超级早、晚稻的养分吸收和根系分布特性研究

为了阐明双季超级稻的高产机理和指导合理施肥,采用品种比较的方法,研究了超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收和根系分布特性。结果表明,超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收量平均分别为N 170.04、224.90 kg/hm2,P 21.97、39.88 kg/hm2,K 107.48、144.47 kg/hm2,均高于对照。生育中期（穗分化至抽穗）的养分吸收量与产量密切相关。生产100 kg稻谷所需要的养分较对照低10%左右。超级早、晚稻品种根系发达,根量较大。抽穗后15 d（早稻）或20 d（晚稻）的根量与产量密切相关,其中5—10 cm的根量与养分吸收总量密切相关。说明生育中期较多的养分吸收和发达的根系是超级早、晚稻高产的重要原因。     

玉米根系对土壤氮、磷空间异质性分布的响应

氮、磷资源富集区（patches）通常独立存在，揭示植物根系对异质性氮、磷分布的响应，对于通过根系调控充分挖掘根系高效获取氮、磷资源的生物学潜力，提高氮、磷资源利用效率具有重要的理论与实践意义。通过盆栽试验研究了3种氮、磷供应方式（氮磷均匀供应，氮磷混合局部供应，氮磷分开局部供应）对玉米根系生长和分布以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明，氮磷混合和分开局部供应均显著增加了玉米根系干重。与均匀供应处理相比，氮磷混合局部供应使玉米总根长、根干重、根质量比分别增加了28%，66%和31%，磷吸收量减少了35%，但对地上部干重和氮吸收量没有显著的影响。相比之下，氮磷分开局部供应使根和地上部干重均增加55%，氮、磷吸收量分别提高58% 和81%，但对总根长和根冠干物质分配比例无显著影响；与局部供氮相比，局部供磷显著刺激了根系的生长，表明更多的干物质优先分配到局部供磷的区域。由此可见，与氮磷混合局部供应相比，在氮、磷资源分开供应条件下，玉米通过改变根系形态和分布来协调和整合对氮、磷资源的响应，从而强化根系对不同土壤氮、磷资源的摄取能力，这为优化氮、磷资源的管理和空间配置提供了重要依据。     

作物对氮素养分高效吸收的根系形态学研究进展

本文综述了近年来与作物对氮素养分高效吸收有关的根系形态学研究情况，简要比较了解释氮索供应诱导作物根系形态变化的几种观点，着重阐述了用氮素诱导碳水化合物定向分配来解释根系变化的合理性和意义，并提出了根系研究在水分、养分效率和植物营养遗传研究中的展望。     

不同水氮条件下水稻根系超微结构及根系活力差异

【目的】探讨不同水氮耦合对水稻根系超微结构及根系代谢特性的影响,从根尖细胞超微结构及根系活力方面阐明不同水氮组合处理在根际环境间的差异。 【方法】以新稻 20 号为材料,进行盆栽试验,设置浅水层灌溉、轻度水分胁迫 (灌 1～2 cm 水层,至土壤水势降到 –20 kPa 再灌浅水层,如此反复) 和重度水分胁迫 (灌 1～2 cm 水层,至土壤水势降到 –40 kPa 再灌浅水层,如此反复) 3 种灌溉方式及不施氮肥,适量氮 (N 240 kg/hm2) 和高量氮 (N 360 kg/hm2) 3 种氮肥水平,测定了不同处理水稻根系氧化力、根系伤流量及根系分泌有机酸总量,并观测了根系细胞超微结构。 【结果】随着生育进程,根系氧化力表现为先增加后降低的趋势,在幼穗分化期达到峰值,根系伤流液及根系分泌物中有机酸总量先增加后降低,在抽穗期达到峰值。在同一氮肥水平下,轻度水分胁迫后根系细胞完整,核膜界限清晰,结构特征典型;与保持水层相比,根系氧化力及根系伤流量在分蘖盛期分别增加 25.6%～32.0% 及 9.1%～18.8%,根系分泌有机酸总量在抽穗期前平均增加 16.4%。重度水分胁迫后嗜锇体和淀粉体较多,后期细胞完全扭曲变形,细胞间隙明显增多增大、细胞器出现断裂降解,细胞基质中仅存细胞器碎片,细胞壁较完整,未出现断裂情况;与保持水层相比较,根系氧化力及根系伤流量在幼穗分化始期平均降低 8.8% 及 25.6%,根系分泌有机酸总量平均降低 22.8%。在同一灌溉方式下,适量氮处理根系细胞结构较完整,核膜较清楚,有利于根系活力的提高及根系有机酸的分泌;重施氮处理根系细胞壁和核膜降解加速。与适量氮相比,高氮处理下根系氧化力及根系伤流量在分蘖盛期至幼穗分化始期分别降低了 6.6%～9.8% 及 7.7%～15.4%,根系分泌物中有机酸总量在抽穗前平均降低 11.6%,整体上根系活力降低、有机酸的分泌量显著减少。 【结论】轻度水分胁迫耦合适量氮处理的水稻根系超微结构最优,细胞结构特征典型,核膜最为清晰,细胞完整,根系代谢能力最强。表明通过适宜的水氮耦合调控,能够提高根尖细胞的生理功能,增强根系活力、促进根系有机酸的分泌,能为水稻的生长创造良好的根际环境。     

不同水、氮供应条件下夏玉米养分累积动态研究

在遮雨棚内进行了微区试验,采用不同水、氮素供应研究了玉米N、P、K吸收累积动态。结果表明,植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量,随生育期延长而持续增加;而植株的N、P、K含量,则呈下降趋势。植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量随时间的变化,可用S曲线方程描述。玉米生长期间干物质与养分吸收并非同一速率,前期上升快,至最高峰后缓慢下降。在N、P、K三要素中,N、K吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快;P吸收速率低,上升慢,下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早,N次之,P最晚。但三者均早于干物质最大累积速率出现的时间。水分和氮素供应增加养分最大吸收速率及养分吸收量,也可增加生育前期的养分含量,但不改变养分累积变化趋势和养分吸收速率的变化趋势。水分和氮素供应促进了营养体养分向子粒的运转,提高了养分在子粒中的分配比例,从而提高了子粒产量。     

不同水肥管理对水稻分蘖期根系特征和氮磷钾养分累积的影响

为探讨节水灌溉与氮肥施用对水稻分蘖期根系特征和氮磷钾累积的影响,该试验采用防雨棚池栽试验,研究2个灌溉模式(常规灌溉与控制灌溉)与3个施氮量(90、180和270 kg hm-2)对水稻分蘖期根系活力、最长根长、根直径、根体积、水稻根、茎、叶的含氮、磷、钾量及累积量的影响。研究结果表明,随着施氮水平增加,水稻根茎叶及整株的氮含量、茎及整株的氮累积量、茎的钾含量增加,水稻根系活力、最长根长、根直径、根体积、整株生物干质量、根叶的氮累积量、根叶及整株的磷含量、根叶茎及整株的磷累积量、根叶的钾含量、根茎叶及整株的钾累积量呈先增加后降低趋势;与常规灌溉模式相比,水稻根系活力、根直径、根体积、叶氮累积量、根及整株的磷含量增加。在该试验条件下,以控制灌溉模式下施氮量180 kg hm-2利于水稻分蘖期根系生长和养分吸收利用,水稻根系活力、根体积、整株生物干质量、整株的氮含量、整株氮累积量分别达到0.94%、21.27 cm3、22.68 g plant-1、72.40 mg g-1、1.74 g plant-1。该研究为认识水氮调控下水稻分蘖期根系特征与氮、磷、钾吸收利用,指导水稻节水节肥栽培实践提供支撑。     

水肥配合对夏玉米养分吸收及根系活性的影响

研究不同水肥条件对夏玉米养分吸收及根系活性的影响,解释水肥配合下夏玉米养分吸收规律和根系活跃吸收面积的变化特征。采用管栽试验,研究不同水肥条件对夏玉米不同生育期养分积累特征和根系吸收面积的影响。夏玉米干物质积累量与植株全量N、K的积累量变化趋势基本一致,植株内全量N、K积累量以拔节-大喇叭口阶段最多,P素积累主要集中于抽雄-成熟阶段。不同生育期根系活跃吸收面积与总吸收面积变化均呈单峰式曲线,峰值分别出现在大喇叭口期和抽雄期。在玉米生长季水肥充足条件下,根系活跃吸收面积对植物体内干物质和养分的积累起主导作用。施肥促进了根系活跃吸收能力,养分吸收积累量增多;生育期灌水也能促进根系生长和对养分的吸收。不同生育时期均以W2F1处理的干物质量和N、P、K积累量最高。     

一次性施用控释肥对水稻根系活力及养分吸收特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了一次性施用控释肥对水稻根系活力及养分吸收特性的影响。结果表明,在等养分量下,控释肥BNCRF和BRCU处理较专用肥分次施用的SNRSF处理能提高水稻生育前期、中期根系伤流强度,显著提高全生育期伤流液的氨基酸态氮输出强度;明显增加了根系总吸收面积和有效吸收面积。同时,BNCRF处理在前、中期氮、磷吸收速率显著增强,BRCU处理仅在生育中期显著提高。采用低钾控释肥BLCRF处理,水稻前期伤流强度、氨基酸态氮输出强度及吸收面积均较小,但中、后期明显增高,氮、磷吸收速率与高钾含量的SNRSF处理相当。说明一次性施用控释肥能显著增强根系活力,提高生育中期养分吸收速率,改善水稻根系生理功能。     

油菜根系形态和生理特性与其氮效率的关系

为了给氮(N)高效油菜品种的选育及应用提供科学依据,采用土培实验对不同油菜品种在不同N素水平下各生育期的根系活力、根系吸收表面积、根系体积以及一级侧根数与N效率的关系进行了研究。结果表明:在油菜的整个生育期里,不同N素水平对油菜根系的形态及生理特性有显著的影响,均随着施N水平的增加而升高;正常施N条件下全生育期的一级侧根数,苗期的根系体积、吸收表面积与油菜N效率密切相关,而根系活力对N效率的影响相对较小;在不施N条件下全生育期的一级侧根数、根系活力,苗期以后的根系体积、吸收表面积与油菜N效率密切相关。     

不同水稻基因型的根系形态生理特性与高效氮素吸收

土培盆栽试验下，采用3个氮素吸收效率（NAE）有显著差异的水稻基因型五优244（低NAE）、R83—12（中NAE）和水源349（高NAE）为材料，研究了水稻拔节期根系形态特征和生理特性的基因型差异及其与高效氮索吸收的关系。结果表明，水源349总根长、根密度、根表面积和根干重极显著高于R83．12和五优244，且根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和活跃吸收面积／总吸收面积最大，为高效氮索吸收提供了条件。水源349具有较强的根系耗能、氧化还原力、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性，促进根内碳水化合物的合成及氮吸收和同化，提高了根系伤流强度及可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量，进而显著提高了地上部氮含量和氮积累量。逐步回归表明，拔节期较高的根密度、根系总吸收面积和地上部氮含量是水稻氮索高效吸收的重要特征，可作为水稻氮素高效管理和遗传改良的可靠指标。     

Effect of superabsorbent polymer on root water uptake and quantification of water uptake from soil profile in dry land

Few reports focus on the source of water used in crop uptake from the soil profile following superabsorbent polymer (SAP) application, particularly the quantification of crop water uptake from SAP‐treated soil and non‐SAP‐treated soil. Using column experiments, we investigated the effect of SAP on root water uptake of maize over two years and researched in depth the utilization of water from different soil layers under SAP application by employing stable isotope D/¹⁸O. The results suggest that SAP can increase root water uptake by 16.3–27.8% in SAP‐treated soil layers. The water used by the crop mainly originated in the 0‐ to 20‐cm soil layer at the jointing stage, 20‐ to 40‐cm at heading stage and 0‐ to 20‐ cm during grain filling.     

野生大豆根系形态对局部磷供应的响应及其对磷吸收的贡献

通过土柱试验模拟局部供磷,定量评价了磷局部供应对野生大豆根系形态参数的影响以及这些根形态参数对植株磷吸收的贡献.磷局部供应明显改变了野生大豆的根形态,使总根长增加了80.5％,比根长增加了32.6％,根表面积扩大了70.7％,根直径减小了27.6％,植株对磷的吸收增加了43.2％,地上干重增加了72.0％;在所有的根形态参数中,总根长、根表面积和比根长对野生大豆植株磷吸收具有较大贡献,其中尤以比根长对植株磷吸收贡献最大,即在根长增加的同时,根直径减小能够明显提高野大豆根系对磷的吸收.结果表明,野生大豆对局部磷供应表现出高度的根系形态可塑性,通过局部养分供应优化根系空间分布和定向调控根系生长能显著提高植物对异质性土壤磷资源的获取能力.     

Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes

Water and nitrogen (N) are two major factors limiting cotton growth and yield. The ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients is closely related to the size of the root system and the rooting space. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) adapts to water and N supply when rooting volume is restricted would be useful for improving cotton yield. In this study, cotton was grown in soil columns to control rooting depth to either 60 cm (root‐restriction treatment) or 120 cm (no‐root‐restriction treatment). Four water–N combinations were applied to the plants: (1) deficit irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₀N₀), (2) deficit irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₀N₁), (3) moderate irrigation and no N fertilizer (W₁N₀), and (4) moderate irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W₁N₁). Results revealed that root restriction reduced root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), root mass density (RMD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. In contrast, root restriction increased aboveground biomass and yield. The RLD, RVD, RMD, and root : shoot ratio decreased in the order W₀N₀ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₁ in both the root‐restriction and no‐root‐restriction treatments. However, the opposite order (i.e., W₁N₁ > W₀N₁ > W₁N₀ > W₀N₀) was observed for SOD activity, NR activity, aboveground biomass, and seed yield. Our results suggest that, when N and water supplies are adequate, root restriction increases both root activity and the availability of photosynthates to aboveground plant parts. This increases shoot growth, the shoot : root ratio, and yield.     

Early nitrogen deficiency favors high nitrogen recovery efficiency by improving deeper soil root growth and reducing nitrogen loss in wheat

ABSTRACT

A two-year field and micro-plot ¹⁵N-labelled experiment was conducted under two levels of N application rate (240 and 180 kg N ha^–1) with three basal N application stages [seeding (L0), four-leaf stage (L4), and six-leaf stage (L6)] to investigate the effects of reducing basal N application amount and postponing basal N fertilization period on wheat growth and N use efficiency (NUE). No significant differences were observed in grain yield, root growth and root morphology between the N180L4 and N240L0 treatments, while the root-shoot ratio of N180L4 was significantly improved. Postponing basal N application period increased the residual basal ¹⁵N in soil and reduced basal ¹⁵N loss, and N180L4 treatment favored the highest ¹⁵N recovery efficiency (NRE), mainly due to reduced ¹⁵N loss. Grain yield and basal NRE were significantly positively correlated with root dry weight in deeper soil layers (40–60 cm), and the contribution of root growth to improved grain yield and NRE increased with the downward distribution of the roots. Therefore, postponing the basal N fertilization period under N deficiency promotes deeper root growth during the post-jointing period and increases basal N uptake, as well as reducing basal N loss and increasing grain yield and NUE.     

Effect of the fraction of the root system supplied with p on p uptake and growth characteristics of wheat roots

An understanding of the phosphorus, P, uptake characteristics of plant roots is important for developing practices that improve P fertilizer efficiency. Phosphorus uptake by plant roots is influenced by plant root properties and solution P level. Since little information about the nutrient uptake characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) roots is available, this research was undertaken with wheat to determine the relation between the proportion of the roots supplied with P on P influx and root growth characteristics. An experiment was conducted with wheat plants grown in solution culture in a controlled climate chamber.

Phosphorus uptake kinetics were measured on 30‐day‐old wheat using split‐root experiments. Supplying P to only part of the root system resulted in lower plant P concentration and higher I_max(maximum influx) by the roots. The I_max value of wheat roots was much lower than corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max L.), but the values of Km (the solution P concentration where influx, I_n is 1/2 I_max) and C_min (the solution P concentration where influx, I_n is 1/2 I_max) were greater than those of both corn and soybean crops grown in similar experiments. Phosphorus concentrations in wheat plant's shoots and roots were higher than those for corn and soybean with the same proportions of roots in P solution. Decreasing the proportion of the roots supplied with P had no statistically significant (p = 0.05) effect on shoot dry weight. This differs from the results for corn and soybeans where it decreased significantly as the proportion of the roots exposed to P decreased. These results indicate that the effect of P placement on P uptake and on plant root growth varied among species.     

氮素对玉米幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响

采用水培试验,比较分析了氮素对高产玉米杂交种幼苗生长、根系形态及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,在一定氮素范围内供氮量的增加能够促进玉米地上部的生长,也促进东单90（DD90）和沈玉21（SY21）根系干重的增加,而高量供氮会抑制根系的生长,导致根冠比下降。郑单958（ZD958）在8.0 mmol/L氮水平下地上部受抑制的程度大于根系,造成根冠比有所增加。在各氮素水平下,东单90具有很好的根系形态,提高了氮素的吸收能力,从而提高氮素积累量。随氮浓度的增加,玉米植株氮素吸收效率增大而氮素生理利用效率减小,无论在低氮还是高氮条件下,郑单958和东单90的氮素吸收效率均显著高于沈玉21和郝育12（HY12）,氮素生理利用效率却显著低于沈玉21和郝育12。不同品种对氮素的响应存在显著差异,东单90和郑单958耐低氮和对氮素吸收的能力强,郑单958耐高氮能力相对较弱,沈玉21和郝育12对氮素需求量大,耐低氮能力弱。适宜的氮素供应能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系形态发育,增加根系对氮素的接触面积,促进根系对氮素的高效吸收。     

土壤养分空间异质性与根系觅食作用:从个体到群落

土壤中分布着许多大小不一的养分富集区域（也称之为养分斑块）。植物为了适应环境最大限度的获取资源,会对这些养分斑块做出形态及生理上的响应。当根系接触到这些富集养分的区域就会大量的增生,尤其是比根长较大的细根,并且根系对养分的生理吸收能力也强于养分富集区域以外的根系。养分斑块的属性（大小、强度、组成和位置等）和植物体本身的属性（敏感性和觅食能力等）共同决定了养分空间异质性对于植物体生长的影响。由于不同物种的根系对于养分斑块的可塑性和养分斑块的属性的差异及植物根系接触到养分斑块的时间和规模的不同会加剧种间或种内的竞争强度;先接触到养分斑块的植物根系可能在其他植物的根系到达之前将养分斑块内部的养分大部分吸收或耗尽,从而引起根系间的不对称性竞争。养分空间异质性造成的群体内部竞争强度的增加甚至不对称性会引起群体内植株大小变异性的增加,从而进一步影响群体结构。同时养分空间异质性对根系竞争的影响也会改变群落内部物种的多样性及整个体系的生产力,这与群落内物种之间觅食精度及竞争力的差异有关;觅食能力较强的物种可能会高效整合并占据大量的小养分斑块从而提高自身生长,进而降低了小养分斑块对群落物种丰度的正效应。     

Sulfur affects root growth and improves nitrogen recovery and internal efficiency in wheat

Wheat plants were cultivated in pots with the objective of evaluating the effect of two sulfur (S) rates (+S and ?S) on (i) shoot growth, S and nitrogen (N) uptake and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and (ii) root growth and architecture and its relations with S and N uptake. Plant samplings were at Z39, Z51 and Z92 stages. Shoot mass and NUE were greater in +S treatment at the three stages. ?S treatment increased root growth at Z39 (14% more length and 16% more tips) in comparison with +S, but the opposite occurred at Z51 (31% less area and 42% less mass). S uptake per unit root mass, area and length were greater in +S treatment at Z39 and Z51. A similar pattern was determined for nitrogen uptake (Nu) at Z39, but the opposite occurred at Z51. This indicates that Nu is mainly controlled by shoot growth and not by root growth.     

蚯蚓菌根互作对土壤酶活、 甘薯根系生长及养分吸收的影响

【目的】蚯蚓和丛枝菌根真菌处于不同的营养级,但在促进植物生长和提高土壤肥力等方面却都发挥着积极作用。单独对土壤微生物或土壤动物的研究较多,但对土壤微生物与土壤动物之间相互作用的研究很少。因此研究它们对土壤和植物生长的作用可为挖掘土壤生物的潜力和提高土壤生物肥力提供依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,研究了蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)与丛枝菌根真菌(Rhizophagus irregularis)互作对甘薯生长和养分吸收的影响。试验采用两因素完全随机试验设计,分为接种和不接种菌根真菌及添加和不添加蚯蚓。试验共4个处理: 不加菌根和蚯蚓(CK); 接种菌根真菌(AM); 添加蚯蚓(E); 添加蚯蚓和菌根真菌(E+AM),每个处理4次重复。调查了甘薯养分吸收、 根系形态及土壤养分变化,采用Canoco4.5软件对土壤生物与植物对应关系进行RDA (redundancy analysis)分析。【结果】接种菌根真菌显著提高了甘薯地上和地下部生物量(P0.05),而添加蚯蚓的处理仅提高了甘薯地上部生物量。同时添加蚯蚓和菌根的处理显著提高了甘薯地上地下部生物量,并且高于其他三个处理(P0.05)。与对照相比,接种菌根真菌显著提高了土壤磷酸酶活性(P0.01),增幅近一倍; 同时提高了土壤磷的植物有效性,土壤有效磷含量下降了30%左右。添加蚯蚓后土壤脲酶活性从5.45 mg NH+4-N/g显著增加到8.71 mg NH+4-N/g,土壤碱解氮的含量从5.82 mg/kg显著增加到6.89 mg/kg (P0.05)。RDA分析表明蚯蚓菌根互作对甘薯地上和地下部氮磷含量、 根表面积、 根体积、 根平均直径和根尖数均存在显著的正交互效应。蚯蚓菌根互作通过调控土壤酶和改变土壤养分有效性促进甘薯对土壤氮磷养分的吸收。【结论】蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)通过调控土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶增加了土壤中氮磷的有效性从而促进甘薯地上部生长。丛枝菌根真菌(Rhizophagus irregularis)通过调控土壤磷酸酶和增加植株地上地下部吸磷量从而促进甘薯生长。添加蚯蚓或接种菌根真菌均能增加根系吸收面积和根体积从而促进甘薯对养分的吸收。蚯蚓和菌根真菌相互作用通过调控土壤酶和改变土壤养分有效性以及促进根系发育从而互补的促进甘薯养分吸收和生长。