中国常用水稻保持系及恢复系开花灌浆期耐热性评价

 以我国常用的15个水稻保持系和26个丰产性较好的恢复系为材料,于主茎见穗当天起连续15 d进行高温胁迫处理（9:00-15:00,39~43  ℃）,研究花期高温胁迫对水稻保持系和恢复系结实特性的影响。结果表明,根据高温胁迫指数,可把水稻品种分为热钝感型、耐热型、不耐热型和热敏感型等4个类型。其中,水稻保持系K22B、博白B和V20B为热钝感型材料,Ⅱ 32B、中浙B和中9B为热敏感型材料;水稻恢复系明恢63耐热性最强,其次为R207和P929,P62 2 2、R8006 和P51等耐热性最弱。进一步分析表明,高温胁迫指数与水稻在自然条件下结实率、空壳率和秕谷率之间相关不显著,但与胁迫环境下结实率和空壳率的相关性均达极显著水平。花期高温胁迫致使水稻保持系和恢复系结实率下降,空壳率大幅度上升。     

磷水平对杂交水稻及其亲本根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为了解优良亲本和杂交组合的磷营养遗传特性,以7份亲本及其4个组合为材料,采用水培试验研究了不同磷水平对水稻亲本及其杂交组合根系酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性的影响。在低磷条件下,磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B的APase活性较对照增加不显著,而磷高效型保持系材料D62B和D83B则通过显著提高根系APase活性增强了对磷胁迫环境的适应性。磷高效型恢复系材料R892和R527在分蘖期和孕穗期的APase活性均较对照显著提高,而磷低效型恢复系材料R549和R781除在分蘖期APase活性增加明显外,在孕穗期和灌浆期APase活性与对照差异不显著。不同亲本配制的杂交稻在低磷水平下,根系APase活性增加的幅度有所不同。磷低效型杂交组合Ⅱ优549分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期根系的APase活性在不同供磷水平下差异不显著;磷高效型杂交组合D83A/R527在低磷水平下3个时期APase活性均明显提高。由磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B与磷低效型恢复系材料R549配制的Ⅱ优549,根系APase活性受低磷胁迫增幅不大;磷高效型保持系材料D83B与磷高效型恢复系材料R527配制的D83A/R527,根系APase活性在低磷水平下上升显著;磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B与磷高效型恢复系材料R892配制的Ⅱ优892,以及磷高效型保持系材料D62B与磷低效型恢复系材料R781配制的D62A/R781,受低磷胁迫时根系APase活性上升幅度介于磷低效组合Ⅱ优549和磷高效组合D83A/R527之间。     

Improvement of bacterial blight resistance of hybrid rice in China using the Xa23 gene derived from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

A novel bacterial blight (BB) resistance gene, Xa23, identified from Oryza rufipogon was introgressed into three popular restorer lines (Minghui63, YR293 and Y1671) for wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility by marker-assisted backcross breeding approach in combination with artificial inoculation and stringent phenotypic selections. The three derived BB resistant restorer lines (Minghui63-Xa23, YR293-Xa23 and Y1671-Xa23) and their hybrid combinations with Zhenshan97A (Shanyou63-Xa23), NongfengA (Fengyou293-Xa23) and Zhong9A (Zhongyou1671-Xa23) demonstrated similar BB resistance spectrum as the donor parent, CBB23 (B). The newly developed BB resistant restorers and their derived hybrids were identical to their respective original versions for agronomic traits especially under disease free condition. However, under severe disease condition, the three BB resistant restorer lines exhibited significantly higher grain weight and spikelet fertility as compared to the respective original restorer lines thus further resulting in BB resistant hybrids with significantly higher grain yields than their respective popular original hybrids. The results indicated that the Xa23 gene could completely express its dominant broad spectrum resistance in different backgrounds of both restorer and male sterile lines across different growth stages, suggesting its immense breeding value in BB resistance improvement for hybrid rice. Moreover, a reasonable utilization and deployment of Xa23 gene for efficient control of BB disease in hybrid rice production was recommended.     

应用分子标记辅助选择培育抗稻瘟病杂交稻亲本

多性状的分子标记辅助选择具有重要的育种应用价值。研究先应用与水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi25紧密连锁的分子标记对394个重组自交系进行筛选,再应用育性恢复基因连锁标记检测中选株系,获得20份候选恢复系和27份候选保持系。经田间接种稻瘟病菌、考查测交F1育性,表明利用该研究策略可以同步对多个性状进行选择,提高杂交稻亲本选育的效率。     

Recent Advances in Development of Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Hybrid Rice in China

In addition to weed control in direct seeding field of hybrid rice, herbicide resistance genes were used by Chinese scientists to increase and identify the purity of hybrid seeds, and to realize the mechanization of hybrid seed production. The elite restorer lines, such as Minghui 63, R752, T461, R402, D68 and E32 were transformed directly with herbicide resistance genes, in which D68 and E32 are restorer lines of two-line system and the others are of three-line system. Because almost all of important restorer lines are indica varieties and are recalcitrant in transformation, many herbicide resistant near-isogenic restorer lines were developed by sexual hybridization of indica and japonica varieties and backcross with indica restorer lines later, such as Ce 64, Minghui 63, Teqing, Milyang 46, R402 and 9311, in which 9311 is a restorer line of two-line system. The elite photoperiod-sensitive/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, such as Pei'ai 64S, P88S, 4008S and 7001S, were transformed with herbicide resistance genes. A few herbicide resistant male sterile lines were developed through sexual hybridization and subsequently systemic selection, such as Bar1259S, Bar2172S, 05Z221A and 05Z227A. With the employment of herbicide resistant male sterile lines or herbicide resistant restorer lines, a few herbicide resistant hybrid rice combinations were developed, such as Xiang 125S/Bar 68-1 and Pei'ai 64S/Bar 9311. Based on herbicide resistance, the research was marching on to investigate the parental lines of hybrid rice with insect resistance, drought tolerance, etc.     

亚种间杂交水稻协优413开花灌浆特性的比较研究

 以盆栽试验对亚种间杂交水稻协优413、其父本中413和籼型杂交水稻汕优10号的开花灌浆特性进行了比较研究。结果表明中413单穗籽粒总干物重最高，协优413次之，汕优10号最低，分别为4652.5、4173.9和3194.4 mg，结实率中413和协优413相近，分别为80.8%和83.9%，显著高于汕优10号的70.5%。单穗产量的差异与组合(恢复系)的开花灌浆特性有关，即与单穗颖花开花集中程度和强弱势粒灌浆结实的差异程度有关。对于供试的3个品种(或组合)而言，颖花开花越集中，强弱势粒灌浆结实差异越小，产量越高。还对单穗颖花开花历时作为今后亚种间杂交水稻的育种目标进行了讨论。     

杂交水稻亲本遗传差异及其与杂种优势关系

 以目前生产上大面积应用和新育成的16个籼型三系杂交水稻亲本为材料,根据11个主要农艺和经济性状进行主成分分析和聚类分析,以马氏距离为指标,研究了杂交水稻亲本间遗传差异的状况及其与杂种优势的关系。在16个亲本的120个遗传距离中,80%以上小于2;9个恢复系间的平均遗传距离仅为0.4793, 7个保持系间,除湘香2号B外,平均遗传距离为0.7723。说明现有杂交稻亲本间遗传差异较小,尤其是保持系内和恢复系内遗传差异更小。对亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关分析表明,现有籼型三系杂交稻亲本间遗传差异与杂种优势关系不密切,而杂交稻产量的高低与双亲产量尤其是双亲产量平均值的高低密切相关。说明亲本改良在提高杂交稻产量中极为重要。此外,还对亲本改良与杂种优势的关系、杂交稻亲本改良的方法和途径以及杂交稻组合亲本选配原则进行了讨论。     

新疆杂交粳稻研究与创新

新疆农科院粮作所从1995年开始进行“BT”型不育系、恢复系的探索,现拥有高代不育材料30套,低代86套;高代恢复材料73份,低代231份。新疆“野败”型杂交粳稻,2005年实现了三系配套。“野败”型不育材料克服了“BT型”、“滇型”所存在的高代自交结实缺陷,使杂交稻种子纯度更有保障。目前,新疆杂交稻研究已进入组合的配制及产量比较鉴定阶段,已由单一的常规育种转向常规与杂种优势利用相结合。以常规为基础促进杂种优势利用发展和创新。目前已经育成并掌握了新疆粳稻“滇型”不育系、保持系、恢复系的三系配套技术及原材料,解决了米质、产量及生育期的难关。所配制的杂交组合产量高、米质优,生育期适中。     

植酸形成与水稻籽粒充实的关系

研究了6个水稻品种（组合）的籽粒灌浆特征及植酸合成过程中相关生化成分变化与籽粒充实的关系。籽粒充实度好的亚杂1号(ISHR1)、亚杂2号（ISHR2）、R198和JW21,强、弱势粒灌浆不表现两段灌浆现象,而籽粒充实度差的亚杂3号（ISHR3）和559两段灌浆现象则十分明显。孕穗期至开花期,籽粒充实度好的品种其植酸、肌醇含量显著高于籽粒充实度差的品种;灌浆期,籽粒充实度差的品种无机磷含量明显高于籽粒充实度好的品种。相关分析表明,在孕穗期至开花期籽粒中植酸、肌醇含量与起始灌浆势（P0）、平均灌浆速率（RA）和籽粒充实率（GFP）均呈极显著正相关;灌浆期,无机磷含量与P0、RA和GFP呈极显著负相关,肌醇含量与P0、RA和GFP无明显相关性。提出了提高水稻籽粒充实度的有效途径。     

杂交稻与亲本稻米蛋白质及氨基酸含量的关系

分析了８个三系杂交稻Ｆ１稻米与其相应的５个恢复系和３个不育系及其相应的３个保持系稻米的蛋白质含量和１７种氨基酸含量。结果表明，各组合（系）的蛋白质含量与其氨基酸的绝对含量正相关；杂交稻Ｆ１稻米的蛋白质含量与氨基酸含量高于其相应的恢复系稻米的蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量；不育系稻米的蛋白质含量与氨基酸含量高于其相应保持系稻米的蛋白质含量与氨基酸含量。由此认为，杂交稻稻米蛋白质含量与氨基酸含量受其细胞质基因影响；杂交稻Ｆ１与其三系亲本的蛋白质与氨基酸含量的差异可能是杂交稻表现杂种优势的重要生理基础。     

采用表型和分子标记聚类研究杂交籼稻亲本的遗传多样性

以41份杂交籼稻骨干亲本和部分新育成的亲本为试验材料,采用表型性状和SSR分子标记2种聚类分析方法对杂交籼稻亲本的类群划分进行了比较研究,表型聚类以15个表型性状为依据,将供试材料划分为早、中熟和中、晚熟两大类群、6个亚群。早、中熟类群包含15个保持系、4个早熟恢复系和2个温敏核雄性不育系;中、晚熟类群包括16个恢复系和4个中、晚熟保持系。利用SSR分子标记将供试材料划分为保持系和恢复系两大类群、7个亚群。保持系群包括全部19个保持系、2个温敏核雄性不育系,恢复系群则包含全部20个恢复系,分类结果和系谱分析基本吻合。结合杂交籼稻育种实践,判断分子标记可能是研究亲本遗传多样性的一种较好方法。     

杂交粳稻同核异质不育系细胞质效应的研究

 以具有ChinsurahBoroⅡ（BT）、滇型（D）、野败型（WA）和野栽型（WC）4种不育细胞质的不育系南粳11A和南粳34A及其相应保持系与77302－1、宁恢3－2、C57和C堡4个恢复系配制的杂种F₁为材料,探讨了不育系细胞质对F₁代12个性状的遗传效应。不育系细胞质对F₁代的株高、穗颈长、每稳实粒数、结实率、收获指数和单株产量等性状有明显的负效应,而对稳数、每穗总粒数、千粒重和生物产量则有明显的正效应。不育系细胞质的这种遗传效应随细胞质来源的不同表现明显的差异,D型和BT型细胞质在多数性状上的表现优于WA型和WC型细胞质。此外,不育系细胞质与保持系细胞核和恢复系细胞核及三者之间的互作在多数性状上也有明显差异。     

利用Wx和fgr基因双功能性标记高效选育优质水稻保持系

 对选取的13份籼型保持系进行直链淀粉含量和香味测定及分子标记（484/485和fgr 1F/1R）检测,筛选出宜香1B作为试验用分子育种优质供体亲本。配组Ⅱ 32B/宜香1B,F2代进行该双标记分离分析,结果表明,不仅F2单株间特异性谱带差别明显便于鉴别,且呈现出两对独立遗传基因分离模式。选取F2代 484/485和fgr 1F/1R呈Ⅰ型（与宜香B相同的带型）和Ⅲ型（杂合带型）的优良单株,经F3~F6加代,并结合农艺性状（株型、播抽历期等）和稻米品质性状（粒型、垩白度、透明度等）鉴定和选择,在F6再利用484/485和fgr 1F/1R分子标记进行复测和验证,从而获得了一批株系内性状基本稳定、株型好、直链淀粉含量中等、具有香味、外观和蒸煮食用品质优良的高世代株系。经测交鉴定,发现其保持系株系比例约占75.5%。表明利用Wx和fgr基因功能性分子标记的早世代检测和辅助选择,结合常规优质保持系鉴定和选育方法,可以快速获得直链淀粉含量中等、香味、长粒型、透明、低垩白、较易糊化等综合性状较优的保持系。     

Genetic Diversity among Parents of Hybrid Rice Based on Cluster Analysis of Morphological Traits and Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Heterosis has been successfully exploited on a large scale in rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is a self-pollinated crop. The selection of parental lines plays a vital role in developing ideal combinations. Therefore, it is essential to study the relationshi…     

滇型杂交粳稻主要亲本的SSR 指纹图谱及其遗传差异分析

用筛选的13对SSR引物,构建了41个水稻品种(包括35份滇型杂交粳稻恢复系、保持系材料、2个杂交种以及4个籼稻品系)的分子指纹图谱.聚类分析表明,41个水稻品种间遗传相似系数在0.52～0.94之间;在相似系数0.52处,可以将粳稻与籼稻区分开;在相似系数0.66处,可将杂交粳稻与其它粳稻品系区分开;在相似系数0.71处,又可将大部分恢复系与保持系区分开.生产中应用的一些强优势滇型杂交粳稻的亲本分别聚于不同的类群,表明亲本间的遗传差异较大.     

Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield and yield components of four rice cultivars commonly grown in Mazandaran province, Iran. In northern Iran irrigated lowland rice usually experiences water deficit during the growing season include of land preparation time, planting, tillering stage, flowering and grain filing period. Recently drought affected 20 of 28 provinces in Iran; with the southeastern, central and eastern parts of the country being most severely affected. The local and improved cultivars used were Tarom, Khazar, Fajr and Nemat. The different water stress conditions were water stress during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages and well watered was the control. Water stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water stress at other times. The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21, 50 and 21% on average in comparison to control respectively. The yield advantage of two semidwarf varieties, Fajr and Nemat, were not maintained under drought stress. Total biomass, harvest index, plant height, filled grain, unfilled grain and 1000 grain weight were reduced under water stress in all cultivars. Water stress at vegetative stage effectively reduced total biomass due to decrease of photosynthesis rate and dry matter accumulation.     

抗稻瘟病转基因水稻竹转68的选育

应用基因枪法将抗病基因“水稻碱性几丁质酶（RC24）基因”转入籼稻保持系籼B，选育出了具抗稻瘟病特性的转基因水稻品系竹转68。该品系还表现出穗大粒多的高产特性，平均每穗总数粒比竹籼B增加103．6粒，每穗实粒数增加84．4粒，增长率分别达83．8％和86．6％；与竹籼B相比，对稻瘟病的抗性显著增强；稻米品质好；且竹籼A具有恢复能力，而失去了竹籼B的保持特性。     

灌浆期夜间高温胁迫下耐热和热敏感水稻籽粒的比较蛋白质组分析

【目的】为了阐明水稻灌浆期耐夜间高温的分子机制,提高水稻耐热性,鉴定了水稻近等基因系耐热纯系XN0437T与热敏感纯系XN0437S在灌浆期夜间高温胁迫下的差异表达蛋白质。【方法】采用桶栽方法培育水稻,于开花期标记同一天扬花的颖花以保障所取颖花样品的生育进程一致;于水稻灌浆初期(花后第8天)进行夜间高温处理。高温处理结束后剪取带标记的颖花提取水稻籽粒总蛋白质,采用8-plex i TRAQ试剂盒进行蛋白质样品的差异显色标记,标记样品采用高效液相系统进行质谱鉴定及定量分析。【结果】鉴定并定量了3130个蛋白质,耐热与热敏感水稻纯系间存在36个差异表达蛋白质。蛋白质功能注释结果显示,鉴定的36个差异表达蛋白质中仅14个蛋白质(占38.9%)注释了功能,12个蛋白质(占33.3%)为推测性功能注释,10个(占27.8%)为功能未知的蛋白质。已注释功能的14个蛋白质中,5个蛋白质参与能量代谢,3个蛋白质参与物质转运与代谢,2个蛋白质参与光合作用,3个蛋白质为响应逆境的锌指蛋白质,1个蛋白质为响应逆境的热激蛋白质。【结论】灌浆期夜间高温影响水稻籽粒细胞内参与能量代谢、物质转运与代谢、光合作用等相关蛋白质的表达模式。水稻籽粒细胞中锌指蛋白质Q67TK9、Q10N88上调表达,锌指蛋白质Q5YLY5下调表达,有利于提高水稻灌浆期对夜间高温的耐热性。     

BT型杂交粳稻育性及其三系的若干蛋白质标记

 用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法，对粳稻BT 细胞质雄性不育系六千辛A，保持系六千辛B，恢复系六千辛R、77302-1，以及杂交组合六千辛A/77302-1的F1和F2 种子的胚乳贮藏蛋白进行了分析。结果表明，在谷蛋白α3区域，恢复系有两条带α3a 和α3b,而六千辛A和六千辛B只有一条带α3。 F2代具有α3的种子和具有α3a 加α3b的种子1∶1分离。谷蛋白α4带的移动速率，恢复系比六千辛A快。把较快的α4带记为α4f。 F2代具有α4的种子和具有α4 加α4f的种子也是1∶1分离，与配子体不育类型的F2代花粉育性恢复基因分离比一致。系谱分析表明六千辛R中α3a 和α3b来源于IR8。六千辛A比六千辛B容易提取醇溶蛋白。