海南典型农林废弃物生物炭特性分析

原料和裂解温度是影响生物炭属性的重要因子。选取海南椰壳、香蕉假茎、橡胶树枝等9种典型原料,分析其在3个温度下（300、500、700 ℃）真空裂解制备的生物炭属性及其内在关联,结果显示：（1）生物炭pH、碳氢比、比表面积和磷含量随温度升高而增加,而产率、氢和硫含量随温度升高而逐渐降低;碳氮含量、电导率以及钾、钙、镁、阳离子交换量等因原料不同随温度升高变化不一致;重金属含量都不超标。（2）生物炭中碳含量、碳氮比以及磷、钾、钙、镁含量与原料属性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。原料中钾含量是影响生物炭pH、电导率和阳离子交换量的重要因素。（3）综合考虑产率、含碳量、比表面积、阳离子交换量以及矿质元素等性质,蘑菇渣、椰子壳和香蕉茎生物炭表现最好,本研究可为我国热带地区筛选适宜生物炭原料提供参考。     

Changes in macro‐ and micronutrient contents of grasses and forbs following Miscanthus x giganteus feedstock,hydrochar and biochar application to temperate grassland

Biochar and hydrochar application to soil holds promise for climate change mitigation. This study provides first insights into the nutrient concentration and removal of grassland vegetation after addition of various carbon compounds together with pig slurry. Four treatments: control (no carbon application), feedstock, hydrochar and biochar from Miscanthus x giganteus were applied at a permanent grassland site near Giessen, Germany. Changes in plant functional groups, biomass production and nutrition status were monitored over 2 years. Total biomass production was not affected by the carbon amendments. However, biochar favoured growth of forbs over grasses, while legume growth was increased by all carbon amendments. The initial nutrient concentrations of the carbon compounds were enriched according to their degree of carbonization, potentially providing nutrients to plants. The plant biomass from hydro‐ and biochar amended plots, added up over 2 years, exhibited higher potassium concentrations compared to biomass from feedstock and control plots. All carbon amendments led to lower sodium concentrations in total biomass, compared to the control. Uncarbonized feedstock led to increased manganese concentrations in total biomass, while the concentrations of all other heavy metals were not influenced by any carbon amendment, compared to the control. From a plant and animal nutritional point of view, none of the carbon amendments reduced grassland yield or fodder quality. The study suggests that hydrochar and, even more so, biochar may provide a source of potassium to plants.     

生物炭与氮肥施用对双季稻田温室气体排放的影响

以我国南方双季稻田为研究对象,旨在探究生物炭与氮肥施用对稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验共设置5个处理,分别为不施氮肥不施生物炭(N0B0)、单施40 t/hm2生物炭(N0B2)、单施氮肥(N1B0)、氮肥配施20 t/hm2生物炭(N1B1)、氮肥配施40 t/hm2生物炭(N1B2).采用静态暗箱-气象色谱法连续监测...     

生物炭对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥的影响研究进展

随着畜禽养殖业规模的快速稳定发展,集约化、规模化畜禽养殖模式逐渐扩大,养殖过程中产生的畜禽粪便也随之增加,对环境造成的污染越来越严重。畜禽粪便直接还田会对农田土壤理化性质产生不良影响,堆肥可以使畜禽粪便中的污染物含量减低。传统的堆肥方法容易造成粪便营养成分的流失,在堆肥过程中添加生物炭可以调节并控制堆肥过程中重金属、温室气体等的排放,不仅可以减少对环境的污染,在堆肥施用后也可以有效活化土壤养分,改善土壤的理化性质。本文综述秸秆生物炭对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中堆体理化性质、气体排放、重金属钝化以及堆肥施用后对土壤性状的影响研究进展,对未来生物炭在畜禽粪便堆肥领域的发展趋势进行展望。     

生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用对热带菜地土壤硝化过程及N2O排放的影响

本研究以热带菜地土壤为对象,通过室内培养试验探讨生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用下土壤无机氮含量和强度及N₂O排放的变化规律,旨在明确施用生物炭和硝化抑制剂对热区土壤硝化过程的调控作用及对N₂O的减排效应。本试验设置4个处理：单施氮肥（N）,氮肥配施生物炭（N+Bc）,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂（N+Ni）以及氮肥同时配施生物炭和硝化抑制剂（N+Bc+Ni）。结果表明：培养期间,生物炭施用下土壤NO₃^--N强度显著提高15.8%,表明添加生物炭能够显著促进土壤硝化过程;硝化抑制剂添加下土壤NH₄⁺-N强度显著提高33.4%,表明硝化抑制剂的施用显著减缓硝化过程;此外,硝化抑制剂能够削弱由生物炭添加引起的激发硝化过程的效应,表明生物炭和硝化抑制剂对硝化过程影响存在交互效应。施用生物炭或硝化抑制剂都能降低NO₂^--N强度,其中硝化抑制剂作用更加显著;此外,生物炭或硝化抑制剂单独施用能够降低菜地土壤15.1%~68.3%的N₂O排放量,二者联合施用在一定程度上能够发挥更强的减排作用。综合来看,生物炭与硝化抑制剂联合施用有望在热带菜地土壤中发挥固碳和减排的双重功效。     

不同生物炭类型及添加量对土壤碳氮转化的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究不同生物炭类型(椰壳炭、稻壳炭、柠条炭)以及生物炭添加水平对不同土壤(砖红壤和水稻土)碳素转化的影响。结果表明,在施用等量尿素的情况下,随着生物炭添加量的增加土壤的有机碳含量显著提高。对土壤氮素转化的影响总体表现一致,土壤铵态氮含量逐渐减少,而硝态氮含量逐渐增加;添加1%、2%、5%生物炭的处理土壤NH_4~+-N含量分别比对照降低了13.3%~16.0%、18.6%~28.5%、51.1%~68.8%,NO_3~--N含量比对照提高了6.4%~13.3%、12.9%~19.7%、18.4%~22.7%,这可能与添加生物炭后土壤pH升高引起的氨挥发增加有关,然而其影响程度与土壤类型、生物炭类型和生物炭添加量密切相关。     

Rice husk biochar application to paddy soil and its effects on soil physical properties,plant growth,and methane emission

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of rice husk biochar on selected soil physical properties, rice growth, including root extension, and methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy field soil. Three replication experiments were conducted using outdoor pot experiments utilizing commercial rice husk biochar mixed with paddy soil at a rate of 0 (control), 2, and 4 % (weight biochar/weight soil) in which the rice was cultivated for 100 days under a continuously flooded condition. The physical properties of soils were analyzed before and after the growing periods. Some parameters of rice growth and CH₄ emissions of paddy soils were monitored weekly during the experiment. Root extension was also analyzed after harvesting. The experiments showed that the application of rice husk biochar improved the physical properties of paddy soils. It led to a decrease in bulk density and an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, including the total pore volume as well as the available soil water content. The shoot height of rice plants was significantly higher in soil amended with 4 % biochar than that in the control soil. However, other plant growth parameters and root extension were only slightly affected by the application. It was also found that amending soil with biochar led to a reduction of the total CH₄ emissions by 45.2 and 54.9 % for an application rate of 2 and 4 %, respectively, compared with the control. Our results showed that the higher the application rate, the stronger the effect of biochar was observed. More research is still necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.     

炭基复混肥氮钾缓释特性研究

为探究生物质炭及其用量对肥料养分的缓释效果,利用实验室圆盘造粒机制备了生物质炭用量为10%、20%、30%的炭基复混肥,采用土柱模拟淋溶法研究了炭基复混肥在土壤中氮、钾淋出率。结果表明:添加生物质炭能够减少肥料氮、钾淋出量,且随着生物质炭用量的增加炭基复混肥氮、钾素累积淋出率逐渐减小。当第10次淋溶时,生物质炭用量为10%、20%、30%炭基复混肥的氮素累积淋出率分别较不添加处理减少了6.03%、12.49%、33.72%,钾素累积淋出率较不添加处理分别减少了5.15%、5.29%、13.58%,且添加30%生物质炭处理显著大于其他处理。用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和抛物线方程对各处理养分释放曲线拟合,结果显示一级动力学方程拟合效果最好,可用于表征氮、钾素累积淋出率与时间的关系。      

生物炭添加对潮棕壤土壤性状及玉米生长的影响

采用田间微区试验方法,研究不同生物炭添加量[0(CK)、22.5 t/hm2(C1)、67.5 t/hm2(C2)和112.5 t/hm2(C3)]对玉米不同生长期土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,生物炭添加提高了土壤MBC和SOC含量,处理组C1、C2和C3的SOC含量较对照组CK增加20.9%、57.25%和93.23%,并且MBC占SOC比例的变化表明生物炭的添加促进了土壤MBC对土壤有机质(SOM)的贡献。另外,在生物炭添加处理下,土壤含水量和土壤MBC呈显著的正相关。生物炭的添加增加了开花期玉米的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数以及成熟期玉米的百粒重和产量。相比于对照组CK,处理组C2和C3株高增加15.99%、21.55%,茎粗增加13.77%、9.64%,产量增加23.23%、23.12%;处理组C1、C2和C3叶面积指数高于CK 13.89%、44.52%和47.26%。     

土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱生活史特征的影响

【目的】为评价土壤施用生物质炭在防治农作物害虫中的潜力,观察了土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱(Laodelphaxstriatellus)发育和生殖的影响。【方法】开展室内盆栽试验,采用生物质炭种类(玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆)与添加量（0、30和50g/kg）的2因素×3水平组合处理土壤,种植水稻苗、接种灰飞虱,观察灰飞虱的发育和生殖表现。【结果】1)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱若虫历期,当施用玉米或水稻生物质炭时,不同添加量之间的若虫历期无显著差异;当施用小麦生物质炭时,添加30g/kg生物质炭处理下的若虫历期比对照(18.70±0.30 d)延长1.54 d。2)生物质炭种类与添加量没有显著互作影响雌成虫寿命。添加量不影响,但生物质炭种类具有显著影响,施用玉米或小麦生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命比水稻生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命(23.70±0.48d)分别延长2.13 d或3.10 d。3)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱雌虫终身产卵量,施用生物质炭使生殖力下降,但下降幅度随生物质炭处理不同而异,当添加30g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理下的雌虫终身产卵量(176.40±6.84粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别多22.80粒或18.95粒;当添加50g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理的雌虫终身产卵量(140.30±3.26粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别少16.90粒或21.60粒。【结论】施用生物质炭可减弱灰飞虱的生殖力,减幅随生物质炭种类与添加量的不同而异。     

土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱生活史特征的影响

【目的】为评价土壤施用生物质炭在防治农作物害虫中的潜力,观察了土壤施用生物质炭对取食水稻的灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)发育和生殖的影响。【方法】开展室内盆栽试验,采用生物质炭种类(玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆)与添加量(0、30和50 g/kg)的2因素×3水平组合处理土壤,种植水稻苗、接种灰飞虱,观察灰飞虱的发育和生殖表现。【结果】1)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱若虫历期,当施用玉米或水稻生物质炭时,不同添加量之间的若虫历期无显著差异;当施用小麦生物质炭时,添加30 g/kg生物质炭处理下的若虫历期比对照(18.70±0.30 d)延长1.54 d。2)生物质炭种类与添加量没有显著互作影响雌成虫寿命。添加量不影响,但生物质炭种类具有显著影响,施用玉米或小麦生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命比水稻生物质炭处理雌成虫寿命(23.70±0.48 d)分别延长2.13 d或3.10 d。3)生物质炭种类与添加量互作影响灰飞虱雌虫终身产卵量,施用生物质炭使生殖力下降,但下降幅度随生物质炭处理不同而异,当添加30 g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理下的雌虫终身产卵量(176.40±6.84粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别多22.80粒或18.95粒;当添加50 g/kg生物质炭时,施用玉米生物质炭处理的雌虫终身产卵量(140.30±3.26粒)比施用水稻或小麦生物质炭处理分别少16.90粒或21.60粒。【结论】施用生物质炭可减弱灰飞虱的生殖力,减幅随生物质炭种类与添加量的不同而异。     

TDZ对尾细桉叶片离体再生的影响

为合理利用生物质炭改良热带地区土壤提供理论依据,通过培养试验,研究不同水分培养条件下添加生物质炭对砖红壤pH及养分含量的影响。结果表明,生物质炭能显著提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳及全N、全P和全K的含量;淹水显著提高添加了生物质炭的土壤碱解N含量,但极大地降低了其速效P和速效K含量。说明利用生物质炭改良热带土壤时,要根据改良目的合理进行水分管理。     

裂解温度对海南不同材料生物炭理化特性的影响

为探求热带地区生物质在制备生物炭时对温度的响应,以热带地区植物桉树、橡胶树和椰糠为原料,在300、500和700℃下制备成桉树炭(E)、橡胶树炭(RT)和椰糠炭(SC),利用元素分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)和傅立叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)等研究不同裂解温度对生物炭的酸碱度、结构及元素组成和含...     

Effects and fate of biochar from rice residues in rice-based systems

Although crop residues constitute an enormous resource, actual residue management practices in rice-based systems have various negative side effects and contribute to global warming. The concept of a combined bioenergy/biochar system could tackle these problems in a new way. Rice residues would be used for energy production, thereby reducing field burning and the use of fossil fuels, and the biochar by-product could help to improve soils, avoid methane emissions, and sequester carbon in soils. To examine some of these promises, we conducted field experiments from 2005 to 2008 in three different rice production systems. Objectives were to study the effect of biochar from rice husks on soil characteristics, assess the stability of carbonized rice residues in these different systems, and evaluate the agronomic effect of biochar applications. The results showed that application of untreated and carbonized rice husks (RH and CRH) increased total organic carbon, total soil N, the C/N ratio, and available P and K. Not significant or small effects were observed for soil reaction, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and the CEC. On a fertile soil, the high C/N ratio of CRH seemed to have limited N availability, thereby slightly reducing grain yields in the first three seasons after application. On a poor soil, where the crop also suffered from water stress, soil chemical and physical improvements increased yields by 16-35%. Together with a parallel study including methane and CO₂ emission measurements at one site, the results strongly suggest that CRH is very stable in various rice soils and systems, possibly for thousands of years. However, the study also showed that CRH was very mobile in some soils. Especially in poor sandy soil, about half of the applied carbon seemed to have moved below 0.30 m in the soil profile within 4 years after application. We concluded that biochar from rice residues can be beneficial in rice-based systems but that actual effects on soil fertility, grain yield, and soil organic carbon will depend on site-specific conditions. Long-term studies on biochar in field trials seem essential to better understand biochar effects and to investigate its behavior in soils.     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨生物炭长期施用对酸化茶园土壤改良和真菌群落结构的影响,分析了按生物炭用量0、2.5、5、10、20、40 t·hm-2施用5年后的茶园土壤性状和真菌群落结构变化.结果表明,施用生物炭5年后的茶园土壤pH提高了0.16～1.11,可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6％～92.3％,而铵态氮和硝态氮含量以10 t·hm-2...     

施生物炭和有机肥对白浆土理化性质和玉米产量的影响

分析施不同量生物炭（C0、C1、C2、C3）及有机肥（OM）对白浆土理化性质及玉米产量的影响。两年试验结果表明,与常规对照（C0）相比,施15 000 kg/hm²生物炭（C1）对玉米增产不显著,施用高量生物炭（C2、C3）和有机肥均增产,最高增产31.3%,C2与C3处理的产量差异不显著。与常规对照相比,施生物炭可显著提高土壤pH值、有机质、全N、有效钾的含量,且随着施用量增加,提高幅度增加;施有机肥增加了土壤有机质和全氮含量。施生物炭可显著降低土壤交换性H⁺和交换性Al³⁺含量,施有机肥对其降低效果不显著。施生物炭以30 000 kg/hm²改良白浆土效果最佳;从经济效益考虑,施用有机肥更适宜推广应用。     

Rice yield and soil carbon dynamics over three years of applying rice husk charcoal to an Andosol paddy field

Rice husk charcoal (RC) produced from the pyrolysis of rice husk (RH) can be one of the cost-effective biochars for use in rice-based farming systems. This study investigated changes in rice yield and soil carbon sequestration over three years of RC application to an Andosol paddy field. The treatments were RC application at 0.02, 0.2, and 2 kg m^?2 (RC0.02, RC0.2, and RC2, respectively), RH application at 0.2 kg m^?2 (RH0.2), and a control with no RC or RH application (CONT). The results showed that RC2 increased culm length by 4% and straw weight by 14% on average over the three years. These increases in plant growth coincided with a higher level of silicon uptake by the rice plants, although they did not significantly affect grain yield. The soil carbon content was progressively increased by RC2 over the three years, whereas it was not significantly affected by RC0.02 or RC0.2. A considerable amount (>72%) of the applied carbon with RC2 remained in the soil by taking account of its downward movement below the 10 cm layer of the paddy field after three consecutive years of RC application. We conclude that rice husk charcoal application to Andosol paddy fields is an effective option for increasing carbon sequestration. Furthermore, the increase in silicon uptake by rice plants suggests that rice husk charcoal can also be functioning as a silicon fertilizer.     

施用石灰与生物炭对酸性土壤花生氮素吸收及产量的影响

为明确石灰与生物炭对酸化土壤改良及花生氮营养的作用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究了石灰、生物炭单施与配施对酸化土壤性质、花生氮素吸收利用及生长发育的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,单施石灰显著提高了土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮和交换性钙含量,花生植株氮吸收量和收获指数显著增加13.1%和4.6%,花生生物量和产量显著提高11.7%和16.1%;单施生物炭显著增加了土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮含量和土壤碳氮比,但对花生氮吸收量、生物量和产量无显著影响;表明酸性土壤明显抑制了花生生长,单施石灰促进花生生长及氮高效利用效果优于生物炭。石灰与生物炭配施后,土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、交换性钙含量及碳氮比更协调,花生植株氮吸收量、氮利用率、生物量和产量均得到进一步提高。所有处理中,4500 kg/hm²生物炭配施450 kg/hm²石灰处理的花生植株氮吸收量、氮收获指数、氮利用率、生物量及产量最高,分别比CK增加30.7%、8.7%、5.7%、27.6%和35.8%。因此,4500 kg/hm²石灰和450 kg/hm²生物炭配施是酸性土壤改良、氮素高效及花生高产栽培的有效手段。     

秸秆还田对玉米产量和土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

研究秸秆还田对土壤团聚体组成、有机碳分布及玉米产量的影响,为秸秆合理利用与土壤培肥提供科学依据。采用田间定位试验的方法,研究秸秆还田(SNPK)和生物炭还田(BNPK)处理对玉米产量,土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳分布的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,SNPK和BNPK处理4年后玉米产量分别提高6.95%和4.83%;SNPK和BNPK处理均提高了0~20 cm土层2 mm团聚体含量,降低0.25 mm团聚体含量,均降低21~40 cm土层中2 mm团聚体含量;SNPK处理提高0~20 cm土层有机碳含量14.11%,BNPK处理对土壤有机碳提高不明显,二者均提高0~20 cm土层中0.25~1 mm和0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量;SNPK处理明显提高0~20 cm土层2 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率,BNPK处理对各粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率影响不明显。长期秸秆还田和生物炭还田能够改变土壤团聚体的分布,有利于土壤结构的形成,提高土壤固碳能力,增加玉米产量。     

Influence of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar on Floodwater pH and Yield Components of Rice Cultivated on Acid Sulphate Soil under Rice Intensification Practices

Abstract

Rice has a vital role in food security but the production is limited in infertile and degraded soils. Rice is cultivated on acid sulphate soil in the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia. Soil amendment using biological charcoal (biochar) increases the soil fertility. Thus, empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) was applied in a pot experiment under a controlled environment using an organic system of rice intensification (SRI) practice and its effects on the floodwater pH, acid sulphate soil properties and growth performance of rice and yield of rice MR219 were preliminarily investigated. EFBB increased grain yield by 141 to 472%. Plant growth and yield parameters in EFBB amended soils were significantly higher than in soil without biochar. The number of tillers increased significantly with the increase in biochar applied; 28 tillers were produced in the control, while up to 80 tillers were produced in the plots applied 40 t ha^–1 EFBB. Moreover, the decline of Al³⁺ in flood water indicated that EFBB mitigated Al³⁺ toxicity. Soil water pH increased from 3.5 to 6 with increasing EFBB application rates. The grain yield was linearly correlated to the application rate of EFBB. This pot study demonstrates that the application of EFBB combined with organic fertilization and intermittent irrigation has the potential to improve rice yield on acid sulphate soil. Further study in the field is warranted to determine the effect of EFBB on large scale rice production.