干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析

【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。     

不同穗型水稻品种籽粒灌浆特性比较及与后期生理特性的关系

应用Richards方程对散穗型和紧穗型水稻品种的籽粒灌浆过程进行了拟合,研究两种穗型水稻品种的灌浆特性。结果表明,散穗型品种和紧穗型品种强、弱势粒在籽粒充实程度上有较大差异。散穗型品种整体灌浆速率、弱势粒灌浆效率均明显高于紧穗型品种。对两种穗型品种叶绿素含量和根系伤流强度两项生理指标的测定表明,散穗型品种虽然低于紧穗型品种,但其下降幅度亦低于紧穗型品种。总之,水稻籽粒灌浆特性与叶绿素含量和根系伤流强度间存在一定的相关性。     

植酸形成与水稻籽粒充实的关系

研究了6个水稻品种（组合）的籽粒灌浆特征及植酸合成过程中相关生化成分变化与籽粒充实的关系。籽粒充实度好的亚杂1号(ISHR1)、亚杂2号（ISHR2）、R198和JW21,强、弱势粒灌浆不表现两段灌浆现象,而籽粒充实度差的亚杂3号（ISHR3）和559两段灌浆现象则十分明显。孕穗期至开花期,籽粒充实度好的品种其植酸、肌醇含量显著高于籽粒充实度差的品种;灌浆期,籽粒充实度差的品种无机磷含量明显高于籽粒充实度好的品种。相关分析表明,在孕穗期至开花期籽粒中植酸、肌醇含量与起始灌浆势（P0）、平均灌浆速率（RA）和籽粒充实率（GFP）均呈极显著正相关;灌浆期,无机磷含量与P0、RA和GFP呈极显著负相关,肌醇含量与P0、RA和GFP无明显相关性。提出了提高水稻籽粒充实度的有效途径。     

优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应

【目的】探讨优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应。【方法】以食味值不同的常规粳稻和杂交稻为材料,在结实期设置不同氮素施用水平处理,分析不同类型品种在不同氮素水平下的蒸煮食味品质及其与稻米蛋白质及其组分含量的关系。进一步分析各品种在不同氮素水平下稻穗不同部位的氨基酸含量及籽粒蛋白质含量在结实期的动态变化,总结优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质积累特征及其对氮素水平的响应特征。【结果】优良食味水稻品种籽粒蛋白质含量较低,且随着氮素水平的增加而上升;优良食味水稻崩解值较高,消减值较低;蒸煮食味品质受氮素水平影响较小。优良食味水稻品种蛋白组分含量较低,且稻米蛋白质含量与食味品质呈显著负相关。在常规粳稻中,稻米食味值与清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量均显著负相关;在杂交稻中,稻米食味值与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量显著负相关。优良食味水稻品种籽粒充实过程中游离氨基酸含量较低,并呈现较低水平的蛋白质积累。而食味较差品种灌浆期籽粒的氨基酸含量较高,成熟籽粒蛋白质含量也较高,且氮素供应水平提升其籽粒蛋白质含量的效应更为显著。【结论】优良食味水稻品种的籽粒蛋白质含量较低,与其充实过程中蛋白质积累水平较低有紧密关系,且受氮素水平影响较小。     

“稻+鱼+再生稻”模式对稻田土壤氮、磷、钾养分含量的影响

设置头季稻+鱼(或泥鳅)+再生稻的栽培模式,水稻品种选用黄华占和Y两优800,分析两种模式下土壤中全量氮、磷、钾含量与速效氮、磷、钾含量表现,结果表明:(1)稻鱼模式和稻鳅模式可增加土壤中全效养分含量,全氮、全磷、全钾含量在整个生育期内维持在一个相对稳定的状态,其中以稻鱼处理效果更明显,总体高于对照田.头季稻与再生季两个生育季内全氮、全磷处于相对稳定的状态,全钾含量则在再生季略有下降;(2)稻鱼模式和稻鳅模式提高了土壤中速效养分含量,孕穗期、灌浆期、成熟期含量比分蘖期时有所提升,稻鱼模式下土壤速效养分含量整体表现要高于稻鳅模式.两个水稻品种再生季的土壤速效养分含量变化规律性不明显,但整体维持在相对稳定水平.     

丹东杂草稻与栽培稻的稻米品质分析比较

以2个丹东杂草稻材料、3个常规粳稻品种、3个常规籼稻品种、3个杂交稻品种等4种类型的水稻为实验材料,从米质常规12项、14种微量元素的含量以及16种氨基酸含量等方面进行米质分析。米质常规12项结果显示,杂草稻的整精米率和蛋白质含量在4种类型的水稻中最高,分别达到65.8%和10.6%,但与其他3类水稻的差异程度没有达到显著水平;糙米率和精米率与籼型稻相近;长宽比和粒长介于籼型常规水稻与粳型常规水稻之间;垩白粒率和垩白度在4种类型水稻中最高,分别达到55.5%和8.2%,但与其他3种类型水稻相比,差异不显著。对14种微量元素的分析结果显示,杂草稻的钙、镁、铁、铜、锌、硒、钠、铬等8种微量元素含量在4种类型水稻中均最高,其中硒含量达到0.045 mg/kg,是常规籼稻的2倍、常规粳稻的3倍多和杂交稻的6倍多,差异均达到显著水平;而汞、铅、镉、砷等有毒重金属含量在4种类型水稻中最低或没有检测出来。而对16种氨基酸的检测结果显示,4种类型水稻16种氨基酸含量差别不大,没有显著差异;但杂草稻组氨酸的含量比其他3种类型水稻组氨酸含量高近1倍,达到0.58 g/100 g。实验鉴定显示,杂草稻品种DDC-08-D4-na达到三等食用籼稻标准,杂草稻品种DDC-08-D4-la达到四等食用籼稻标准。对杂草稻的米质进行全面分析,结果显示杂草稻不仅在氨基酸含量上与其他3种类型的水稻品种相近,而且在整精米率和蛋白质含量上要好于其他3种类型的水稻品种,在多种微量元素含量方面也要高于其他3种类型的水稻品种,其中以硒的含量最为突出,说明杂草稻在米质上具有开发利用潜力。     

两种籽粒镉含量不同水稻的镉吸收转运及其生理效应差异初探

以籽粒镉(Cd)含量不同的两个水稻品种为材料,采用水培和盆栽试验,研究了水稻不同生育期Cd吸收转运,生理效应对籽粒Cd浓度的影响.盆栽试验结果表明,在Cd含量为1.57 mg/kg的上壤中,中香1号(A16,低Cd 品种)和IR65610-38-2-4-2-6-3(A54,高Cd品种)糙米中Cd含量分别为0.88和0....     

不同耕作方式对超级杂交稻剑叶生理指标和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在前4年定位试验的基础上。2008年在长沙继续进行了翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽和免耕直播的大田比较试验,探讨了免耕和翻耕条件下直播稻和移栽稻的剑叶生理指标和籽粒灌浆特性,结果表明无论是免耕还是翻耕。直播稻和移栽稻的剑叶过氧化物酶活性都不同,可溶性蛋白质含量先上升后下降,四种耕怍方式的可溶性糖含量下降趋势相差不大,膜脂过氧化的产物丙二醛含量在齐穗后25d显著上升。与翻耕稻比较,免耕水稻表现出叶片衰老延缓和籽粒干物质积累增加。     

穗苗比对北方粳稻机械穴直播产量形成的影响

针对北方稻区机械穴直播水稻群体穗位不整齐、丰产性差等问题,于2018年～2019年在沈阳市博科种业试验基地,以辽粳436为试材进行了密度试验,研究了穗苗比对籽粒产量形成的影响.结果 表明,穗苗比与基本苗和籽粒产量呈显著的线性回归关系,当穗苗比等于1时,籽粒产量达到最高.不同品种和不同栽培条件下,可通过调整播种量控制基本...     

水稻籽粒不同部位植酸含量及其与稻米品质的相关性

 选用13个不同类型的水稻品种,对其籽粒不同部位植酸含量品种间差异及与稻米主要品质性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,供试13个水稻品种米糠、糙米、颖壳、精米的植酸含量平均值分别为48.51、9.77、1.40和0.91 mg/g,而且不同水稻品种间籽粒不同部位的植酸含量存在极显著差异。在籽粒中,米糠中植酸积累最多,其次是精米,颖壳最少。米糠中植酸含量与糙米和颖壳中植酸含量呈极显著正相关。糙米和米糠中植酸含量与稻米蛋白质含量均呈显著的负相关,与千粒重均呈显著正相关。     

水稻在不同土壤水分状况下脯氨酸的累积与抗旱性的关系

 以6个中熟水、陆稻品种为材料，研究了在不同土壤水分状况下水稻叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积及其与抗旱性的关系。在低土壤水分处理下，抗旱性水稻品种叶片中游离脯氨酸累积开始较早，持续时间长，抗旱性较差的品种则开始较迟，持续时间短；脯氨酸开始累积的叶水势阈值，抗旱性品种为－0.62～－0.66 MPa，抗旱性较差的品种为－0.70～－0.82 MPa；土壤水势为－0.04 MPa时，处理10 d后叶片的相对脯氨酸含量（处理／对照×100%）与品种的抗旱系数呈极显著正相关（r＝－0.9712）；保持土壤水势为－0.04 MPa和－0.06 MPa，处理后30 d和40 d叶片的相对脯氨酸含量与减产率呈极显著的负相关（r＝－0.9342、－0.9581）。建议把在低土壤水分条件下脯氨酸累积较早、持续时间长这一生理特性作为评价水稻品种抗旱性的一个指标。     

水稻灌浆期冠层温度对植株生理性状及稻米品质的影响

在大田环境下,以辽粳294、开粳1号为材料,在灌浆期设置5个水分梯度处理,研究了水稻冠层温度日变化特征及其与土壤水分状况、产量生理特性、稻米品质之间的关系。结果表明:1)冠层温度低于气温,但与其显著正相关。梯度水分处理导致冠层温度和冠气温度差逐级升高,即土壤水势降低,冠层温度升高,冠气温度差绝对值增大;2)相同环境条件下,抗旱性弱的品种辽粳294的冠层温度低于抗旱性强的品种开粳1号;3)水分胁迫下水稻冠气温度差与每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率、产量、整精米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉、脂肪酸和食味值呈显著负相关,与秕粒数、垩白度、垩白粒、碎米率呈显著正相关;4)光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率随土壤水势降低而下降,且抗旱性强的品种开粳1号的光合性能较强。相关性分析表明,两个品种冠气温度差与其光合性能显著或极显著负相关;5)开粳1号的气孔密度显著大于辽粳294,而气孔长度和气孔宽度极显著小于辽粳294。综合分析表明,在灌浆期辽粳294和开粳1号在土壤水势为-0.02~-0.03 MP时,平均冠气温度差分别维持在0.9℃和0.8℃时对产量影响不显著(达到水分临界水平),可作为水稻灌浆期的节水灌溉指标。     

施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响

经3 a的试验研究,探讨了施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响.结果显示,畜禽有机肥可极显著地增加养蟹稻田耕层土壤的速效氮、磷、钾的供应量,显著增加有机质含量,最终显著增加水稻产量,增产的幅度可达10.6％～14.8％.畜禽有机肥可降低耕层土壤氧化还原电位(Eh),增大田面水体中BOD5、COD的含量,所以...     

土壤条件对优质食用稻品质及产量的影响

在同等条件下,模拟不同厚度耕作层,不同泥、水温度情况,以分析4种土壤中所种植的优质食用稻品质和产量表现。结果表明,薄耕层使米质变劣,产量锐减。降低泥、水温度有利于优质早稻米质的改善,但产量降低,并对晚稻多项米质产生负效应。不同土壤的矿质养分含量增加可降低稻米垩白;有效磷、钾、硅含量的提高还可增加直链淀粉含量。食用稻优质、高产的最佳土壤条件是耕层较深厚且无低温冷浸的紫潮泥。     

水稻开花期冠层温度与土壤水分及产量结构的关系

在开花期对水稻进行不同梯度水分胁迫处理,研究了水稻开花期冠层温度与土壤水分状况及产量结构之间的关系。 水稻开花期冠层温度一般低于气温,但土壤含水量对冠层温度有显著影响,土壤含水量越低,水稻冠层温度越高,冠气温差绝对值越小,并且在13：00时冠气温差与对照差别最大,认为13：00可以作为测定冠气温差的最适时间。通过对开花时间进行观察,发现土壤含水量最低的处理,植株开花高峰提前,开花时间集中在花期的最初3 d,其平均穗长较小,穗重较轻;而土壤含水量较高的处理与对照一致,开花时间主要集中在花期中间时段,平均穗长较大,穗重较重。土壤含水量越低,每穗饱粒数越少。     

Spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in northeast Thailand

Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment.     

Relationship Between Canopy Temperature at Flowering Stage and Soil Water Content, Yield Components in Rice

The canopy temperature of rice at the flowering stage and the soil water content were investigated under different soil water treatments(the soil water contents were 24%,55%,90%and 175%at the flowering stage).The canopy temperature was lower than air temperature,and the soil water content significantly influenced the canopy temperature.The lower the soil water content,the higher the canopy temperature,the less the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference.Moreover,the maximum difference between treatments and CK in the accumulative absolute value of canopy-air temperature difference appeared at 13:00 p.m.in a day,thus,it could be considered as a suitable measuring time.Under the lowest water content treatment,the peak flowering occurred in the first three days(about 70%of panicles flowered),resulting in shortened and lightened panicle of rice.As to the CK and the high water content treatments,the peak flowering appeared in the middle of flowering duration,with longer panicle length and higher panicle weight.Results indicated the lower the soil water content,the less the filled grain number and grain yield.     

结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响

杂交籼稻汕优63和粳稻武育粳3号种植于土培池,于始穗期进行0N（0 g/m2）、NN（中氮,4.5 g/m2 ）和HN（高氮,9.0 g/m2）3种施氮量处理,于抽穗后7 d至成熟期设置了WW（保持浅水层）、MD（轻度落干,土壤水势保持-25 kPa）和SD（重度落干,土壤水势保持-50 kPa）3种土壤水分处理,研究了结实期土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量与品质的交互影响。在各施氮水平下,产量、糙米率、精米率和整精米率均以MD处理最高,垩白粒率和垩白度均以MD处理最低。在0N下,SD处理降低了产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质;在MN或HN下,SD处理的产量、碾磨品质、外观品质和食味品质与WW的差异不显著或显著优于WW。说明土壤水分和氮素营养对水稻产量和品质的影响存在着明显的互作效应,结实期土壤水势为-25 kPa、粒肥的施氮量为45 kg/hm2,稻米的品质较优、产量最高。     

Role of early vigor in adaptation of rice to water-saving aerobic culture: Effects of nitrogen utilization and leaf growth

Early vigor and rapid canopy development are important characteristics in aerobic rice culture, where they are highly susceptible to soil water deficits. To elucidate the response of rice's vegetative growth to water management regimes, we evaluated the leaf growth and the concomitant nitrogen (N) utilization of nine cultivars grown in flooded and aerobic culture in 2 years. In aerobic culture, the soil water potential at a depth of 20 cm frequently reached −60 kPa in 2007, but remained above −30 kPa in 2008. The average leaf area index (LAI) in the middle of the vegetative growth stage, N uptake and leaf N content per unit leaf area (specific leaf N; SLN) in aerobic culture were comparable to those in flooded culture. However, there was a significant cultivar × water regime interaction in LAI: cultivars with higher LAI during the vegetative growth stage achieved higher yield in aerobic rice culture. IR72 and Takanari (high-yielding cultivars of flood-irrigated rice) showed poor leaf growth as well as lower N uptake and higher SLN in aerobic culture compared with flooded culture. Our results show that early vigor is closely associated with yield stability to the soil moisture fluctuations in aerobic rice culture, even if weeds are properly controlled. Greater N uptake from aerobic soil and better balancing between the N demand for leaf growth and the N supply to the leaves under fluctuating soil moisture would be, at least in part, relevant to a rice cultivar's adaptation to aerobic conditions.     

不同形态氮素营养和水分条件对苗期水稻生长及渗透调节能力的影响

 为比较不同形态氮素营养下籼稻与粳稻对水分胁迫的响应,采用室内营养液培养,通过供应不同形态氮素及100 g/L PEG6000模拟水分胁迫的方法,对4种不同基因型水稻的生长状况及渗透调节能力进行了分析。结果表明：1）与铵态氮营养相比,水分胁迫明显抑制了硝态氮营养籼稻和粳稻的地上部生长,降低了叶片净光合速率,且对粳稻的抑制效果更加显著;2）水分胁迫条件下,铵态氮营养籼稻和粳稻植株内的游离氨基酸和K+可以更有效地积累、转运和穿梭,以致伤流液和韧皮部汁液拥有更强的渗透调节能力;3）铵态氮营养籼稻和粳稻在通过渗透调节降低叶片渗透势的同时,能够提高或维持叶片含水量。由此可见,铵态氮营养下,籼稻和粳稻均可通过渗透调节促使叶片在渗透势下降和维持含水量之间达到合理的平衡,保证叶片在水分胁迫下维持正常的光合速率,提高了水稻的抗旱能力。