野猪生物学特性及驯养方法

介绍了野猪的生物学特性、驯化条件、驯养方法及常发病的预防。     

亚热带地区农村生猪猪舍标准化设计及环境控制

在生猪养殖中,决定其生产性能的不仅品种自身遗传因素,还取决于周围生长环境条件。猪舍作为猪生长、活动及生产的主要场所,养殖户应进一步加强对猪舍的科学合理标准化设计。该文对肉猪舍的设计及环境控制方面的问题进行综合分析,以期为生猪养殖大户及养殖专业和重点户的猪舍设计提供帮助。通过标准化设计,推动云南省陇川县整个生猪产业的发展。     

山东省菏泽市某规模猪场不同猪群伪狂犬病野毒感染情况调查

为了解规模猪场不同猪群的伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)感染情况及场区病毒载量分布特点,在山东省菏泽市某规模猪场,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对该猪场不同孕龄母猪、不同阶段生长猪群,以及各生产阶段场区环境,采集猪鼻拭子和场区环境拭子进行PRV-gE核酸检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析.结果显示:在294份猪鼻拭子中,检出42份PR...     

伪狂犬病病毒野毒感染猪场的gE抗体阳性头胎母猪生产成绩调查

伪狂犬病（Pseudorabies,PR）是由伪狂犬病病毒（Pseudorabies virus,PRV）感染多种野生动物及家畜引起的急性、热性的高度接触性传染病。为掌握PRV隐性感染对头胎母猪生产成绩的影响,本研究跟踪调查某一PRV野毒阳性稳定万头母猪场中野毒gE抗体阴性和阳性的头胎母猪总产仔数、健仔数、弱仔数、死胎数、木乃伊胎数、仔猪初生窝重以及断奶活仔数、断奶合格仔数、仔猪断奶重等不同生产成绩指标,探索相同饲养条件下伪狂犬病对头胎母猪各生产指标的影响。结果发现,每头PRV野毒gE抗体阴性头胎母猪每窝平均可产11.96头活仔猪,比gE抗体阳性母猪每胎次多产活仔0.63头,以及每胎次可多提供0.18头断奶活仔,每胎次多提供0.28头断奶合格仔。虽然PRV野毒gE抗体阳性母猪所产仔猪初生均重及断奶均重均高于gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪,但gE抗体阴性母猪所产仔猪断奶合格率高于gE抗体阳性母猪,表明其断奶活仔整齐度更高。综上,PRV野毒gE抗体阳性的头胎母猪生产成绩低于gE抗体阴性母猪,伪狂犬病的净化可为猪场带来更高的经济效益,表明伪狂犬病的净化至关重要。     

Investigation on the Production Performance of gE Antibody Positive Sows in Pig Farms Infected with Wild Type Pseudorabies Virus

Pseudorabies (PR) is caused by the Pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is an acute and hot highly contagious disease infecting livestock and a wide range of wild animals. In order to investigate the relationship between latent infection of Pseudorabies virus and sow production performance,this study collected production parameters of first-parity sows with wild virus gE positive and negtive in a Pseudorabies positive stable intensive farm, including total litter size, healthy litter size, weak litter size, stillbirths, mummified fetus, litter weight, number of weaning live, number of weaning qualified and weaning weight. And compared the production performance of PRV gE antibody negative and positive sows in the same intensive pig farm. The study showed that each PRV gE antibody negative sow could produce 11.96 live piglets per parity. Additionally, PRV gE antibody negative sow could provide more alive, weaning and weaning qualified piglets per parity than infection sows, which were 0.63, 0.18 and 0.28, respectively. Although the average birth weight and average weaning weight of piglets produced by PRV gE antibody positive sows were higher than those produced by negative sows, the weaning qualified rate of antibody negative sows was higher than that of antibody positive sows, indicating that the weaning live piglets produced by antibody negative sows had higher uniformity. In summary, the production performance of PRV gE antibody positive sows was lower than that of the negative sows. Eradication of PR can bring higher profit to the pig farm. Pig farm should actively eradicate the PR.     

分子标记在猪遗传育种上的应用

本文综述了分子标记在猪遗传育种上的应用,主要包括与繁殖、生长、胴体、肉质及抗病性状相关的分子标记。     

瘦肉型猪组合配套杂交效果研究

为探索瘦肉型猪组合配套杂交方法和效果而进行试验.试验采用HN121(温氏杜洛克猪)、HN212(法系皮特兰♂×温氏杜洛克♀)为父本,以HN204(温氏大白♂×美系长白♀)为母本,对HN323(HN121×HN204)和HN424(HN212×HN204)两个组合配套进行研究.结果表明,HN424组合与HN323组合相比...     

安徽地区野生大豆饲用价值研究

一直以来,我国研究者对野生大豆的研究多集中在对其遗传基因的开发利用方面,对其饲用价值的研究偏少,且多集中在野生大豆种子的营养成分和饲用价值上,对于野生大豆全株饲用价值的分析近乎空白。该试验在安徽省境内22个地市（县）共采集野生大豆样本22份,在半野外环境下种植,并对其全株的主要营养成分和刈割价值进行分析,发现野生大豆蛋白质含量较高,与饲用苜蓿草粉相当,野生大豆的生物学产量也很高,有良好的抗旱性,是一种优良的饲草资源。     

滇南小耳猪与巴马小型猪SLA-DQA基因多态分析

对滇南小耳猪和巴马小型猪的SLA-DQA基因的部分内含子1、完整的外显子2和部分内含子2共341bp片段进行了PCR-RFLP酶切分型,结果表明：2品种经EcoR Ⅰ酶切后BB基因型频率（0.468 8）高于AB型（0.375 0）,AA型最低（0.156 3）,B为优势基因（0.656 3）,A为劣势基因（0.343 7）.经AluⅠ酶切后,滇南小耳猪MM基因型频率（0.500 0）高于MN型（0.321 4）和NN型（0.178 6）;而巴马猪则以MN基因型频率（0.485 3）高于MM型（0.338 2）和NN型（0.176 5）;2个品种中M等位基因（0.604 2）频率高于N等位基因（0.395 8）.经分析表明,2猪种在两酶切位点上各分型已达Hardy-Weinberg平衡.巴马小型猪和滇南小耳猪中分别存在9种和7种PCR-RFLP组合基因型,其中BBMN为优势组合基因型,AAMN为劣势组合基因型;AAMM组合基因型在2品种间差异显著（P＜0.05）.遗传多态参数分析表明：SLA-DQA基因外显子2的两酶切位点在2猪种间均表现为中度多态,AluⅠ的基因多样性略高于EcoRⅠ,巴马小型猪杂合性略高于滇南小耳猪,2品种间遗传距离为0.000 4.     

日粮中添加不同比例的牧站1号王草益生菌发酵饲料对黑猪生产性能及养殖效益的影响

旨在研究5种比例的牧站1号王草益生菌发酵饲料对黑猪生产性能及养殖效益的影响。选择体重相近、健康状况良好的二元杂黑猪180头,随机分为6组,每组3次重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加10%、20%、30%、40%、50%牧站1号王草益生菌发酵饲料。饲喂试验预试期7 d,正试期60 d,计算并比较各组试验猪平均日增重、平均日采食量、腹泻率、屠宰率及养殖毛利润。试验结果表明：试验组与对照组比较,Ⅲ组试验猪平均日增重差异不显著（P>0.05）,其他试验组试验猪平均日增重差异显著（P<0.05）,最高为Ⅱ组（865.24 g/头）,高于对照组23.24%,其次是Ⅰ组（839.33 g/头）,高于对照组19.55%,最低为Ⅴ组（552.51 g/头）,低于对照组21.31%;平均日采食量最大为Ⅴ组（3.35 kg/头）,最小的为对照组（2.30 kg/头）,各试验组与对照组比较,差异显著（P<0.05）;屠宰率方面,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组差异显著（P<0.05）,屠宰率随着牧站1号王草益生菌发酵饲料添加量的增加呈降低趋势,最高为对照组,最低为Ⅴ组;毛利润最高的为Ⅱ组（21 259.0元）,最低的为Ⅴ组（10 325.7元）。育肥黑猪日粮中添加 20%牧站1号王草益生菌发酵饲料生产性能及经济指标影响效果最佳。     

江泉黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪屠宰性能及肉质性状比较分析

为了解江泉黑猪的产肉和肉质特性,本试验选取在相同条件下饲养的100 kg左右的江泉黑猪阉公猪、母猪和杜长大三元杂交猪各10头按照相关规定进行屠宰和肉品质测定。对两种猪胴体指标（胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、背膘厚等）、肉质的物理指标（pH、肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失等）、常规化学指标（粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、水分、灰分含量等）及江泉黑猪氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,与杜长大三元杂交猪相比,江泉黑猪胴体瘦肉率较低,眼肌面积降低了30%左右（P<0.05）,而胴体背膘厚较高（P<0.05）。江泉黑猪在肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失、失水率、烹饪损失和肌内脂肪含量等指标上均显著优于杜长大三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,其中滴水损失、失水率和烹饪损失分别降低了约4.0%、3.1%和2.7%,肌内脂肪含量提高了约150.0%。由此可见,江泉黑猪在瘦肉产量上低于杜长大三元杂交猪,但在保水性、肌内脂肪含量、肉色、大理石纹等肉质指标上明显优于杜长大三元杂交猪,可为消费者提供品质优良的猪肉。     

A Comparative Study on the Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Jiangquan Black Pig and DLY Pig

To further understand the germplasm characteristics of Jiangquan Black pig,100 kg Jiangquan Black pigs (10 barrows, 10 sows) and 10 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) pigs under the same conditions were randomly selected to analyse the slaughter performance and meat quality according to related rules. After slaughtered,the carcass index (carcass weight, loin muscle area, carcass length and backfat thickness etc), meat quality physical indicators (pH, meat color, marbling, drip loss etc), gerneral chemical index (the contents of crude protein, intramuscular fat, moisture and ash etc) and the proportion of amino acids in Jiangquan Black pig were analyzed. The results showed that, Jiangquan Black pig carcass lean meat rate was relatively low, the loin muscle area was reduced by about 30% (P<0.05) compared with DLY pig, while the backfat thickness was higher than that of DLY pig (P<0.05). The meat color, marbling, drip loss, cooking loss, water loss rate index and intramuscular fat content of Jiangquan Black pig were significantly better than that of DLY pigs (P<0.05), the rate of water loss and drip loss and cooking loss were decreased by 4.0%, 3.1% and 2.7%, intramuscular fat content increased by 150.0%. Therefore, The lean yield of Jiangquan Black pig was less than DLY pig, but water retention property, intramuscular fat content, meat color, marbling, meat quality indexes were significantly better than that of DLY pig. In conclusion, Jiangquan Black pig could provide good quality pork for consumers.     

Economic values of a public outreach and education program for aquatic invasive species prevention

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are often impossible to eradicate from an ecosystem once breeding populations are established and widely dispersed. After establishment, control programs become one of the only options available to managers. Agencies are using public outreach programs to increase public awareness and prevent new introductions. This study employed the contingent valuation method to quantify boaters’ willingness to pay (WTP) for public outreach programs. On average, Michigan boaters were willing to pay $20.68 per year for AIS-prevention education, and total economic benefits at the population level were calculated at US$16.74 million. From a cost–benefit perspective, WTP benefits far outweigh aggregated federal, state, and nonprofit costs by a wide margin. One-time exposure to AIS education materials and perception of AIS threats did not affect WTP. Long-term program impacts and the economic benefits of resulting behavior change are important areas for future research. Managerial and policy-related implications are also discussed.     

长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代血清生化参数的研究

本实验选取长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代20头，对其血清中10项生化指标进行了测定，结果表明：长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代的GLU、CREA、TG、AST、ALT均高于家猪，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代GLU代谢高，肌肉代谢产物较多，氨基酸代谢旺盛。UN含量与家猪含量基本接近，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代的蛋白质代谢一切正常。TP、AKP、CHOL含量均低于家猪，说明长白山野猪与吉林本地黑猪杂交后代生长较家猪慢，瘦肉率高于家猪。     

野外收蜂的技巧与方法

无论是对蜜蜂研究爱好者还是养蜂人,收取野外蜜蜂都具有一定的研究价值和经济价值。野外收蜂需掌握一定的收蜂技巧与方法才能事半功倍。野外收蜂的技巧不仅体现在将蜜蜂安全、高效地收入自己“囊中”,还需掌握根据野生蜂的飞行方式和归巢路线找到其蜂巢以及如何准确辨别归巢蜜蜂是野生蜂还是家养蜂。在此基础上,对找到的蜂巢和蜜蜂进行收取才会有显著成效。     

标记辅助选择改良猪经济性状的研究进展

标记辅助选择是近些年随着分子标记技术的发展而出现的一种新型选种方法，被认为是提高育种选择效率的一种有效方法。此文系统地综述了近年来猪重要经济性状的主效基因或数量性状座位(QTL)定位及猪标记辅助选择的应用概况、实施方法和策略等方面的研究进展，并在此基础上就当前应用分子标记辅助选择进行猪经济性状遗传改良的相关问题进行了讨论。     

Effects of Partial Substitution of Basal Diet with Wild Buckwheat on Fatty Acids and Amino Acids in Congjiang Xiang Pigs

This study investigated the effects of replacing partial basal diet with wild buckwheat on fatty acids and amino acids in longissimus dorsi muscles of Congjiang Xiang pigs.Forty Congjiang Xiang pigs with 20 kg initial body weight,were randomly assigned to 4 groups,10 heads per group.The pigs in control group were fed the basal diet.In the other groups (groupⅠ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ),diets were substituted with fresh wild buckwheat at 10%,20% and 30% on the early fattening stage and 20%,30% and 40% on the late fattening stage,respectively.After feeding trial,three pigs from each dietary treatment were slaughtered to determine the fatty acids and amino acids in longissimus dorsi muscle.The results showed that:①The partial substitution of basal diet with wild buckwheat had some effects on fatty acids in porcine muscle.Compared with the control group,the content of linoleic acid in the group Ⅰ,the content of linolenic acid in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ,the content of peanut diene acid of group Ⅱ and arachidonic acid of group Ⅲ were increased by 54.69%,43.57%,62.50%,25.00% and 127.10%,respectively.The saturated fatty acid (SFA),polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)and essential fatty acid (EFA)of all testing groups were higher than that of control group (P>0.05).②The amino acids were affected in some degree by the substitution rate of wild buckwheat.The content of asparaginic acid in control group was significant lower than that in group Ⅰ(P<0.05) and extremely significant lower than that of group Ⅲ (P<0.01).The content of glycine in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of groupⅠ and Ⅱ (P<0.05),higher than that of control group (P>0.05).The content of methionine and lysine in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that in control group and group Ⅰ (P<0.05),respectively.The EAA/TAA in group Ⅰ was significantly lower than the other groups(P<0.05).In conclusion,partial substitution of basal diet with wild buckwheat could increase the contents of PUFA and EFA,and improve the amino acid profile of Congjiang Xiang pigs.     

当前猪传染病发生情况及对策

本文作者对近年来猪多发的一些典型的传染病作了较为详尽的阐述,对当前养猪的形势作以分析,并对猪传染病发生的原因及防制措施提出了一些可行性建议。     

野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸及氨基酸的影响

试验旨在探究野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响。选取体重约20 kg的从江香猪40头,随机分为4个组,每组10头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验前期试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别以野乔菜替代10%、20%和30%的基础日粮,试验后期分别用野乔菜替代20%、30%和40%的基础日粮。育肥期结束后,每组随机抽取3头屠宰,取背最长肌用于脂肪酸和氨基酸测定。结果显示:①野乔菜替代不同比例基础日粮对从江香猪肌肉脂肪酸含量有一定影响。与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组亚油酸、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组亚麻酸、试验Ⅱ组花生二烯酸和试验Ⅰ组花生四烯酸分别提高了54.69%、43.57%、62.50%、25.00%和127.10%;各试验组中,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)及必需脂肪酸(EFA)总含量均高于对照组(P>0.05)。②野乔菜替代部分基础日粮对氨基酸含量有一定影响。对照组天门冬氨酸显著低于试验Ⅰ(P<0.05)、极显著低于Ⅲ组(P<0.01);试验Ⅲ组甘氨酸显著高于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05),且高于对照组(P>0.05),甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸含量分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05)和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组EAA/TAA显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。综上所述,野乔菜替代部分基础日粮能在一定程度上提高从江香猪肌肉PUFA和EFA含量,显著提高了部分氨基酸含量。