微生态制剂对肉鸽生产性能、血清生化指标、免疫机能及肉品质的影响

为了研究饲喂不同微生态制剂对肉鸽生产性能、血清生化指标、免疫机能及肉品质的影响。选择720日龄美国王鸽480对种鸽随机分成4组,基础日粮CK组,添加0.5%复合益生活菌粉Ⅰ组,添加0.5%活力99生酵剂Ⅱ组,添加0.5%EM菌原粉Ⅲ组,预试期7d,试验期100d。结果表明:与对照组相比较,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组种鸽的日产蛋率显著升高(p<0.05),试验Ⅲ组种鸽的日产蛋率差异不显著(p>0.05);3个验组种鸽产蛋间隔、平均蛋质量均显著提高(p<0.05);种鸽所产鸽蛋的受精率、孵化率差异不显著(p>0.05)。试验Ⅰ组的乳鸽平均日增重差异显著(p<0.05),试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组的乳鸽平均日增重差异不显著(p>0.05);乳鸽料重比差异不显著(p>0.05);血清总蛋白、白蛋白有所提高(p>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组血钙水平差异显著(p<0.05),试验Ⅱ组血钙水平与差异不显著(p>0.05),试验Ⅱ组血磷水平差异显著(p<0.05),血清谷草转氨酶水平比较差异不显著(p>0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶水平、尿素氮相比较差异显著(p<0.05),试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组血清甘油三酯水平差异显著(p<0.05);血清中IgG、IgA有所提高(p>0.05),IgM显著提高(p<0.05);各处理组乳鸽胸肌的pH值、肉色、失水率、剪切力差异不显著(p>0.05)。由此可知,添加0.5%复合益生活菌粉、添加0.5%活力99生酵剂可以提高肉鸽生产性能和肉品质,机体免疫能力也有所提高。     

热应激对肉鸡生产性能及脂肪代谢的影响

本实验选取28日龄健康AA肉仔鸡90只,随机分为3组,对照组,热应激组和配对组,3个重复,试验期为7d。结果表明,与对照组相比,热应激组AA肉仔鸡平均日增重和平均日采食量分别显著下降65.22%和35.73%(p<0.05),料肉比增加66.97%(p<0.05);腹脂和颈皮下脂肪的相对重量显著增加(p<0.05),腿皮下组织的相对重量有增加的趋势(p>0.05);热应激显著提高了血液中甘油三酯的浓度(p<0.05),而对总胆固醇和游离脂肪酸浓度影响差异不显著。由此可知,热应激可是肉仔鸡生产性能下降,脂肪沉积增加。     

新生犊牛补铁对血液中的血红蛋白浓度及犊牛增重的影响研究

本文对初生犊牛进行不同剂量的肌注补铁,然后检测血液中的红细胞浓度,并定期进行称重。结果表明,9日龄到3月龄实验组红细胞浓度均维持在7.01%以上水平,与对照组差异极显著(p<0.01),但试验一组(肌注10mL)和试验二组(肌注5mL)红细胞浓度差异不大。各组犊牛的日均增重无明显差异(p>0.05),但试验组有增加趋势。     

哺乳仔猪(弱仔)应用活力源试验

采用葡萄糖、蜂蜜、蜂胶、维生素等研制成哺乳仔猪(弱仔)专用液体饲料添加剂——活力源。用该液体饲料添加剂活力源饲喂哺乳仔猪——弱仔(初生重低于1kg)。饲喂结果表明,试验组哺乳仔猪(弱仔)的死亡率明显低于对照组,两组间差异极显著(p<0.01)。28日龄断奶仔猪(弱仔)体重试验组明显优于对照组,组间差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

金银花苦参土霉素对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

采用金银花、苦参、土霉素钙盐3种不同药物对断奶仔猪进行饲喂试验。结果表明,仔猪平均日增重,试Ⅲ组、试Ⅴ组效果最好。与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),与试Ⅱ组、试Ⅳ组、试Ⅵ组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。日采食量各试验组与对照组相比有所增加,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。料肉比对照组与试Ⅱ组、试Ⅳ组、试Ⅵ组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但试Ⅲ组、试Ⅴ组与各组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。腹泻率各试验组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),但各试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。本次试验结果表明,金银花、苦参两种单味植物完全可以替代土霉素钙盐作断奶仔猪的饲料添加剂。同时还表明,在断奶仔猪日粮中金银花和苦参的添加量宜以300mg/kg饲料为最佳。     

能量水平对肉牛育肥性能的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮不同能量水平对肉牛前期育肥性能的影响。试验选择40头体况良好、健康的、体重一致的肉牛按照随机分组原则分为4个能量水平组(6.05、6.52、7.04、7.55 MJ/kg),每组10头肉牛。试验期为120 d。结果表明:日粮不同的能量水平对肉牛试验末体质量有提高趋势,但试验3组除外;肉牛采食量随着日粮能量水平的提高而降低,但未达到显著水平(p>0.05);试验2组的肉牛平均日增重显著高于对照组,提高了8.70%(p<0.05),试验1组和试验3组的平均日增重与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05);试验2组肉牛的料重比显著低于对照组,降低了11.53%(p<0.05),试验1组和试验3组的料重比略低于对照组,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,肉牛日粮能量水平为7.04 MJ/kg时,肉牛育肥效果最好。     

复方中草药饲料添加剂对仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白的影响

为了研究复方中草药饲料添加剂对仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白的影响,试验采用48头体重相近的28日龄断奶三元杂交(杜洛克×长白×大约克)仔猪,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验1,2,3组分别在基础日粮中添加1%复方中草药1、复方中草药2、复方中草药3,饲喂30 d后测定仔猪生长性能及血清蛋白含量。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验1,2,3组仔猪增重、平均日采食量、头均总耗料量、平均采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验1,2,3组料重比均显著降低(P0.05)。试验期各组仔猪成活率均为100%。对照组有3头仔猪出现白痢,腹泻率为25.00%;试验3组仔猪有1头仔猪出现白痢,腹泻率为8.33%;其他组未出现下痢。试验1,2组血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白浓度均显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验3组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。     

高锌对奶牛血清锌和乳锌含量的影响

选择泌乳中后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛24头,分为4组,每组6头,采用单因子试验设计,研究不同锌添加水平对奶牛血清锌和乳锌含量的影响。试验设:对照组(基础日粮),试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别加锌300、500、800mg/kg日粮干物质。结果表明:(1)各高锌组可极显著提高血清锌水平(P<0.01),且各高锌组间差异显著(p<0.05)。(2)高锌日粮可极显著提高乳锌含量(p〈0.01),试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组间差异显著(p<0.05),试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组间差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

牛卵巢卵母细胞体外培养成熟条件的建立

研究不同犊牛血清浓度、培养时间和不同类型血清对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。结果表明,添加体积分数为10%,15%和20%的FBS时,各组间卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著(p>0.05);培养时间为16h时卵母细胞成熟率与培养时间为20h和24h时的差异极显著(p<0.01),而培养时间为20h和24h时卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著(p>0.05);培养基添加OCS对卵母细胞成熟的影响效果与添加FBS的无显著差异(p>0.05),二者的卵母细胞的核成熟率均达到80%以上。     

国产氯前列烯醇和催产素诱导母猪分娩效果试验

临床试验表明,对妊娠111天的长×约母猪单独肌注国产氯前列烯醇0.1毫克后平均34.23±6.80h(n=30)开始分娩,分娩持续时间为3.29±1.20h,与对照组84.24±13.48h(n=30)和4.23±2.48h相比前者差异极显著(p<0.01),后者差异较显著(p<0.05)。应用氯前列烯醇24h后配合肌注催产素10iu,其开始分娩的时间从初用药计算为29.39±5.16h(n=30),平均产仔时间为2.94±1.67h,两组数据与对照组相比均差异极显著(p<0.01),与单独用药组相比开始分娩的时间提前约4.8h,差异极显著(P<0.01),分娩持续时间缩短1.29h,差异显著(P<0.05)。各组间平均窝产仔数和平均窝产死仔数的差异均不显著。两种激素配合使用比单独用药相比分娩时间更趋于集中,产后下奶良好,可作为一种控繁手段准确诱导母猪于白日分娩,达到提高管理分娩母猪质量,减少仔猪死亡头数的目的。     

Biological chick procedure to determine fluoride availability in sepiolite.

1. A modified fluoride (F) bioassay procedure based on the method of standard additions and using chicks was tested for the determination of F availability in sepiolite. Chicks were distributed between a control group fed on a basal diet and experimental groups fed on this diet supplemented with 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg F as sodium fluoride. A further group was fed on the basal diet plus 2 g/kg sepiolite. 2. Body weight gain and food consumption during a 60 or 90 d study were similar for all treatments. 3. Ileal digestibility of F from the basal diet or from the diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg F as sodium fluoride was higher (0.907) than for chicks fed on the sepiolite diet (0.152). 4. Increases in the F contents of tibia ash were linearly related to dietary F concentration as sodium fluoride. 5. F contents of tibiae from the sepiolite group (at 60 or 90 d of age) were plotted against tibia F concentrations from groups receiving additional sodium fluoride in the diet. A weighted regression was performed. The values obtained for the relative available F from sepiolite were 0.213 and 0.150, respectively, at 60 and 90 d of age.     

Enzymes (beta-glucanase and arabinoxylanase) and/or sepiolite supplementation and the nutritive value of maize-barley-wheat based diets for broiler chickens

1. Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of crude enzyme preparations (beta-glucanase and arabinoxylanase) and/or 20 g/kg Sepiolite (Exal) on the performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens fed on maize-barley-wheat based diets. 2. In experiment 1, enzymes improved daily bodyweight gain (by 14%; P<0.001) and food:gain ratios (8%; P<0.001). Sepiolite improved bodyweight gain on the diets not supplemented simultaneously with enzymes (by 6% in 21-d-old chickens, P<0.05) but reduced it for enzymes-supplemeented diets. Changes in productive perfiormance with both additives were associated with changes in diet digestibility and nitrogen balance. 3. In experiment 2, enzyme supplementation reduced viscosity in jejunum and ileum and the mean retention time of digesta in the gut. Sepiolite inclusion significantly reduced the viscosity of jejunum digesta and modified the retention times of digesta in the gut, depending upon whether enzymes had been added. There was a decreased retention time without enzymes but an increase with enzyme supplementation. 4. Although different mechanisms are presumed for enzymes and sepiolite, both seem to counteract the negative effects of soluble, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the diet by modifying jejunal viscosity and improving organic matter digestibility.     

Further investigations on protein requirement of genetically lean and fat chickens

1. Genetically lean (LL) or fat (FL) chickens were fed from 28 to 42 d of age on one of 6 diets with different protein contents (from 73 to 208 g/kg). In order to keep a constant amino acid balance the experimental diets were made by diluting a well-balanced protein-rich diet with a protein-free diet. 2. Dietary protein influenced the growth rate of both genotypes similarly. However, maximum weight gain was reached in LL at a lower protein intake than in FL. 3. Regression between total protein gain (body protein + feather protein) or body protein gain and protein intake exhibited significantly different slopes, that of LL being superior to that of FL. 4. At a given protein intake, feather protein gain was also superior in LL to FL. Moreover feather protein, as a percentage of total protein gain, was superior in LL to FL. When the dietary protein fell below 126 g/kg, feather protein represented a higher proportion of total protein gain. 5. Multiple linear regressions of protein intake (as the dependent variable), and body weight and protein gain or weight gain (as the independent variables) suggest that the maintenance requirement for protein is similar in both lines but that the protein efficiency for growth is significantly superior in LL. 6. In a second experiment both genotypes were offered either a single high protein diet (232 g/kg) or a single medium protein diet (186 g/kg) or had free-choice between a high (269 g/kg) and a low protein (145 g/kg) diet. In free-choice feeding, FL chickens selected an overall dietary protein content which was significantly lower (179 v. 200 g/kg) to that of LL. In both genotypes, free-choice feeding led to fatter and less efficient chickens than predicted by the linear regression between adiposity or food conversion and protein content.     

饲料中添加钴、维生素B12对犊牛生长的影响

选用同一头黑白花种公牛与初产秦川母牛杂交产下的28头犊牛（产期接近）为试验牛,随机分为4组（试验1、试验2、试验3、试验4）,每组7头。试验1饲喂本场加工的犊牛精饲料,试验2、3、4组,在饲喂本场加工的犊牛精饲料基础上,另在每千克饲料中分别添加VB12 0．48mg、钴0.48g、钴和VB12各0.48g。试验结果表明：日增重,试验1与试验4相比差异极显著（P〈0．01）,试验1分别与试验2、试验3相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,试验4组分别与试验2、试验3组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验2与试验3相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Effect of protein and lysine levels in the diet on body gain composition and energy utilization in growing pigs

Eight replicates of four Large White littermate female pigs were used to evaluate the effect of protein and lysine levels in the diet on the efficiency of protein and energy utilization. In each replicate, one pig was slaughtered at about 20 kg live weight and the others received three diets that contained (per Mcal digestible energy) 37.5 and 2.00 g (diet pl), 37.5 and 2.35 g (diet pL) or 45.0 and 2.35 g (diet PL) of digestible protein and lysine, respectively. Pigs were slaughtered after a 7-wk period. Tissue and chemical composition of the gain and energy and nitrogen gain were determined by using the comparative slaughter technique. Metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were similar in the treatments. Pigs fed the pl diet had a smaller body weight and muscle gain and retained less nitrogen and more lipids than pigs fed pL and PL diets. The decrease in the level of nonessential nitrogen in the diet (pL vs PL) did not affect body weight and muscle gain and the amount of nitrogen retained in muscle tissues. However, pigs given the PL diet had a higher total nitrogen retention and a lower fat deposition and exhibited a higher heat production. For each gram of additional protein catabolized for energy purposes (PL vs pL), heat production was increased by 1.8 kcal. The amount of lysine per unit of muscle gain (38 g/kg) or protein deposited (120 g/kg) was independent of protein and lysine levels in the diet. Estimates of energy (indirect calorimetry) and nitrogen (balance technique) retention were also obtained on the same animals; results were comparable with data obtained by direct measurements.     

Dietary crude protein concentration does not affect the leucine requirement of growing dogs

The objective of the present study was to examine the interaction between graded levels of leucine and dietary crude protein. Dose–response curves were generated using four 3 × 3 Latin squares (two dogs/square). Each square represented one of two concentrations of crude protein (140 or 280 g/kg diet) and one of two combinations of three concentrations of leucine (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 g/kg diet or 9.0, 11 and 13 g/kg diet). An additional experiment was performed by feeding crude protein at 210 g/kg diet with either 7.0 or 11 g leucine/kg diet. Weight gain, food intake, nitrogen retention, plasma albumin and plasma amino acids were measured. The requirement was determined to be the minimum leucine concentration required to maximize weight gain and nitrogen retention. For 8–14-week-old male Beagle dogs, 140 g crude protein/kg diet in a diet containing 18 kJ metabolizable energy/g does not appear to support maximal growth. The leucine requirement was not affected by doubling the dietary crude protein level from 140 to 280 g/kg diet. From these results, the leucine requirement of 8–14-week-old Beagle dogs appears to be 11 g leucine/kg diet independent of the level of dietary crude protein, whereas dogs over 14 weeks require only 7 g leucine/kg diet for maximal nitrogen retention.     

Effect of cooking and methionine supplementation on nutritional value of bitter vetch seed as a feed ingredient for broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of applying heat treatment and methionine (Met) supplementation to improve the use of bitter vetch (BV) as a feed ingredient in the growth diet of broilers. A total of 540 Ross-308 chicks were fed various BV-supplemented diets between the ages of 35 and 49 days. The chicks were assigned randomly to one of nine experimental treatments, including raw and cooked bitter vetch seeds at two levels (100 and 200 g/kg) with or without Met (210 mg/kg) supplement and a corn–soybean-based diet as control. Results showed that feeding the 200-g/kg raw BV decreased feed intake by 52% in relation to the control diet (P < 0.05). Cooking the BV did not improve the feed intake. Met supplementation of 100 g/kg raw or cooked BV and 200 g/kg cooked BV resulted to a similar feed intake in the control group. Chicks fed with the 200 g/kg raw BV had an average depressed body weight gain of 90% in comparison to the birds fed with the control diet. The combination of cooking and Met supplementation of this diet resulted to a similar body weight gain to the control diet. Feeding 100 g/kg of raw or cooked BV also reduced (P < 0.05) body weight gain, and Met supplementation of these diets resulted in a body weight gain similar to the control group. Chicks fed with 100 g/kg of raw or cooked BV supplemented with Met or 200 g/kg of cooked BV plus Met has similar feed conversion ratio to the control group. In conclusion, heating BV seeds is not sufficient to overcome the limiting effects of BV seeds on feed intake and weight gain, and that Met supplementation does provide some improvement. The combination of cooking and Met supplementation was more efficient.     

补饲不同补充料对杂交牛增重效果的研究

为筛选效益较好的肉牛饲料配方,研究设计了3个饲料配方,用杂交牛进行了为期60 d的对比育肥试验,同时为探索肉牛饲料中蛋白质的过瘤胃保护效果,以3号配方配制的补充料为基础,用醋酸和甲醛对菜籽粕和豆粕进行了过瘤胃蛋白保护处理。结果表明:在配方筛选试验中,使用3号配方的第3组效果最好,日增重达1 273 g,饲料价格仅为1 500元/t。在过瘤胃蛋白保护处理中,以第4组甲醛保护的效果较理想,日增重达1 508 g,比未保护的对照组(第3组)提高18.46%;用醋酸保护的第5组,日增重为1 402 g,较对照组提高10.08%。     

Effect of clinoptilolite on performance of broiler chickens during experimental aflatoxicosis

1. The amelioration of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens was examined by feeding 2 concentrations of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite). Clinoptilolite (CLI), incorporated into the diet at 15 and 25 g/kg, was evaluated for its ability to reduce the deleterious effects of 2.5 mg total aflatoxin (AF; 76.40% AFB1, 16.12% AFB2, 6.01% AFG1 and 1.47% AFG in diet on growing broiler chicks from 1 to 21 d of age. A total of 360 broiler chicks were divided into 6 treatment groups (6 replicates of 10 broilers each): control, AF, CLI (15 g/kg), AF plus CLI (15 g/kg), CLI (25 g/kg), and AF plus CLI (25 g/kg). 2. Compared to controls, the treatment had significantly decreased body weight gain from week 1 onwards. The adverse effect of AF on food consumption (8.0%) and food conversion ratio (8.3%) was also shown over the entire 21-d feeding period. 3. The addition of CLI (15 g/kg) to an AF-containing diet significantly reduced the deleterious effects of AF on food consumption and body weight gain. Food conversion ratio was also slightly improved by adding CLI (15 g/kg) to AF-containing diets. Food consumption, body weight gain and food conversion ratio values were rendered numerically intermediate between AF and control groups by the addition of CLI (25 g/kg) to the AF-containing diet. 4. The addition of CLI (both 15 and 25 g/kg) to the AF-free diet did not produce any significant changes compared with the controls, except for decreased total food consumption in the CLI (25 g/kg)-alone group. 5. These results suggest that CLI (15 g/kg) addition effectively diminished the detrimental effects of AF on the values investigated. Also, the lower dietary concentration of CLI (15 g/kg) was more effective than the greater concentration against the adverse effects of AF on the variables investigated in this study.     

Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level

1. The effect of L-carnitine supplemented into experimental diets with varying dietary protein concentrations (50, 200 and 400 g/kg) on body weight gain and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in chicks was examined. 2. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation provided 0, 200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Chicks were given the diet ad libitum for 10 d. 3. When L-carnitine was provided as 500 or 1000 mg/kg, body weight gain was significantly improved in birds receiving the 200 and 400 g protein/kg diets. 4. There was an interaction between dietary L-carnitine and protein content on plasma IGF-I concentration. L-carnitine supplementation had little influence on plasma IGF-I concentrations in birds receiving the low protein (50 g/kg) diet. When dietary L-carnitine concentrations were increased from 0 to 1000 mg/kg in the adequate protein (200 g/kg) diet, plasma IGF-I concentrations were also increased. However, when dietary L-carnitine content was more than 500 mg/kg in the 400 g/kg protein group, plasma IGF-I concentration decreased with increasing dietary L-carnitine content. 5. Body weight change correlated significantly with the alteration in plasma IGF-I concentrations in chicks given diets with adequate dietary protein. 6. In conclusion, the improvement in body weight gain caused by dietary L-carnitine supplementation was achieved when chicks were given their dietary protein requirement, which may be partially explained by an increase in plasma IGF-I concentration.