其变化的梯度基本趋于稳定;(2)土壤水分含量沿坡长方向(即坡顶到坡下)呈波浪状递增趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上＞坡中＞坡下的趋势;(3)土壤水分含量沿垂直于坡长方向表现为阴坡＞山脊＞阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度表现为阳坡＞阴坡的趋势.本文对神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分的研究有助于了解退耕地土壤水分的变异特征,为区域环境治理和植被建设提供科学依据.     

半干旱区科尔沁沙地土壤水分时空特征研究

采用经典统计和地统计学的方法,分析了2013年半干旱区科尔沁沙地(1.5 hm2)不同植被类型下0~160 cm剖面土壤水分的时空变异特征。结果表明:土壤含水量在剖面上的变异系数在18%~177%之间,属于中等或强变异水平;土壤水分状况影响其变异性,湿季的变异性低于干季。草本植被和灌木通过截留降雨和根系吸水,加剧了土壤水分在空间上的变异。在同一时期,土壤水分的空间自相关性随着深度的增加而不断减小;相同深度的空间自相关性为湿季大于干季。在湿季各层土壤含水量具有较好的空间连续性,而干季各层土壤水分变化均较为剧烈,土壤水分的破碎化程度较高。降雨有促使土壤水分分布趋于均匀及增强空间相关性的效果。     

于田绿洲盐渍土主要参数的空间异质性分析

通过对盐渍土主要参数的空间异质性进行分析,反映出绿洲地区各种不同的程度的土壤盐渍化的空间分布。借助地统计学、经典统计学方法,同时结合野外的实测数据,对于田绿洲2013年表层盐渍土(0~10 cm)的电导率、含盐量、p H、含水量的空间异质性进行分析。对研究区的土壤盐渍化监测采样控制在95%的置信水平、15%的相对误差的范围内。研究表明:(1)于田绿洲为重盐土类型,其均值达到7.02 g kg-1,同时表层土壤电导率,含盐量和含水量均表现为较强空间变异性。(2)表层土壤电导率、含水量和含盐量以及p H均表现出由结构性因素引起空间变异。(3)通过插值结果可以看出土壤含盐量、电导率和土壤含水量均表现为绿洲外围高于绿洲内部的空间分布,同时土壤含盐量电导率和p H值三者之间呈明显的正相关。通过分析土壤空间变异性,有利于快速诊断土壤盐渍化,也能够为提升土地的利用效率以及农田的管理提出决策的依据。     

高寒草甸典型小流域雨后土壤水分空间变异特征

利用地统计学的Kriging空间内插法研究寒区典型小流域雨后土壤水分空间变异及分布情况;分析了0～50 cm土壤层的平均土壤水分与剖面土壤水分的空间分布特征。结果表明：0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm、30～40 cm和40～50 cm五层土壤水分和流域平均土壤水分最佳拟合模型为球状模型;在小流域尺度范围内,五层土壤水分具有中等空间变异性,其块金系数为43.7%、58.9%、53.0%、71.6%和68.1%,流域平均土壤水分的块金系数为38.4%,0～10 cm1、0～20 cm、20～30cm三层土壤水分相关度明显小于30～40 cm和40～50 cm两土层土壤水分,说明表层土壤水分受降雨因素干扰明显,而深层土壤含水量相关性比较稳定。通过分析,得出雨后流域土壤水分空间分布主要受水分入渗、地形、植被覆盖、海拔等因素的影响。利用半方差函数分析得出流域土壤水分的有效变程在938～1469 m之间,40～50 cm土层土壤水分变程最大,为1469 m;10～20 cm土层土壤水分变程最小为938 m。通过确定半方差函数、比较变量的空间变异性及空间变异程度,得出在小流域内土壤水分半方差函数模型总体上拟合效果较好。     

关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异与模拟

土壤水力参数是土壤水分和污染物迁移等陆面过程数值模拟的重要基础参数。为探明关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异特征,建立空间分布预测模型,在关中平原网格布设124个样点,采集根层0-20 cm原状和扰动土壤样品,利用van Genuchten模型拟合获取土壤水分特征曲线,获得残余含水量(θr)、饱和含水量(θs)以及系数α和n等土壤水力参数。采用经典统计学、地统计学和结构方程方法分析了θr、θs、α和n的空间变异特征及影响因子,建立了水力参数传递函数预测模型。结果表明:θr和α为强变异,θs为中等变异,n为弱变异。θr、θs、α和n半方差函数最佳拟合模型分别为球状模型、指数模型、指数模型和球状模型。θs和n具有强烈的空间依赖性,变程分别为32.7,54.3 km;θr和α具有中等程度空间依赖性,变程均为52.8 km。土壤质地、容重、pH、有机质和海拔是影响土壤水力参数空间分布的主要因子。基于土壤理化性质和海拔建立的水力参数传递函数模型具有较好的模拟效果,可用于关中地区大尺度农田生态系统土壤水力参数的模拟预测。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.