Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Survival in Dogs with Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF.

Animals

Forty‐six dogs with AF and 24‐hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated.

Methods

Retrospective study. Holter‐derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24‐hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1‐minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1‐minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR <125 bpm versus ≥125 bpm.

Results

All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all‐cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76–1,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62–203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37–163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126–307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all‐cause and cardiac‐related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all‐cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P < 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR<125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524‐open) than meanHR ≥125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67–267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.003).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Holter‐derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR <125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR ≥ 125 bpm.     

The Distribution of Bacteria (Other than Staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes) on the Hair, at the Skin Surface and Within the Hair Follicles of Dogs

Résumé— La distribution des bactéries, autres que les staphlocoques sur la tige des poils, à la surface cutanée et dans les follicules pileux de 8 chiens est analysée. Sur la tige des poils Micrococcus spp. et les bactéries aérobies gram mégatifs sont plus nombreuses avec des numérations variant de 1,12 à 0,84 log₁₀ (colonies formant unites par cm²). Des nombres hautement significatifs (p < 0,05) sont également trouvés. A la surface cutanée Micrococcus spp. des bactéries aérobies gram négatifs et Clostridium sp. sont les plus nombreuses avec des numérations respectives variant de 0,62, 1,12 et 0,84 log₁₀ (colonies formant unités par cm²). Des nombres hautement significatifs (p < 0,05) de Micrococcus spp. sont trouvés de façon plus importante à l'intérieur des follicules pileux qu' à la surface cutanée, les Streptocoques et Bacillus sp. ont été trouvés respectivement sur cinq et quatre chiens. Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp. Nocardia sp. sont occasion-nellement trouvés. [HARVEY, R.G., LLOYD, D.H. The distribution of bacteria (other than Staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes) on the hair, at the skin surface and within the hair follicles of dogs (Distribution des bactéries autres que Staphylococci et Propionibacterium acnes) sur le poil, à la surface de al peau et dans les follicules pileux). Resumen— Presentamos la localizatión de bacterias noestafilocócicas en el pelo, en la superficie cutánea y dentro del foliculo piloso de ocho perros. En los pelos, Micrococcus spp. abundantes, con contajes medios entre 1.12 a 0.84 Log₁₀ (unidades formadoras de colonias +1) cm^-1, respectivamente. Se encontró a nivel proximal un número significativamente mayor (p < 0.05) de bacterias aeróbicas gram-negativas y Bacillus spp. En la superficie cutánea, Micrococcus spp., las bacterias aeróbicas contajes medios de 0.62, 1.12 y 0.84 Log₁₀ (unidades formadoras de colonias +1) cm“², respectivamente. Se aisló un número significativamente mayor (p < 0.05) de Micrococcus spp. dentro de los foliculos pilosos que en la superficie cutánea (p < 0.05). Se aisló Streptococi y Bacillus spp. en cinco y cuatro perros, respectivamente. Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp. y Nocardia spp. fueron hallados ocasionalmente. [HARVEY, R.G., LLOYD, D.H. The distribution of bacteria (other than Staphylococci and Propionibacterium acnes) on the hair, at the skin surface and within the hair follicles of dogs (Localizatión de bacterias (exceptuando Staphilococci y Propionibacterium acnes) en el pelo, en la superficie cutánea y dentro de los foliculos pilosos). Abstract— The distribution of bacteria, other than staphylococci, on the hair shaft, at the skin surface and within the hair follicles of eight dogs is reported. On the hair shafts Micrococcus spp. and aerobic Gram-negative bacteria were most numerous, with mean counts ranging from 1.12 to 0.84 Log₁₀(colony forming units + 1) cm“¹ respectively. Significantly higher numbers (p < 0.05) of Gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. were found proximally. At the skin surface Micrococcus spp., aerobic Gram-negative bacteria and Clostridium spp. were the most numerous with mean counts of 0.62, 1.12 and 0.84 Log₁₀(colony forming units + 1) cm”², respectively. Significantly higher numbers (p < 0.05) of Micrococcus spp. were found within the hair follicles than on the skin surface (p < 0.05). Streptococci and Bacillus spp. were found on five and four dogs, respectively. Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Nocardia spp. were occasionally found.     

不同温度及突变方式对菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率的影响

本研究采用静水法测定了不同温度及急性温度突变对菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率的影响,分别在5个恒定温度（15、20、25、30和35℃）以及4个急性温度突变（分别由25℃突变至15、20、30和35℃）条件下测定了菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率。试验结果表明,温度对菲律宾蛤仔的耗氧率具有显著性影响（P＜0.05）。在温度为15～30℃内时,耗氧率随温度的升高而逐渐增大,随着温度的继续升高达到35℃时耗氧率开始下降。方差分析表明,耗氧率在15℃时最低,与20℃组和35℃组之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;在30℃时耗氧率最大,与25℃组无显著性差异,但显著高于15℃和20℃组（P＜0.05）。温度突变后菲律宾蛤仔耗氧率相比于恒温状态下均出现不同程度提高,说明温度骤变环境下菲律宾蛤仔要消耗更多的能量。     

刈割对白三叶叶组织转化的影响

运用组织转化的理论与方法，对白三叶在不同刈割频度和留茬高度下的叶粗生长率、枯死率、净生产率进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明，白三叶叶组织粗生长率以L区（42天×10．0cm）和H区（28天×10．0cm）最高，分别为18．19kg／ha·d和15．93kg／ha·d；枯死率也以L区最高，为9．91kg／ha·d；而净生产率则以B区（14天×5．0cm）处理最高，为11．01kg／ha·d。     

饲粮代谢能水平对22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡体成分和能量、粗蛋白质沉积率影响的研究

试验以岭南黄鸡为代表 ,研究饲粮代谢能水平对 2 2～ 4 2日龄黄羽肉鸡体成分和能量、粗蛋白质沉积率的影响。试验结果表明 ,随饲粮代谢能水平提高 :①试鸡空体粗脂肪和能量含量呈线性增加 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,而空体粗蛋白质含量无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;②试鸡腿肌粗脂肪含量增加 (P <0 .0 1或P >0 .0 5 ) ,到处理 3组达到峰值 ,以后略有下降。胸肌粗脂肪含量变化不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,也无规律 ;③饲粮代谢能水平对雌性试鸡能量沉积率有显著影响 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,粗蛋白质沉积率无显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

可速必宁对肉种鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响

目的：本试验在种鸡产蛋后期料中添加可速必宁（枯草芽孢杆菌）,研究观察是否能够减缓产蛋后期产蛋率下降速度,提高种蛋的蛋壳质量、受精率及可售鸡苗率。方法：试验用2栋鸡群,各栋肉种鸡约7000羽。对照组使用常规饲料,全程试验由试验饲料与常规饲料相比,仅多添加了可速必宁,试验料每吨配合料添加300 g,其他饲料成分相同。饲喂方式皆采用自由采食,加料时间和次数每天都保持一致,并且在用常规药物预防与治疗时,药物品种、用药时间和数量相同。研究表明：肉种鸡产蛋后期料添加可速必宁有助于产蛋率稳定,提高种蛋蛋壳质量,提高受精率和鸡苗可售率。     

青海省海南州草坪建植当年修剪对越冬率的影响

2005～2006年对建植当年的混播草坪采用不同的停止修剪时期和修剪强度的试验。结果表明:频繁修剪促进了秋季分蘖,但减少了主茎根和分蘖节中的物质积累,这是导致草坪越冬率降低的主要原因。因此,在海南州草坪建植当年修剪应在9月初停止,并适当延长秋季修剪间隔期。     

青海省海南州草坪建植当年修剪对越冬率的影响

：2005～2006年对建植当年的混播草坪采用不同的停止修剪时期和修剪强度的试验。结果表明：频繁修剪促进了秋季分蘖，但减少了主茎根和分蘖节中的物质积累，这是导致草坪越冬率降低的主要原因。因此，在海南州草坪建植当年修剪应在9月初停止，并遣当延长秋季修剪间隔期。     

不同能量蛋白水平对舍饲辽宁绒山羊产绒性能和营养物质代谢率的影响

试验旨在研究不同能量蛋白水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能和营养物质代谢率的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,选取20只1周岁辽宁绒山羊,根据体重分为5组,每组4只。采用3个蛋白水平(7.7%、9.4%和11.2%)和3个代谢能水平(7.6、8.6、9.6 MJ/kg DM),设计5种日粮饲喂绒山羊。结果表明:不同能量水平对辽宁绒山羊绒细度有显著影响(P<0.05),对绒毛长度和绒毛强度没有显著影响(P>0.05);而不同蛋白水平对绒品质没有显著影响(P>0.05);能量和蛋白代谢率随日粮能量水平增加而增加(P<0.05);蛋白代谢率随日粮中蛋白水平增加而增加(P<0.05),辽宁绒山羊日粮中适宜的能量和蛋白水平分别为8.6 MJ/kg DM和9.4%。     

循环高温对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳品质及钙磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在模拟夏季蛋鸡舍内的循环高温,研究不同温度对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳品质及钙磷代谢的影响。选取28周龄高产海兰褐蛋鸡288只,随机分为21℃适温组(自由采食)、27~30℃循环高温组(自由采食)、29~35℃循环高温组(自由采食)和21℃采食配对组(按前1 d 29~35℃循环高温组的采食量饲喂),每个组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡,分别饲养于4个人工环境控制舱内,试验期4周。结果表明:与21℃适温组相比,27~30℃循环高温组蛋鸡平均日采食量、体增重和平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05),蛋壳强度显著降低(P0.05),蛋鸡钙、磷的代谢率差异不显著(P0.05),但钙、磷的吸收量显著降低(P0.05),除蛋黄颜色显著降低(P0.05)外,鸡蛋品质其他相关指标差异不显著(P0.05);而29~35℃循环高温组除平均日采食量、体增重和平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05)外,产蛋率同样显著降低(P0.05),蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度均显著降低(P0.05),破蛋率显著升高(P0.05),蛋鸡钙、磷的代谢率差异不显著(P0.05),而钙、磷吸收量同样显著降低(P0.05),鸡蛋蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色均显著降低(P0.05)。与21℃采食配对组相比,29~35℃循环高温组平均蛋重显著降低(P0.05),料蛋比显著提高(P0.05),蛋壳强度显著降低(P0.05),钙、磷的代谢率和吸收量差异不显著(P0.05),鸡蛋品质差异不显著(P0.05)。结果提示,夏季鸡舍内温度在27~30℃波动即可显著降低蛋鸡的体增重、平均蛋重和蛋壳品质;而29~35℃不仅显著降低蛋鸡的体增重、产蛋率、平均蛋重以及蛋壳品质,还显著影响鸡蛋的蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色。高温对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋白高度和蛋黄颜色的影响可能与降低采食量有关;高温可能直接影响蛋壳的形成,也可能由于降低钙、磷吸收量影响蛋壳品质。     

饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛血液CO2、离子浓度和离子平衡的影响

选择产后150~210 d的中国荷斯坦奶牛48头,根据产奶量、分娩时间和胎次分为对照组(SFA0)、1.5%(SFA1.5)和3.0%(SFA3)饱和脂肪酸试验组,来研究饱和脂肪酸对高温环境条件下泌乳中期奶牛血液CO₂、离子浓度和离子平衡的影响,旨在为合理利用饱和脂肪酸及其缓解奶牛热应激提供理论依据。结果表明,日粮添加饱和脂肪酸,奶牛血清中CO₂的平均含量对照组、1.5%饱和脂肪酸组和3%饱和脂肪酸组分别为20.92,21.82和21.31 mmol/L,1.5%饱和脂肪酸组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),日粮添加饱和脂肪酸对热应激奶牛血液K、Na、Cl、Ca离子和离子平衡无显著影响,日粮添加饱和脂肪酸显著提高产奶量、乳脂和干物质含量(P<0.05)。说明饱和脂肪酸具有改善热应激奶牛生产性能,缓解热应激奶牛血液CO₂下降的作用。     

肌肉宰后成熟对盐水鸭品质特性的影响

研究生产工艺中采用宰后成熟工序对盐水鸭品质的影响.采用/不采用成熟工序的2种生产工艺得到盐水鸭产品,分别测定质构、剪切力值、出品率,并进行产品的感官评定试验.结果发现宰后成熟使盐水鸭产品的硬度和弹性值变小,出品率提高:虽然成熟前后生鸭肉的剪切力值差异不显著,但盐水鸭肉剪切力值差异显著,肉质明显变嫩;采用成熟工序盼产品感官评定结果也明显优于对照组.结果表明,传统加工工艺中加入成熟工序不会增加成本,也不会带来食品安全问题,但却可以明显提高出品率、改善产品质构和风味,也有利于实现盐水鸭的工厂化生产.     

活性氧(ROS)对小鼠早期胚胎胚细胞分裂的影响

在体外CZB培养的不同时期添加过氧化氢(2.1μmol/L),发育至囊胚阶段,制作胚胎标本,观察其囊胚发育率、胚细胞数和分裂相数。结果显示:0~12 h组和0~72 h组的胚胎发育率显著低于其他几组(P<0.05),对照组、12~24 h组、24~36 h组、36~48 h组之间均差异不显著(P>0.05);各组之间的胚细胞数和分裂指数均无显著差异。说明胚胎在体外培养时,2细胞期胚胎对外源性H2O2最敏感,也最容易发生发育阻滞。但是经H2O2处理之后,度过2细胞期发育阻滞的胚胎能在以后的发育中发生补偿性生长,其胚细胞数和分裂指数都和体外正常发育的胚胎没有差异。     

翠竹植物生长剂在牧草上的增产效果试验

翠竹植物生长剂含有植物生长发育所必须的营养物质和多种微量元素 ,喷施后 ,粮食作物增产 10 % 2 1% ;棉花、瓜果、蔬菜等经济作物增产 15% 4 0 %。生长剂在牧草上的应用报道很少 ,特别是在高冰草、鸭茅等牧草上还未见使用 ,为了科学的利用翠竹植物生长剂 ,了解增产效果 ,1994 1996年在新疆农垦科学院对优良牧草高冰草、鸭茅、草芦、猫尾草进行施用翠竹植物生长剂的试验 ,结果表明 :供试牧草增产幅度在 19% 30 % ,经济效益显著 ,见效快 ,使用简便、安全 ,是提高牧草生产力的一项有利措施 ,应积极推广应用。     

The Effect of Hay Net Design on Rate of Forage Consumption When Feeding Adult Horses

Modern horse management systems tend to limit a horse's opportunity to forage. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of hay net design on the rate of forage consumption when feeding horses. Eight adult horses were fed in individual stalls in a replicated Latin square design, with two horses per treatment per week. Horses were fed hay off the stall floor (control), or from one of three hay nets: large (15.2 cm openings), medium (4.4 cm openings), and small (3.2 cm openings). Horses had access to hay for two 4-hour periods each day. When horses could not consume all forage from the medium and small hay nets in 4 hours, a second study using a crossover design gave horses an unlimited amount of time to feed from the hay nets. Stopwatches were used to calculate time to consumption and dry matter intake rates (DMIR). Mean time to consumption was 3.1 and 3.4 hours for the control and large hay net, respectively, in study 1, and 5.1 and 6.5 hours for the medium and small hay nets, respectively, in study 2. Mean DMIR during the 4-hour feeding period were 1.5, 1.3, 1.1, and 0.9 kg/hr for the control, large, medium, and small hay nets, respectively; all treatments were different (P < .0001). These results demonstrate that hay nets were effective at decreasing the rate of forage consumption when feeding adult horses. Long-term studies are warranted to determine if horses will adapt to feeding from hay nets.     

The Effect on Postmolt Performance of Different Crude Protein and Energy Levels During a Full-Fed Molt Procedure

There is a need to evaluate the different dietary levels of CP and ME needed by the hen and the time sequence during the molt period to feed these levels to simulate a molt similar to that of nature by utilizing full feeding molting procedures. This study was undertaken to determine that nutritional sequence information. The 4-d feed withdrawal molt procedure being used commercially was used to compare the effects of the 3 procedures studied. Very low levels of CP and ME (9.72% CP and 1,103 kcal or 9.72% CP and 1,433 kcal) were fed for 2, 3, and 4 wk to mimic the levels of nutrients consumed by hens during the first 4 wk of the 4-d molt procedure. The equivalent of zero egg production (≤0.3%) was achieved during wk 2, 3, and 4 of the study (postmolt initiation). The hens achieved 50% production during wk 7 postmolt and peak production, 6 to 8 points below the first cycle, occurred during wk 11 of the study. Body weight reduction ranged from 20 to 29%. The lowest energy level fed for 4 wk was not a desirable molting procedure. Full-fed molting procedures resulted in a significant but acceptable increase in cost of feed over the 4-d procedure.     

不同膨化血粉水平对生长鹅营养物质代谢及血清生化指标的影响

选择300只28日龄、体重（1142.68±50.64） g的豁眼鹅,随机分为3组,每组设5个重复,每个重复20只鹅,进行为期28 d的饲养试验。在3组日粮中分别添加1.5%、3.0%、4.5%的膨化血粉,研究不同水平的膨化血粉对生长鹅日粮营养物质表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响。结果表明：①各日粮营养物质表观代谢率以3.0%膨化血粉组最高,与1.5%膨化血粉组和4.5%膨化血粉组相比,ADF、CP的表观代谢率显著提高（P＜0.05）;NDF、E的表观代谢率,3.0%膨化血粉组显著高于4.5%膨化血粉组（P＜0.05）;各营养物质表观代谢率在1.5%膨化血粉组和4.5%膨化血粉组间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。②血清中ALT、AST、ALB、GLOB和TP 5个指标均以3.0%膨化血粉组最高,但各组间差异均不显著（P＞0.05）。综合各项指标,本试验条件下,豁眼生长鹅日粮中膨化血粉的最适添加量为3.0%。     

哺乳仔猪不同断奶日龄对规模化养猪生产效率的影响

将长大二元杂交母猪29头及其所产仔猪29窝共计335头仔猪随机分成3组,以探讨仔猪35d、42d、49d断奶对母猪年生产力和仔猪自身生长速度的影响(即对养猪生产效率的影响).试验结果表明:母猪窝平产仔猪、窝平产活仔数两季相比差异不显著(p>0.05),母猪断奶至发情间隔、断奶至配种间隔各组之间差异不显著(p>0.05),猪只70日龄个体重、170日龄个体重各组之间差异不显著(p>0.05).仔猪35d断奶,母猪年生产胎次增加约0.1胎,商品猪出栏数增加1～1.2头,母猪年出活猪增加100～120kg.