桉树人工林生长模型研究进展

桉树人工林生长模型包括传统统计模型和现代动态模型。传统统计模型方法包括单因素回归模型、多元回归模型、灰色系统模型、单一分布拟合法、多模型优选法、逐步回归法及其他改进方法。这些统计模型虽然简单、拟合精度高,但只是静态的经验或半经验模型,并未阐明机理,普适性很差,对于动态反馈也无能为力。现代动态模型主要包括3-PG过程模型、人工神经网络模型和系统动力学模型。与传统统计模型相比,动态模型相对较复杂、精度较低,但能够满足多因素交互、非线性预测、动态模拟、多目标决策的研究要求。文中分析了桉树人工林生长模型的特点、各研究方法的比较及系统动力学在林业中的应用,认为系统动力学模型更适合涉及多因素反馈的桉树人工林生长模型的研究。     

森林动态计算机模拟模型研究

综述了国内外目前广泛应用的6种森林动态计算机模型:森林收获模型、生态林窗模型、生态分室模型、过程模型、植被分布模型和混合模型。在介绍每种森林动态模型时, 分别选取几个典型的计算机模拟模型, 来评述每种森林动态模型的优缺点, 并在此基础上探讨今后森林动态模型的发展趋势。     

利用2种非线性混合效应模型(2水平)对杉木林胸径生长量的分析

选择2种2水平非线性混合模型对杉木林胸径生长量进行分析,其中模型1为一般的2水平非线性混合模型,模型2在模型1的基础上进一步考虑固定效应参数随某一特定因子水平变化而变化。本文通过对这2种模型的分析,首先确定构建2水平非线性混合模型的基础模型,然后对模型1衍生出的665种模型及模型2衍生出的2703种模型进行计算和比较:对于模型1,有57种模型计算收敛,当形参b0同时考虑区组和样地效应、而b4和b5只考虑区组效应时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型1的最佳拟合模型;对于模型2,有24种模型计算收敛,当形参b5同时考虑区组和样地效应、b1只考虑区组效应并且固定效应b0的取值与各区组水平有关时,模型拟合效果最好,因此把该模型作为模型2的最佳拟合模型。最后对传统的非线性回归模型、模型1及模型2进行比较:模型1和模型2的拟合效果都比传统的非线性回归模型好,且模型2的拟合效果最好。     

基于计数模型方法的林分枯损研究

利用吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场落叶松林分连续观测数据,分别利用Poisson回归模型、负二项模型、零膨胀模型和Hurdle模型拟合林木枯损株数,并通过AIC值以及Vuong检验对这些模型进行详细分析比较。结果表明:Poisson回归模型不适用于模拟林木枯损株数,负二项回归模型相对于Poisson回归模型比较适用;但是对于零枯损过多的数据,这2类模型拟合效果较差。零膨胀模型和Hurdle模型对这类数据有很好的解决办法,其中,零膨胀负二项模型和Hurdle-NB模型拟合效果优于其他几种模型,且Hurdle-NB模型略好于零膨胀负二项模型。     

两水平非线性混合模型对杉木林优势高生长量研究

利用两水平非线性混合模型对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)优势高进行分析。概述了两水平非线性混合模型并简单介绍了该模型的参数估计方法;选用了5种常见的Richards和Logistic 形式模型作为构建混合模型的基础模型,利用建模数据分别对这些基础模型各自衍生出的19种混合模型进行计算及比较,结果表明:这5种基础模型对应的最佳混合模型分别为模型(3-1) 模型(3-5);最后把这些最佳混合模型及传统的回归模型两两进行比较,结果表明:二水平非线性混合模型拟合效果比传统的回归模型拟合效果要好,并且基础模型4对应的二水平混合模型(式3-4)拟合效果最好。     

几个典型的叶片/冠层模型

着重介绍了6个典型的叶片/冠层模型。它们是: Prospect模型; SAIL模型; 两层冠层双向反射率模型;Geosail模型; 同类多层冠层简单的各向异性反射率模型; 具快速, 可反演特性的冠层反射率模型(FCR) (所收集的另外一些模型在参考文献中列出)。用户可根据自己的需要结合模型的适应范围, 选择适当的模型。这些模型对波谱库的波谱模拟有重要的价值。     

木材非线性本构模型研究进展

木材本构模型是进行木构件数值分析的重要基础。介绍基于试验的经验模型和基于理论的弹性模型、弹塑性模型、损伤模型（弹性损伤模型、弹塑性损伤模型）、断裂模型和应变率模型,重点阐述现有模型的理论基础、特点及应用实例,分析其优缺点。总结本构模型在应用中待解决的难题,提出未来研究建立适用于动荷载作用下力学性能分析、考虑应变率影响的木材本构模型。     

山西芦芽山华北落叶松生长模型研究

华北落叶松为华北地区的重要用材树种,生长模型的构建对于其生长过程和生产力的研究及科学经营有重要意义。笔者在山西芦芽山自然保护区内设置华北落叶松样地,对样地内的标准木进行树干解析,通过回归分析研究其树高生长模型、胸径生长模型和树高曲线的最优模型。结果表明,华北落叶松树高的最优生长模型为逻辑斯蒂模型,模型的决定系数和残差平方和分别为0.996 9和1.744 1;胸径的最优生长模型为韦布尔模型,模型的决定系数和残差平方和分别为0.998 8和1.017 2;树高曲线的最优模型为坎派兹模型,模型的决定系数和残差平方和分别为0.997 0和0.995 3。     

林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨

介绍了林分生长和收获模型的概念、分类及模型整体化研究的内涵,以单木直径生长模型作为基础模型,提出了单木直径、树高、断面积、材积模型之间,林分平均直径、断面积、材积模型之间以及单木生长模型、全林分模型和径阶分布模型之间的耦合思路,对于解决不同水平模型之间的相容性、一致性及内部结构的统一具有一定意义.     

两种生物量模型的比较(英文)

CAR模型和VAR模型是生物量模型研究与应用中最为常用的基本形式 .该文用再抽样的方法 ,从模型参数的稳定性、模型的预估能力上较全面地分析与比较了两类模型 .通过对CAR和VAR模型比较得出 :CAR模型相对VAR模型 ,不仅参数估计值稳定 ,而且预估能力强 .     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

森林冠层结构与功能及其时空变化研究进展*

林冠是森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的界面层 ,同时 ,它本身又承载了森林生物多样性的主体部分。森林冠层研究的方法和技术在近些年取得了长足发展 ,从而促进了有关林冠结构与功能的研究。这些研究深化了人们对于林冠结构与光能截获以及群落干物质积累之间关系的认识 ,同时 ,对于森林冠层的物质循环和能量传输以及冠层内各营养级之间相互关系动态也有了更为深入的理解。考察森林冠层的结构与功能及其时空变化是深入理解整个森林生态系统的格局、过程及其运作机制的重要基础。     

Persistence of herbicides in forest nursery soils

The persistence of the four herbicides atrazine, hexazinone, lenacil and linuron was studied in forest nursery soils. The adsorption capacities of the soils for the chemicals were described by the distribution coefficients kj and k_oc. Due to the low content of organic matter in the soils the k_a‐values were low, in several cases being <1 for hexazinone. Hexazinone also had the lowest k _oc‐value (30) while the other substances had k_oc ‐values within the range 200–400. In some cases hexazinone showed great mobility under field conditions. The formula c=c_o‐kt^1/2 was used to describe the disappearance of the herbicides from the various soils. The rate of degradation of the four herbicides correlated well with the rate of respiration in the same soils in laboratory experiments, and for linuron reasonably well also in field experiments. In the field experiments the herbicides penetrated the top soil layer. In the subsoil the risk of further transport downward to the drainage system or ground water increased, especially for hexazinone. Linuron as well as the fungicides maneb and tolylfluanid suppressed the decomposition rate of hexazinone in laboratory experiments.     

竹大片刨花板对竹材生物学特性的适应性

以云南四种典型材用丛生竹（龙竹、甜龙竹、黄竹和油勒竹）宏观构造、组织结构、主要物理力学性质和化学组份等竹材主要生物学特性的研究分析结果为依据,提出了竹大片刨花板的结构、制板工艺和设备与原料竹材生物学特性之间应有的适应性关系。继而,通过实验室系列化试验和工厂试生产,确定了竹大片刨花板的应有性能和最佳工艺条件包括竹大片刨花的最佳质量指标及其最佳制备条件。     

浅议野生动物所有权

野生动物所有权是所有权的一种,它与其他所有权的区别在于客体的不同。文章阐述了野生动物的内涵,分析了野生动物的分类和野生动物与野生动物资源的区别。在明确野生动物含义的基础上,提出了野生动物所有权的概念,深入论述了野生动物所有权与野生动物资源所有权的差异和联系,并对野生动物所有权的主体、客体、内容进行了分析。     

Log sawing positioning optimization and log bucking of tropical hardwood species to increase the volume yield

The sawmill industry is a very important link in the Mozambique forest products value chain, but the industry is characterized by undeveloped processing technology and high-volume export of almost unrefined logs. The low volume yield of sawn timber has been identified as a critical gap in the technological development of the industry. To improve the profitability of the industry, there is thus a need to develop methods and techniques that improve the yield. In this paper, different positioning of logs prior to sawing and the possibility of increasing the volume yield of crooked logs by bucking the logs before sawing have been studied. A computer simulation was used to study the cant-sawing and through-and-through sawing of the logs to determine the volume yield of sawn timber from the jambirre (Millettia stuhlmannii Taub.) and umbila (Pterocarpus angolensis DC.) species. The optimal position, i.e. the position of the log before sawing that gives the highest volume yield of sawn timber for a given sawing pattern when the positioning parameters, offset, skew and rotation, are considered gave a considerable higher volume yield than the horns-down position. By bucking very crooked logs and using the horns-down positioning before sawing, the volume yield can be of the same magnitude as that obtained by optimal positioning on full-length (un-bucked) logs. The bucking reduces the crook of the logs and hence increases the volume yield of sawn timber.     

Serological marking of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pnigalio agraules</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for field dispersal studies

The parasitoid wasp Pnigalio agraules (Wlk.) is a key natural enemy of the horsechestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka and Dimić (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). As a basis for mark-release-recapture studies, aimed at investigating the dispersal of this parasitoid in the field, adults of P. agraules were marked using a vertebrate-specific immunoglobulin (IgG). The marker was later detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The IgG was either applied externally by spraying or internally by feeding an IgG-enriched diet. Different concentrations of the marker were used and the influence of abiotic (climatic conditions, time elapsed between marking and marker examination) and biotic factors (sex and age of the parasitoids) on the detection of the immunomarker was tested. External marking by spraying led to more homogeneous labelling than feeding the marker. Parasitoids labelled with 0.25 mg rabbit IgG per ten individuals contained enough immunomarker to be easily distinguished from unmarked ones. Neither the climatic conditions nor the sex or age of the insects had an influence on the detection of the marker. The IgG remained well detectable during the entire lifespan of the parasitoids, which was not negatively affected by the marking procedure. Serological marking can be used to investigate the dispersal behaviour of beneficial insects within mark-release-recapture studies.     

大兴安岭森林资源变化分析

阐述了人为破坏、过度采伐和自然森林火灾是引起大兴安岭森林资源变化的重要因子;通过对建国初到2002年大兴安岭森林资源在数量上和质量上的变化分析,得出了森林资源变化趋势。森林资源数量减少,且森林质量下降,大兴安岭的森林在经历着破碎化和年轻化的过程。     

四川湿地资源现状及其保护措施研究

湿地在我国分布比较广泛,在整个亚洲居于首位,但由于自然因素和人类的不当活动,我国的湿地面积锐减严重,且环境不断恶化。针对此种情况,本文详细论述了四川省湿地资源现状,并深入分析了造成此种情况的原因,最后给出了相应的治理对策。     

Forests in the Time of Violence

Summary

Forest remnants in the Colombian Amazon, Andes, and Chocó are the last repositories of a highly diverse and endemic biota. Historical changes in the Colombian landscape have been dramatic, but the magnitude and rate of change has increased over the last half century, while conflict has consumed the capacity of Colombian society to respond to environmental threats. Academic experts in the study of the Colombian conflict have explored the social, political, and economic implications of the war. However, the environmental consequences of conflict are documented only when groups in conflict target salient economic resources. This paper presents the first analysis of the geographic distribution of forest remnants in relation to armed conflict in Colombia. Results show that guerrillas and/or paramilitaries range throughout areas of human encroachment into remnant forests. The policies promoted by Colombia's irregular armed forces range from “gunpoint conservation” rarely applied by guerrillas, to the rapid conversion of forests and crops to cattle ranches and coca (Erythroxylum sp.) plantations, following paramilitary occupation. Because the rates and extent of fragmentation are linked to such land use practices, armed groups may play a crucial role in determining the fate of Colombia's forests and their endemic biota.