Combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Infectious bursal disease is a highly infectious immunosuppressive disease of chickens endemic in many poultry-producing areas around the world. The non-enveloped virus that causes the disease, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is highly stable and resistant to inactivation by common disinfectants. Avian influenza viruses (AIV), on the other hand, are highly vulnerable to most disinfectants due to their phospholipid envelope, but still pose a major threat to the poultry industry, as the outbreaks in 2015 in the United States have shown. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy of disinfectants against both IBDV and AIV but failed to take into consideration factors that would affect the disinfectant efficacy once used in the field, such as organic material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a commercial combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant against IBDV and AIV in the presence of organic material commonly found in the commercial poultry industry: fecal matter alone, feathers/dust mixed with feces, and bedding material mixed with feces. After a 10-minute disinfectant contact time, each surface was swabbed and virus isolation attempted in embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs. The non-enveloped very virulent (vv) IBDV was reisolated from spiked feces and shavings treated with the disinfectant. This was confirmed by RT-PCR detection of the virus. In contrast, no viral isolate or RT-PCR product was obtained from the samples collected from spiked feathers/dust treated with the disinfectant. Finally, no low pathogenic (LP) AI was re-isolated from the samples treated with the disinfectant indicating that, under laboratory conditions, the combination of quaternary ammonia and glutaraldehyde was partially and completely effective in the inactivation of vvIBDV and LPAI, respectively. Not only the viral envelope, but also the presence of organic matter plays an important role in the viral resistance to disinfectants.     

中草药消毒剂杀菌效果的研究

为研究中草药消毒剂的杀菌效果,选取大黄、艾叶等中草药在实验室制备了复方中草药消毒剂,并对其进行了定量杀菌试验、临床现场消毒试验等研究。结果表明,以大黄、艾叶等中草药组方的中草药消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌作用10 min,杀灭率达99.9%,作用30 min,可达100%;对大肠杆菌作用10 min以上,杀灭率达100%;对枯草芽孢杆菌作用15 min以上杀灭率达99.9%;表面现场消毒对细菌杀灭率达99.96%;54 ℃温箱中放置14 d后,杀菌效果基本不变;有机物的存在对消毒效果有一定影响。结果提示中草药消毒剂用于养殖场消毒稳定有效,并可进行相关消毒剂的开发。     

Evaluation of virucidal activity of three commercial disinfectants and formic acid using bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1

A modified version of the test method of the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) was developed using formic acid and three commercial disinfectants to evaluate virucidal activity against three non-enveloped viruses, bovine enterovirus type 1 (ECBO virus), mammalian orthoreovirus type 1 and bovine adenovirus type 1 (BAV 1). Determination of the effects of temperature was carried out at 20 and 10 degrees C. All tests with protein load used bovine serum albumin (BSA) and yeast extract. The investigations were performed in suspension tests and in carrier tests using poplar wood virus carriers. The carrier tests showed that ECBO virus could be inactivated at 20 degrees C with 1% formic acid within a 60 min reaction time. For disinfection of ECBO virus at 10 degrees C within 60 min, a 2% concentration of formic acid was necessary. Formic acid was ineffective against reovirus and bovine adenovirus and cannot be recommended as a reference disinfectant. Inactivation of ECBO virus and adenovirus type 1 using a disinfectant containing aldehydes and alcohols could be achieved, but only at room temperature. The disinfection of reovirus type 1 at room temperature with this product was possible without a protein load. This disinfectant exhibited disinfection ability at 10 degrees C at a concentration of more than 2% or with a longer exposure time. A disinfectant containing aldehydes was effective at room temperature but its effect was reduced in the presence of organic matter. Inactivation at 10 degrees C was found only against adenovirus. The fourth disinfectant, which contained peroxiacetic acid, inactivated all test viruses at a concentration of 0.5% within 15 min independent of temperature and protein load.     

Evaluation of efficacy of several disinfectants against Campylobacter jejuni strains by a suspension test

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of 16 active compounds and 11 commercial disinfectants against Campylobacter jejuni. Two reference strains (one of avian origin and the other isolated from bovine) and two avian field strains were tested in suspension test in the presence and absence of serum. Chloramine-T, povidone–iodine (1% available iodine), cetylpiridinium chloride, ethanol, isopropanol, chlorhexidine digluconate, formaldehyde, phenol, and 10 of the 11 commercial formulations (eight of them based on quaternary ammonium compounds) showed an excellent disinfectant capability, resulting in the highest level of reduction (>6-log₁₀) in colony-forming units of the four C. jejuni strains compared regardless of the presence or absence of organic material. These compounds might be helpful in the adoption of environmental control measures against C. jejuni.     

Evaluation of efficacy of several disinfectants against Campylobacter jejuni strains by a suspension test

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of 16 active compounds and 11 commercial disinfectants against Campylobacter jejuni. Two reference strains (one of avian origin and the other isolated from bovine) and two avian field strains were tested in suspension test in the presence and absence of serum. Chloramine-T, povidone–iodine (1% available iodine), cetylpiridinium chloride, ethanol, isopropanol, chlorhexidine digluconate, formaldehyde, phenol, and 10 of the 11 commercial formulations (eight of them based on quaternary ammonium compounds) showed an excellent disinfectant capability, resulting in the highest level of reduction (>6-log₁₀) in colony-forming units of the four C. jejuni strains compared regardless of the presence or absence of organic material. These compounds might be helpful in the adoption of environmental control measures against C. jejuni.     

An investigation into the efficacy of hatchery disinfectants against strains of Staphylococcus aureus associated with the poultry industry.

The efficacy of 18 commercial disinfectants was investigated using the type strain, isolate 24 (I. 24), of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern related Staphylococcus aureus that have shown to be associated with clinical disease in Northern Ireland broilers. Eight quartenary ammonium compound (QAC), four peroxygen, three amphoteric (AMP), one phenolic along with two chlorine-based disinfectants were tested at their manufacturer's recommended concentration (MRC) and at three 10-fold dilutions of the MRC. The efficacy of disinfectants against I. 24 was assessed in conditions with no hatchery organic matter (HOM) and in conditions with no HOM present. In addition, 17 S. aureus strains, related and non-related to I. 24 and obtained from the poultry industry were screened for any increase in resistance relative to I. 24. All disinfectants were effective against all test strains when tested in the absence of HOM. Products from the QAC and peroxygen groups were the most potent. The performance of all disinfectants was reduced in the presence of HOM. Under these conditions all chlorine-based, two out of three AMP, and one out of eight QAC disinfectants were not effective against I. 24 when tested at the MRC. The results emphasise the importance of proper application on appropriate areas, using the correct concentration and exposure time for the disinfectant.     

常用国产阳离子季胺盐在蚕业消毒中的性能与应用

本文作了若干国产季胺盐对蚕业病原物的杀灭效果试验,并探讨了环境中的pH、温度,有机物,作用时间,无机离子,纤维物等对季胺盐药效的影响,及添加1％新鲜石灰后季胺盐的杀菌情况变化,认为季胺盐石灰浆在蚕业消毒中应该与漂白粉类互相补充,作为蚕业环境的常用消毒剂。文中还对季胺盐消毒效果测定中的若干问题进行了分析与讨论。     

Comparison of the Virucidal Effects of Disinfectant Agents Against Equine Influenza A Virus

Disinfection is one of the most important biosecurity measures to minimize disease spread during outbreaks of equine influenza. Although many disinfectants are commercially available, information about their effects against equine influenza A virus (EIV) is limited. This report describes an evaluation of the effects of six disinfectants against EIV (∼10^4.7 egg infectious dose 50/200 μL) under different conditions (reaction time [10 and/or 30 minutes], temperature [4°C–25°C], and the absence and/or presence of uninfected allantoic fluid that served as our best choice of “organic matter” equivalent). Although the efficacy of didecyldimethylammonium chloride decreased with decreasing reaction temperature, the compound showed the highest efficacy of the three quaternary ammonium compounds tested in this study. The effects of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and nonoxynol iodine were not affected by reaction time or temperature, but they were affected by the presence of organic matter. Antec Virkon S containing potassium peroxymonosulfate and sodium chloride consistently inactivated EIV regardless of reaction time, temperature, and the presence of organic matter. These findings will help us to take rational biosecurity measures during outbreaks of equine influenza.     

Comparative efficacy of several disinfectants in suspension and carrier tests against Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 and 5

The comparative efficacy of 16 active compounds (including the most commonly used chemical groups) and 10 commercial formulations against Haemophilus parasuis serovars 1 and 5 was studied. These organisms were tested in suspension and carrier tests in the presence and absence of serum as representative of organic matter. Chloramine-T and half of the formulations from commercial sources (most of them including quaternary ammonium compounds) were effective in both in vitro tests, regardless of the presence or absence of organic load. All 26 disinfectants except for an iodophor (0.1% available iodine) resulted in at least 3-log₁₀ reduction in colony-forming units in suspension test, and most of them resulted in the maximal level of detection (>6-log₁₀ reduction). On the other hand, disinfectants were not as effective in carrier test as in suspension test, and the presence of serum considerably reduced the activities of most of the compounds tested, especially in carrier test. These results suggest the importance of selecting suitable disinfection for routine use on surfaces contaminated with H. parasuis, particularly when organic matter is present. Chloramine-T and formulations 2 and 7–10 are recommended for a complete inactivation of H. parasuis in swine herds.     

Disinfection studies with Salmonella senftenberg using egg shells as germ carriers

The present investigation was carried out to study the efficiency of 8 chemical disinfectants on Salmonella senftenberg in the presence or absence of serum (organic matter) using egg shell as bacterial carrier. The most of the tested disinfectants were effective in the used concentrations after a working time of 60 min. at room temperature. Some quaternary ammonium compounds proved to be not effective.     

Virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus and avian influenza virus

This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus (ASFV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), according to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. AEW (pH 5.0–6.5) was prepared using a commercially available “Electrolyzed Water Generator” with a free chlorine concentration (FCC) of 5–140 ppm, and its efficiency in reducing the titer of ASFV and AIV was tested in a suspension under low- and high-level organic soiling. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥40 ppm was effective against ASFV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥80 ppm was effective against ASFV. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥60 ppm was effective against AIV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥100 ppm was effective against AIV. The virucidal effect of AEW seemed dependent on the FCC and the presence of organic soiling. Based on these data, we recommend the following minimum FCCs in AEW treatment for routine disinfection in veterinary field under low- and high-level organic soiling conditions: for ASFV, 50 ppm and 100 ppm; and for AIV, 75 ppm and 125 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the virucidal effects of AEW against ASFV and AIV emphasize its potential utility as a disinfectant, and we suggest considering organic soiling conditions while using AEW for implementing effective control measures for field applications.     

An evaluation of disinfectants for the sanitation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated transport vehicles at cold temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available disinfectants to sanitize porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contaminated trailer models in cold climates (-20 degrees C and 4 degrees C). Disinfectants evaluated included Synergize, Aseptol 2000, Biophene, Sentramax, Virkon, Tek Trol, and DC&R. All products were applied to trailers via fumigation at 4 degrees C. Following experimental contamination of model trailers with PRRSV MN 30-100 (5 x 10(5) TCID50), models were tested for the presence or absence of PRRSV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on swabs collected 0, 30, and 60 min after treatment. Treatments included washing only, washing plus disinfectant fumigation, washing plus fumigation, and washing plus overnight drying. The PRRSV-RNA detected across trailers ranged from 0/12 replicates in trailers treated with Synergize or allowed to dry for 8 h. These trailers were also negative for the presence of infectious PRRSV, based on the lack of sentinel pig infection (0/4 replicates). In contrast, the detection of PRRSV-positive swabs by PCR ranged from 3/12 (Aseptol) to 10/12 (Biophene). Based on these results, the efficacy of Synergize was evaluated at -20 degrees C. In an attempt to reduce the impact of freezing on disinfectant activity, 30 mL of disinfectant was added to a 3840 mL of a 40% methanol solution, a 10% propylene glycol (PG) solution, or water alone. The PRRSV-contaminated trailers were treated with 1 of 3 disinfectant mixtures via fumigation, stored for 8 h at -20 degrees C, allowed to thaw, and sampled as described. Trailers treated with 40% methanol or 10% PG did not freeze and were negative for PRRSV-RNA and infectious virus following thawing. In contrast, trailers treated with disinfectant and water were frozen within 60 min at -20 degrees C, and decontamination was not successful.     

The hydrogen peroxide, as a potentially useful slurry disinfectant

Hydrogen peroxide is used more and more as the water and wastewater as well as slurry disinfectant. Its advantages over other oxidants are nontoxic, harmless, and environmentally acceptable by products. The basic task in the disinfection of slurry is to destroy or remove infectious microorganisms so that the slurry cannot transmit disease producing agents, when disposed on the land or into waters.

In the present study the effect of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant with catalytic action of metal ions, silver and ferrous, was investigated in the hygienization process of pig and cattle slurry.

In order to determine the optimal concentration of disinfectant, the effect of a range of final concentrations of hydrogen peroxide alone and with metal ions was investigated. Organoleptic, physicochemical and bacteriologic parameters were analyzed for wastewater quality assessment in accordance with standard methods.

The results illustrated an improvement of organoleptic properties: color and odor, the oxidation of organic matter across reduction of BOD₅ and ammonium content of the treated slurries as well as a decrease of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total coliform bacteria numbers.

This investigation indicated that the disinfection of slurry with the oxidative compounds with hydrogen peroxide basis and catalytic action of silver and ferrous ions can be recommended for its bactericidal and oxidative effect.     

影响福尔马林漂白粉石灰浆消毒效果诸因素的探讨

研究比较了有机氯消毒剂与无机氯消毒剂水溶液的稳定性,药剂液温、药液粘度、pH值对蚕用消毒剂的三种主剂(福尔马林、漂白粉、石灰浆)的不同影响,三种药剂对土壤地面的不同消毒效果以及相互配合使用时会产生的后果。目的在于进一步加深对消毒剂不同性能的认识,为提高消毒效果提供参考。     

Inactivation of avian influenza virus using common detergents and chemicals

Six disinfectant chemicals were tested individually for effectiveness against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) A/H7N2/Chick/MinhMa/04. The tested agents included acetic acid (C2H4O2), citric acid (C6H8O7), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a powdered laundry detergent with peroxygen (bleach), and a commercially available iodine/acid disinfectant. Four of the six chemicals, including acetic acid (5%), citric acid (1% and 3%), calcium hypochlorite (750 ppm), and sodium hypochlorite (750 ppm) effectively inactivated LPAIV on hard and nonporous surfaces. The conventional laundry detergent was tested at multiple concentrations and found to be suitable for inactivating LPAIV on hard and nonporous surfaces at 6 g/L. Only citric acid and commercially available iodine/acid disinfectant were found to be effective at inactivating LPAIV on both porous and nonporous surfaces.     

In vitro efficacy of N-duopropenide, a recently developed disinfectant containing quaternary ammonium compounds, against selected gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of N-duopropenide against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. SAMPLE POPULATION: One field strain each of Pasteurella multocida subsp multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and L ivanovii, and 2 field strains of Escherichia coli. PROCEDURE: Strains were tested with and without serum as organic matter, using quantitative suspension and carrier tests. Six concentrations of active ingredient (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.11, 0.27, and 0.55%) and 6 contact times (15 and 30 seconds and 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes) were studied for each. RESULTS: Globally, N-duopropenide was more effective in suspension tests than in carrier tests, and when organisms were suspended in saline solution rather than serum. Under the most disadvantageous conditions (carrier test with serum), a concentration of 0.55% N-duopropenide acting for only 15 seconds was effective in inactivating P multocida subsp multocida and was even more effective against the 2 Listeria species tested. For E coli strains, the same concentration also was effective, but after 10 minutes of contact. On the other hand, N-duopropenide was unable to inactivate the S aureus strain in the carrier test with serum, a concentration of 0.55% for 10 minutes was necessary to inactivate it without organic matter; however, N-duopropenide was highly effective against this organism in the suspension test, even with serum. CONCLUSION: N-duopropenide was highly effective in vitro against 5 of the most commonly encountered organisms in clinical veterinary medicine and, consequently, might be a good choice in control measures against common pathogenic organisms in modern production systems.     

Health survey of backyard poultry and other avian species located within one mile of commercial California meat-turkey flocks.

A survey was conducted to characterize domestic and exotic bird populations, estimate seroprevalence to selected disease agents, and describe health management practices on 62 premises containing "backyard" flocks located within one mile of 22 commercial California meat-turkey flocks participating in National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS). Chickens were present on 56 backyard premises and turkeys on seven. Antibodies were identified against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, Salmonella pullorum, Newcastle disease virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, Bordetella avium, hemorrhagic enteritis virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and infectious bursal disease virus in 367 blood samples from 32 backyard premises. Twenty-two owners of backyard premises said they restricted visitor contact with their birds, and two required visitors to wear rubber boots and use boot disinfectant. Owners of seven premises used biologics and/or pharmaceutics for disease prevention. One family member worked on a commercial turkey ranch, but no other contact between owners, relatives, or employees and commercial poultry was reported.     

奶牛纯中药乳头消毒剂的临床应用效果观察

将93头奶牛分成3组,1组31头用碘伏进行乳头药浴,2 组 32 头用鱼腥草、红花和明矾组成的中药乳头消毒剂进行药浴,30 头作为对照组,35 d的临床应用,结果如下:中药乳头消毒剂和碘伏能使临床型乳腺炎发病率降低,差异不显著(P>0 05);1组隐性乳腺炎的发病率,由药浴前的 58 1%下降到 48 4%,与对照组差异显著(P<0 05),2组隐性乳腺炎的发病率由药浴前的81 3%下降到药浴后的75%,与对照组差异显著(P>0 05);1 组和2组隐性乳腺炎的乳区发病率差异不显著(P>0 05),与对照组差异极显著(P<0 01);中药乳头消毒剂药浴后体细胞数和LDH活性明显降低,与药浴前差异显著(P<0 05);NAGase的活性药浴前后差异不显著(P>0 05),该中药乳头消毒剂对奶产量无显著影响。     

常见消毒剂对塞内卡病毒杀灭作用的比较研究

为比较常见消毒方法对塞内卡病毒的杀灭作用,开展了不同浓度苯酚溶液、复方甲酚皂消毒液、柠檬酸溶液、NaOH溶液、百毒杀消毒液、新洁尔灭消毒液、84消毒液以及75％酒精和紫外线,与SVA作用10 min、30 min和60 min杀灭效果的研究.结果显示,5.0％的苯酚溶液作用10 min,0.5％以上的NaOH作用10 ...     

Effectiveness of using a mat filled with a peroxygen disinfectant to minimize shoe sole contamination in a veterinary hospital

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of using a disinfectant mat filled with a peroxygen compound to prevent mechanical transmission of bacteria via contaminated footwear between the food animal ward and common breezeway of a veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN: Observational study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Shoe soles of individuals entering and exiting from the ward. PROCEDURES: A mat filled with peroxygen disinfectant was placed at the entrance to the food animal ward, and participants wiped each shoe twice on the mat surface (n = 16) or walked on the mat surface but did not wipe their shoes (17) before entering and exiting from the ward. Swab specimens were collected from the shoe soles of participants before and after mat use and submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS: For both study days, as participants entered the ward, median number of aerobic bacteria isolated from shoe swab specimens collected prior to use of the disinfectant mat was not significantly different from median number isolated after use of the disinfectant mat. However, as participants exited the ward, median number of aerobic bacteria isolated from shoe swab specimens collected prior to use of the disinfectant mat was significantly higher than median number isolated after use of the disinfectant mat. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that placing a mat filled with a peroxygen disinfectant at the exit from the food animal ward of a veterinary teaching hospital may help reduce mechanical transmission of bacteria on the footwear of individuals leaving the ward.