钾肥施用量对辣椒农艺性状及产量的影响

为明确辣椒栽培中钾肥的最佳施用量,以骄阳1号为供试品种,设钾肥施用量0(不施,CK)、12.5、25.0、37.5、50.0和62.5 kg/667 m~2共计6个处理组,试验采用随机区组设计,调查不同钾肥施用量对辣椒农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:与不施钾肥相比,各施钾处理均不同程度提高了辣椒的株高、株幅、茎粗、果长、果肩宽、单株挂果数、单果鲜质量和辣椒产量,且随施钾量的增加,各生长指标增幅均表现为先上升后下降的趋势;钾肥施用量达到一定肥效阈值后,辣椒果实增产率下降,产量提高不明显,但与不施钾肥均存在显著性差异(p 0.05),当钾肥施用量为25.0 kg/667 m~2时产量最高。     

不同钾肥用量对地膜大葱品质、产量及经济效益的影响

以大葱为试材,在青海大通塔尔镇塔尔湾村川水地进行连续2年的大葱不同钾肥单因素试验。结果表明:地膜大葱栽培中,施钾肥对大葱的株高影响不大,合理施钾可以提高大葱的葱白长度、单株重量、假茎粗度;钾肥用量在0~135kg/hm2范围内,大葱葱白的维生素C含量随着钾肥用量的增加而增加;钾肥用量在135~270kg/hm2时大葱葱白的维生素C最高;不施用钾肥的大葱葱白的硝酸盐含量最高,但与不同钾肥施用量的大葱葱白的硝酸盐含量没有显著差异,且随着钾肥施用量的增加大葱葱白的硝酸盐含量逐渐下降;施钾肥可以提高大葱产量和经济效益,在河湟谷地大葱的钾肥施用量以90~135kg/hm2最合适。     

钾肥用量和施用时期对苹果产量、品质和果园钾素平衡的影响

为确定苹果生产中钾肥的合理用量和施用时期,在陕西凤翔、山东栖霞、辽宁盖州开展田间试验,研究钾肥用量和施钾时期对苹果产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在陕西凤翔、山东栖霞、辽宁盖州试验点,苹果树密度分别为1 667、889、833株/hm~2的情况下经济最佳钾用量分别为K_2O577、467、1182 kg/hm~2,最高产量施钾量分别为K_2O 582、491、1 190 kg/hm~2。适量施用氯化钾可提高可溶性固形物含量,增加果实硬度,降低果实酸度。钾用量相同下,氯化钾与硫酸钾对苹果产量和品质影响相当。施钾处理果园钾素均有盈余。陕西钾肥适宜的施用时期是50%钾肥花期施,50%钾肥果实膨大期施;山东和辽宁钾肥适宜施用时期是50%钾肥基施,50%钾肥果实膨大期施。果实硬度与K/Ca比呈负相关,施钾有引起果实缺钙风险,因此施钾肥尤其后期施钾应注意补充钙营养。     

配方施肥对洋葱产量与品质的影响

针对目前生产中不平衡的施肥现状及不完善的栽培技术措施,通过田间试验研究施肥量、栽培定植密度、定植时间对产量与品质的影响,结果表明:对洋葱生产具有主要影响因素的是氮肥施用量,定植密度和钾肥施用量为次主要因素,磷肥施用量是次要因素。氮肥施用量主要对产量以及可溶性糖的含量有影响,要提高这些指标,可在一定范围内增施氮肥。钾肥施用量对维生素C含量影响较大。且在一定程度上呈现出正相关。经综合平衡法分析后,得出最优的栽培措施是氮肥施用量为40kg/667m2,定植密度为15cm×15cm,钾肥施用量为80kg/667m2,磷肥施用量为60kg/667m2。采用此栽培措施,洋葱产量高,品质优。     

钾肥对洋葱产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

通过２ａ（年）对洋葱施用不同量钾肥的试验表明,施用钾肥能显著提高洋葱产量和经济效益;洋葱ＶＣ含量随钾肥用量增加而提高,施钾还能提高糖分含量,但施钾量大时则呈下降趋势,糖分最高含量出现在产量最高值之前;钾肥促进了氮肥的吸收和氮素代谢。     

贵州鲜食甘薯栽培关键技术

为探索贵州省生产上鲜食甘薯的高产栽培技术,对不同品种、不同的施肥比例、不同栽培密度进行了试验。结果表明:凯里红苕的产量排第二,但是中薯比例最大,其鲜食价值更高;采用N 4 kg、P 2 kg、K 4 kg、Ca 1 kg的配比产量较高,适当增施钾肥可提高块根产量,适当施用钙肥可以增强甘薯植株对逆境的抵抗力;在肥力中等的田块,栽培凯里红苕以4 000株/667 m2最佳。     

氮密互作对夏玉米产量性状及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉来杂交种登海661为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的产量性状和氮素利用状况进行了研究.试验结果表明,不同密度和施氮量对玉米的产量和籽粒质量影响显著,通过增加产穗数增加667m2产量,但是密度和氮素互作效应不显著.同时,每667m2施N16kg相对于其他施氮处理更有利于促进玉米叶绿素积累,促进植株的光合作用.适量施氮,可促进籽粒发育,减少败育,增加稳粒数,增加产量;同时促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光和碳量,井促进营养体碳氮向籽粒转运.     

锌钾营养对温室无土栽培番茄生理和品质的影响

以番茄品种丰收为试材,在封闭式循环无土栽培系统下研究锌肥和钾肥对番茄植株生长、光合特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施锌肥、钾肥均能提高番茄植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数;提高番茄净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合指标;番茄果实VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比均增加,单果质量和单株产量显著提高,其中钾肥对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响高于锌肥,锌肥和钾肥同施的效果优于单独施用。     

不同氮钾肥配施对大棚芦笋产量品质的影响

以美国的"泽西奈特"芦笋品种为试材,在塑料大棚栽培条件下,采用2因素4水平的"3414"施肥优化方案试验设计,研究了不同氮钾施用量对芦笋采收量与嫩茎品质的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,产量呈缓慢增加的趋势;而随着施钾量的增加,产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。氮肥与钾肥之间没有显著的互作效应,芦笋产量对钾肥反应最敏感,钾肥对芦笋产量影响最大;以N1P2K1的处理9产量最高,且一级笋率最高,外观品质最好,畸形笋数量少,商品笋产量最高。以N2P2K2的处理6营养品质最高,粗纤维含量低、口感好,芦丁与皂苷含量最高,分别达0.65mg/g与26.23mg/g。通过回归分析,得出最适施肥量为每667m2施尿素33.98kg、过磷酸钙26.67kg、硫酸钾28.78kg。     

施钾肥对温州蜜柑果实发育、裂果和品质的影响

连续２ 年以国庆一号温州蜜柑为试材研究了施钾肥对果实发育、裂果和品质的影响。结果表明,３ 月中旬施钾肥可提高花蕾质量,促进幼果生长,增加果皮厚度,减轻采前裂果;但却降低果实可溶性固形物含量。３ 月中旬与７ 月中旬分别施钾肥,既可减轻采前裂果,又维持较高的果实可溶性固形物含量     

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法,对30个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolate,简称硫苷)的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明:30个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大,在21.67～119.29μmol·g^-1之间;大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹,蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26μmol·g^-1,薹中为28.06μmol·g^-1;薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似,均以4-戊烯基硫苷和2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫苷为主要成分,两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52%和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量,结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4-戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

Influence of slip size,deslipping and decrowning on the ‘Sugarloaf’ pineapple

Definitions: Crown = the short stem and leaves growing from the apex of the fruit. Slip = leafy branch, attached below the fruit, developed from axillary bud on the peduncle. Happa = branch arising from axillary bud at the point of junction of peduncle and stem.Large-slip plants of ‘Sugarloaf’ pineapple (Ananas comosus) (L.) Merr.) were more vigorous than small-slip plants initially; however, plants from smaller slips caught up in size within a year after planting. Large-slip and medium-slip plants produced more slips and happas than small-slip plants. Smaller slips produced heavier and larger crowns, delayed both flowering and fruit maturity, reduced fruit size and yield, and recorded a higher incidence of sunburn. Slip size did not influence sucker development, peduncle size, and % TSS, % acidity and TSS/acidity ratio of the fruit.Deslipping, and decrowning and deslipping together produced significantly more suckers than control and decrowning-treatments. Deslipping-, and decrowning and deslipping together produced the maximum fruit weight and yield, whilst deslipping produced the longest fruits. Sunburn was greatest on decrowned and deslipped fruits, followed by deslipped fruits and then by control and decrowned fruits. Pruning did not influence happa production, peduncle size, fruit maturity, and % TSS, % acidity and TSS/acidity ratio of the fruit.No significant interaction between slip size and pruning was found.     

氯酸钾对龙眼成花诱导期叶片和顶芽内源激素含量的影响

对中熟龙眼品种‘凤梨穗’施用氯酸钾（KClO3）配合环割和拉枝措施,诱导其反季节成花,研究龙眼花芽诱导期叶片和顶芽间激素动态变化以及与成花状况之间的关系。结果表明：KClO3提高了叶片中生长素（IAA）含量,降低了顶芽内含量,而KClO3 + 拉枝处理的植株顶芽内IAA含量处于最低水平,且成花率最高,说明顶芽内低含量的IAA有利于成花;KClO3配合环割和拉枝处理分别降低了顶芽内赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）的相对含量,与IAA类似,龙眼的花芽诱导同样需要一个低水平的GA3和ABA的条件;ZT含量变化与以上激素相反,KClO3处理提高了龙眼花芽诱导期顶芽内玉米素（ZT）含量,降低了叶片中其含量,表明顶芽内ZT的增加可能是龙眼反季节成花的主要因素或信号物质,但3种处理的成花率与ZT含量水平并未呈正相关,说明细胞分裂素促进龙眼成花取决于其浓度或水平。     

五味子实生苗地下横走茎形态发生研究

对五味子实生苗地下横走茎的形态发生、发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:1 a生五味子子叶腋芽可发育为地下横走茎,但其发育较缓慢,在8月下旬至9月初才发育成地下横走茎,第1片真叶腋芽和第2片真叶腋芽当年均可以发育成地下横走茎;2 a生和多年生五味子植株基部的越冬芽都会发育成地下横走茎;无论是子叶腋芽还是越冬芽在转变初期与一般芽形态相似,但经过伸长生长后,其茎尖开始弯曲以适应地下生长。地下横走茎的发生部位较集中,常呈轮生状。较高节位芽的超显微结构与子叶叶芽存在较大差异,说明五味子的芽能否形成地下横走茎在其形成的早期可能就已经决定。     

Root formation,bud growth and survival of ornamental shrubs propagated by cuttings on different planting dates

Summary

Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’, Deutzia ‘Mont Rose’, Forsythia × intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Ligustrum vulgare ‘Liga’, Philadelphus × virginalis, Potentilla fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, and Spiraea × vanhouttei were planted on seven dates from July to October in two years and at three locations to investigate the effect of planting date on root formation, axillary bud growth, and plant survival. Cuttings were planted directly in the field and covered with polyethylene. Generally, root formation, bud growth, and plant survival were similar both years and at the three locations. All species except Deutzia had relatively constant rooting percentages at planting dates until mid August. For all species rooting percentages declined from mid August to October. Except for Deutzia, plant survival the following spring was constant or decreasing with planting date. For all species except Potentilla axillary bud growth and survival of cuttings planted in late September or October tended to increase while rooting percentages continued to decrease. In all species there was a close relationship between axillary bud growth and survival. Results revealed that many roots per cutting accelerated axillary bud growth.     

Propagation temperature,PPFD, auxin treatment,cutting size and cutting position affect root formation,axillary bud growth and shoot development in miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants and alter homogeneity

Summary

Rooting and growth responses of miniature rose cuttings were investigated in an experiment in which four propagation temperatures, two photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs) with five auxin (IBA) concentrations, cutting sizes and cutting positions, were combined factorially in a response-surface design. Most prominently, temperature, cutting size and auxin and their interactions, influenced root and shoot growth. A propagation temperature of 24.6°C, and IBA concentrations between 10^–3 and 10^–1M, depending on temperature, were optimal for root formation. Root formation in extra short cuttings was delayed at low IBA concentrations. Regarding root formation, IBA could substitute for increased temperature as well as for increased cutting size. Onset of axillary bud growth was fastest at 24.6°C, and delayed in extra short cuttings. Application of IBA at 10^–4 to 10^–3M was optimal for axillary bud growth. By increasing the IBA concentration both time to flowering and plant height increased at 24.6°C. In cuttings from higher positions on stock plants, axillary shoots enhanced their growth to flowering, became shorter, and weighed less, suggesting occurrence of positional effects (topophysis). The growth rate increased with increasing IBA concentration, as well as from medial to low positioned cuttings. Increasing propagation PPFD from 46 to 72 µmol m^–2s^–1 did not affect the parameters. Time to axillary bud growth and time to first flower were related to time-to-visible root. Fast formation of roots apparently resulted in fast axillary bud growth. In time-to-visible root and axillary bud growth, the smallest variation between plants was found at optimal ranges for temperature, IBA concentration and cutting size, and further factors optimal for root formation and axillary bud growth provided the most synchronized plant development.     

The use of Promalin for manipulation of growth and cropping of young sweet cherry trees

Promalin (6-benzyl amino purine plus gibberellins A₄ + A₇) increased spur and lateral shoot development when applied in paint to one-year-old wood of several sweet cherry cultivars. Although applications close to bud burst were slightly more effective, good responses were obtained at all timings during the 10-to 18-day period from bud swell to bud burst. Brown paint was a more effective carrier for Promalin than white paint. Localized increases in axillary development were possible as the response to Promalin occurred at and above, but not below, the treated area. Increased spur and lateral development caused by Promalin caused marked increases in flowering and cropping in subsequent seasons. Sprayed applications of Promalin after bud burst had no effect on axillary development and caused a reduction in return bloom. Despite variation between cultivars in response to painted applications, the use of Promalin offers new prospects for the management of young cherry trees.     

气温,光照条件对夏菊花品种花序芽发育的影响

夏菊花品种完成低温诱导后的进一步发育要求短日照条件；发育速度（以到成蕾、开花所需的天数表示）与气温呈负相关关系（相关系数分别为－０．９７和－０．９６），低光照强度不能逆转已分化的花序芽，但能延缓发育的速度和使顶花序芽下部各级侧芽发育成为营养簇生枝。     

Early flower initiation allows ample manipulation of flowering time in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)

Flower initiation date and readiness to flowering in buds of different age were studied in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya (Annona cherimola) cultivar in order to establish the limits for the manipulation of its flowering date. Flower initiation was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) collecting axillary buds from May to the following February, whereas the bud readiness to produce perfect flowers was determined by forcing buds of different age to sprout by means of leaf removal and tipping the new growth. SEM images confirm that cherimoya buds are differentiated into flowers almost a year before blooming. In this regard, axillary buds have already formed the sepals when the subtending leaf has just begun unfolding (week 0), while the petals are clearly visible in 1-week-old buds. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded buds illustrate that cherimoya buds are in fact a bud complex that 1 week after its inception comprises 4–5 buds of different size of which the two largest ones are reproductive, while the 2–3 smallest buds often remain undifferentiated at that time. The high capacity of flowering expressed by young buds that have been forced to grow proves that cherimoya meristems are early competent for flowering. No differences in fertility or in the time needed to reach anthesis after leaf removal were found among buds of different ages. Node position had no effect on bud break and flowering potential. The early flower initiation in cherimoya deduced from this work opens a wide temporal window for the experimental manipulation of flowering and harvest dates in this crop.     

魔芋组培快繁的影响因素

以万源花魔芋顶芽、球茎为外植体,比较不同激素浓度配比对外植体培养的影响,并进一步诱导试管微型芋。结果表明：顶芽是魔芋组培快繁的最佳外植体,腋芽产生频率高、速度快,较球茎分化不定芽的时间提早60 d左右|腋芽分化适宜培养基是MS + BA 2.4 mg?L-1 + NAA 0.1 mg?L-1,腋芽分化率90%|在增殖培养基中腋芽增殖系数达3.58|腋芽在MS + BA 0.5 mg?L-1 + NAA 0.01 mg?L-1 + 蔗糖50 g?L-1培养基中诱导形成微型芋,培养60 d的诱导率达90.9%。