生糖底物和神经内分泌因子对新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA表达水平的影响

在原代单层培养的新生犊牛肝细胞培养液中分别加入不同浓度丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠、胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦蛋白，培养12h后，应用半定量RT-PCR方法检测体外培养的肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的丰度。结果显示，随着丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠浓度的升高，肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的丰度均先升高后下降（P〈0．01）；随胰岛素、胰高血糖素和瘦蛋白浓度的升高，肝细胞PEPCK-C mRNA的丰度分别剂量依赖性地降低、升高（P〈0．01）和无显著变化。表明，丙酸钠、丙酮酸钠能通过上调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的表达而促进肝糖异生代谢，但上调作用是有限的；胰岛素能通过下调体外培养的新生犊牛肝细胞PEPCK—C mRNA的表达而抑制肝糖异生代谢，且下调作用呈剂量依赖性；胰高血糖素与胰岛素作用刚好相反；瘦蛋白未起直接的调节作用。     

Effects of isoenergetic infusions of propionate and glucose on portal-drained visceral nutrient flux and concentrations of hormones in lambs maintained by total intragastric infusion

Three lambs were used in a repeated Latin square design to determine the influence of isoenergetic infusions of propionate or glucose on portal-drained visceral flux (PDV) of nutrients and concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and prolactin. Lambs were fitted with appropriate catheters for blood sampling and maintained on total intragastric infusion of nutrients. Basal VFA, casein, mineral and vitamin infusions (isocaloric and isonitrogenous) were supplemented with an additional 22 +/- .5 kcal/h from propionate, glucose or a combination of propionate plus glucose. Ruminal fluid proportion and arterial blood concentration and PDV flux of propionate increased (P less than .10) by 17 mol/100 mol, .02 mM and 40 mmol/h, respectively, with infusion of an additional 61 mmol/h of propionate. Regression equations predicted that, on a net basis, 67% of ruminally infused propionate and 43% of abomasally infused glucose appeared in portal blood. Arterial L-lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate concentrations, and beta-hydroxybutyrate flux were increased (P less than .10) by .34 mM, .20 mM, .50 mM and 4.2 mmol/h, respectively, with infusion of 33 mmol/h of added glucose. Net utilization of glucose by the PDV was approximately 4.4 mmol/h when no glucose was infused. Increased infusion of propionate resulted in a 22.2-micrograms/h increase in PDV flux of insulin (P less than .08) but had no effect on arterial insulin, glucagon and prolactin concentrations (P greater than .10). Arterial growth hormone increased by 3.8 ng/ml with increasing glucose infusion (P less than .08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of prenatal testosterone treatment on nitrogen utilization and endocrine status of ewe lambs

Thirty-eight pregnant Suffolk ewes were assigned randomly to a control group or implanted with approximately 2 g of testosterone propionate (TP) when they were between d 40 and 60 of gestation. Implants were removed 3 wk prior to lambing. Five ewe lambs born to implanted ewes and ten ewe lambs born to nonimplanted ewes were utilized in this experiment. Ram lambs were not used in this trial. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed for fecal, urinary and total N excretion and amount of N absorbed. Nitrogen retained (percentage of N intake and g/d) was higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs than in control ewe lambs. Plasma insulin concentrations averaged 99% higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations averaged 29% higher (P less than .06) in ewe lambs treated prenatally with testosterone. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations averaged 41% higher (P less than .05) in prenatally androgenized ewe lambs. Significant (P less than .05) treatment x time effects were observed in plasma thyroxine, glucose and urea N concentrations of prenatally androgenized vs control ewe lambs. These significant modifications in the plasma metabolite and endocrine status could be an important element of the physiological mechanism(s) by which prenatal androgenization improves growth performance and leanness of ewe lambs.     

Developmental alterations in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion in Holstein calves

Twenty-one Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned at birth to 3 groups. Two groups (each of 7 calves) were raised as follows: fed a milk diet alone or fed milk with grain supplementation after 2 weeks of age; studies were done when calves reached 4 weeks of age. The 3rd group was fed on milk with grain supplementation until weaning after which the calves were maintained on grain and pasture. These calves (older calves) were studied at 12 weeks of age. Either propionate (0.28 mmol/kg) or glucose (0.56 mmol/kg) was injected IV in a random order. Samples of blood were obtained from the calves before and immediately after injections were done and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after secretagogue injection. Plasma was examined for glucose by a glucose oxidase procedure and for immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) by radioimmunoassay. The IRI response to the injection of glucose was greater in older calves (P less than 0.02). Patterns of IRI secretion, as determined by heterogeneity of regression, showed age differences for both secretagogues (P less than 0.05). Base-line IRG was greater in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves (P less than 0.05). Mean IRG response to propionate injection was higher (P less than 0.05) in milk/grain-fed calves than in milk-fed calves. Plasma glucose concentration increased in older calves, but decreased in milk-fed calves after propionate injection. The data indicate that maturation in the ruminant is accompanied by altered regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃及后肠发酵的影响研究

本试验旨在探讨高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃和后肠发酵的影响。试验选用3头干奶期荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,阿卡波糖添加剂量为0,0.5和1.0 g/d,试验分3期进行,每期21 d。结果表明,与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了奶牛瘤胃液中丙酸浓度(P<0.05),提高了乙丙比(P<0.05),但对瘤胃pH值、乳酸、乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了粪便pH值和氨氮浓度(P<0.05),提高了乳酸、丁酸和异戊酸浓度(P<0.05),但对乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙丙比无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果说明,高精料日粮下长期添加阿卡波糖虽可影响瘤胃液中个别挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,但对瘤胃整体发酵和瘤胃pH值无显著影响,此外,添加阿卡波糖可增加后肠发酵,并可能对后肠健康带来潜在危害。     

Relationships between plasma concentrations of placental lactogen, insulin-like growth factors, metabolites and lamb size in late gestation ewes subject to nutritional supplementation and in their lambs at birth

The relationships between placental lactogen (PL), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1 and -2, insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were studied in 10 triplet-bearing ewes in late gestation (120-129 days) which were on ad libitum feeding. To extend the range of plasma metabolite concentrations the ewes received a continuous abomasal infusion from 100 days of gestation until delivery. Three were infused with glucose (160 g/day), 2 received sodium caseinate and 3 were infused with control fluid alone. From 120 days the animals were fed 3 hourly intervals from a belt feeder to achieve steady state and at 125-130 days had intravenous plasma samples pooled for analysis. There was no effect of nutritional supplementation on birth weight. Casein supplementation was associated with reduced maternal PL concentrations but glucose supplementation had no effect on PL concentrations. Circulating PL concentrations showed a positive correlation to IGF-2 activity (r = 0.64, P less than 0.05) and a negative relation to IGF-1 concentrations (r = -0.73, P less than 0.05). IGF-1 levels were higher (P less than 0.05) and IGF-2 levels were lower (P less than 0.05) in nutritionally supplemented ewes. In the ewe, NEFA concentrations showed a negative relationship to IGF-1 (r = -0.75, P less than 0.05) and a positive relationship with IGF-2 (r = 0.87, P less than 0.1). Similar relationships were observed in the ewe at term. These observations suggest that nutritional factors and PL may be important determinants of IGF-2 secretion in the late-gestation ewe. They suggest the possibility that IGF-2 mediates the lipolytic effects of PL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

湖羊不同发育阶段卵泡内代谢产物和激素含量的比较研究

本试验旨在研究代谢产物、代谢激素和生殖激素在湖羊黄体期不同发育卵泡内的变化。选用体质量40kg左右的湖羊11头,同期发情结束后第12天屠宰,按不同大小卵泡分离卵泡液。试验结果表明,与≤2.5mm卵泡相比,>2.5mm卵泡内的葡萄糖浓度显著提高(P<0.05),胰高血糖素浓度显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和睾酮浓度极显著降低(P<0.01),雌二醇浓度极显著提高(P<0.01),而血氨、游离脂肪酸、尿素、胰岛素和孕酮浓度差异不显著。雌二醇浓度与LDH活性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与葡萄糖浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与胰高血糖素浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与睾酮浓度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与孕酮浓度接近正相关(P=0.051)。试验结果表明代谢产物和激素共同参与调节卵泡发育。     

静脉灌注VFA盐对水牛采食量及血浆某些代谢物和激素水平影响的研究

3头健康雄性去势水牛 ,在正常饲养 (NF)和禁食 2 4h后 (FA) 2种状态下 ,经颈静脉分别灌注 50 0mL的 2mol/L丙酸钠、 1mol/L乙酸钠和 2mol/L乙酸钠。3头正常饲养牛灌注等量生理盐水作为对照。分时段经颈静脉血管瘘管采集血样 ,测定血浆葡萄糖、胰岛素和IGF Ⅰ及各时段采食量。NF动物灌注丙酸钠后 6h内的采食量显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5) ;灌注乙酸钠 ,低浓度在 3h和 2 4h有显著影响 (P <0 0 1 ) ,高浓度对全天的采食量均有显著影响(P <0 0 1 ,P <0 0 0 1 )。灌注后 ,胰岛素水平均显著地高于对照组。灌注丙酸钠后 ,血液葡萄糖水平低于灌注前和同期对照组的水平 ,乙酸钠对血糖无影响。灌注丙酸钠或乙酸钠后 ,血浆IGF Ⅰ水平下降 ,但差异不显著。FA动物灌注丙酸钠 ,采食量均显著低于对照组。乙酸钠对采食没有显著影响。血浆胰岛素水平在灌注后均显著升高。灌注丙酸钠后 ,血糖水平在 6h内显著高于其他组。乙酸钠无明显影响。丙酸钠灌注后血浆IGF Ⅰ水平比灌注前上升差异显著 ,乙酸钠灌注组显著下降 (P <0 0 5)。     

Effect of dietary energy restriction on metabolic and endocrine responses during the estrous cycle of the suckled beef cow

A replicated trial was conducted with suckled Angus and Polled Hereford cows (110 d postcalving) to determine metabolic and endocrine responses to an energy-restricted diet after cows had re-established postpartum estrous cyclicity. Cows were individually fed 26.5 Mcal ME (H) or 15.2 Mcal ME (L) for a 30-d preliminary period and fitted with an indwelling jugular cannula at synchronized estrus. Average daily weight change during the estrous cycle was .60 +/- .25 and -1.37 +/- .30 kg/d for H and L, respectively (P less than .05). Blood concentrations of cortisol, progesterone and LH during the estrous cycle were not affected by diet, nor did diet affect frequency or amplitude of LH pulses (P greater than .05). No dietary differences were observed for daily concentrations of total protein, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids or acetate. Mean blood concentrations of propionate and butyrate were not different between diets; however, L cows had lower concentrations of propionate and butyrate on d 11 of the cycle (P less than .05). Cows fed L had higher concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (P less than .05), but they had lower concentrations of cholesterol (P less than .05) on d 4, 11, 18 and subsequent estrus (E). Insulin was not different on d 4 and 11; however, cows fed L had lower insulin concentrations on d 18 and d E (P less than .05). Dietary energy restriction in these cyclic cows caused no change in endocrine responses. Of metabolic responses measured, only blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and insulin showed consistent changes.     

Propionate is not an important regulator of plasma leptin concentration in dairy cattle

Propionate was recently shown to increase leptin synthesis in rodents. To determine if a similar effect occurs in ruminants, propionate was administered to lactating dairy cows. In experiment 1, 31 cows were given an intrajugular Na propionate bolus (1,040 micromol/kg body weight), increasing plasma propionate from 160 to 5,680 microM and plasma insulin from 6.8 to 77.8 microIU/mL. Plasma leptin concentration decreased from 2.11 ng/mL before bolus to 1.99 ng/mL after dosing (P<0.05) with no differences in leptin concentrations at 20, 50, and 100 min post-bolus (P>0.10). In experiment 2, 12 cows were used in a duplicated 6 x 6 Latin square experiment to assess the dose-response effect of ruminal propionate infusion on plasma leptin concentration. Sodium propionate was infused at rates of 0, 260, 520, 780, 1040, or 1,300 mmol/h, while total short-chain fatty acid infusion rate was held constant at 1,300 mmol/h by addition of Na acetate to the infusate. Coccygeal blood was sampled following 18 h of infusion. Increasing the rate of propionate infusion linearly increased plasma propionate concentration from 180 to 330 microM (P<0.001) and plasma insulin concentration from 6.7 to 9.1 microIU/mL (P<0.05). There was a quadratic response in plasma leptin concentration (P=0.04) with a maximum at 780 mmol/h propionate, but leptin concentrations increased by no more than 8% relative to the 0 mmol/h propionate infusion. Leptin concentrations were correlated with insulin concentrations but not with propionate concentrations in plasma. Propionate is not a physiological regulator of leptin secretion in lactating dairy cows.     

Effect of intravenous injection of acetate on the pancreas of sheep

The effect of an intravenous injection of acetate on plasma insulin and glucagon concentration was examined in conscious sheep. Sodium acetate (312 to 5000 mumol kg-1 bodyweight) injection increased plasma insulin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma glucagon concentration was not affected by doses up to 1250 mumol kg-1. Doses of 2500 and 5000 mumol kg-1 produced significant increases (P less than 0.05), but not in a dose related manner. The results of this study indicate that the receptive mechanism of the A cell in the sheep pancreas to acetate might be different from that of the B cell.     

Oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in vitro is decreased by the presence of other metabolic fuels

The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in the presence of other metabolic fuels in vitro. A mixed mucosal primary cell culture containing enterocytes was isolated from crossbred wether sheep (n = 6) fed a mixed forage-concentrate diet and incubated for 90 min with 1 mM U-14C-glucose, -glutamate, or -glutamine and additional substrates (water as negative control, acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, glutamate, or glutamine) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM. Oxidation of labeled substrates to CO2 and net production of lactate and pyruvate in incubation media were measured. Oxidation of glucose and glutamine to CO2 was decreased (P < 0.05) by 5 to 40% in the presence of additional substrates except acetate. Our observation that glutamine oxidation can be decreased by the presence of additional substrates is contrary to observations in the literature using enterocytes from nonruminants, indicating that ruminant enterocytes might rely on glutamine to a lesser extent as an energy source. Net glucose utilization was decreased (P < 0.05) 16% by propionate (10 mM) compared with control but was not affected by the other additional substrates. Glutamate oxidation to CO2 was decreased 28% (P < 0.05) in the presence of propionate (10 mM) or by 17 and 33% in the presence of glutamine (1.0 and 10 mM, respectively), but not by that of the other additional substrates. Acetate did not affect the oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine. Propionate decreased (P < 0.05) the oxidation of glucose and glutamate only at the highest concentration (10 mM), indicating that the sparing effects of propionate on substrate oxidation are affected by its concentration in the incubation media. These observations indicate that ruminant enterocytes possess metabolic flexibility for oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamine, and glutamate depending on the type and concentration of available additional substrates.     

Plasma concentration of anti-diuretic hormone and urine volume in response to intraruminal administration of acetate, propinata and butyrate in suckling calves

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate were intraruminally administered to dry feed-fed suckling calves to evaluate their effects on plasma ketone bodies, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations, and urine volume. Four male Holstein calves (5–7 weeks old) were given 1.0 L of warm water or 0.5 mole of one of the acids in 1.0 L of warm water. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was adopted for the experiment. The acetate group showed significantly higher plasma acetate concentrations than the other three groups between 0.25 h and 2.0 h after administration ( P  < 0.01). Plasma glucose concentrations did not differ markedly among the groups. The butyrate group showed significantly higher plasma ketone body concentrations than the other three groups until the end of the experiment ( P  < 0.01). Plasma ADH concentrations quickly rose in the butyrate group and remained significantly higher than in the other three groups from 0.25 h to 2.5 h after administration ( P  < 0.05). In accordance with the elevation of plasma ADH levels, the butyrate group showed decreases in urine volume and increases in urine osmolarity ( P  < 0.05). Plasma osmolarity and hematocrit values (Ht) were not different among the groups. These results suggest that the administration of acetate and propionate had little effect on ADH secretion.     

Differences in Reproductive Performance, Embryo Development, Interferon-tau Secretion by the Conceptus and Luteal Function in Ewe Lambs Synchronized in Oestrus before or after the Spontaneous Onset of Luteal Activity Preceding Puberty

In mid-September, 1 month before the insertion of intravaginal pessaries to induce sexual activity, blood samples were collected every 4 days from 16 ewe lambs aged 7 months, in order to determine the incidence of ovulations by measurement of plasma progesterone concentrations. It has been studied whether the response to a progestagen treatment of ewe lambs apparently close to puberty could be modified by the onset of the ovarian events preceding puberty. The effect of the presence or absence of ovulations prior to progestagen treatment on the potential reproductive performance (fertility, litter size and fecundity), embryo development [embryo quality and interferon-tau (IFNτ) secretion], luteal function (progesterone secretion in vitro ) and endometrial progesterone content was studied in seven ovulating (Ov+) and nine nonovulating ewe lambs (Ov−) on day 14 after mating. The best potential reproductive results were obtained with Ov+ animals, although these differences could not be initially attributed to either different progesterone secretion in vitro or concentration of endometrial progesterone. Irrespective of the experimental groups, secretion of progesterone by luteal tissue from ewe lambs with normal embryos was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of animals with abnormal embryos or with no embryos. Normal embryos secreted a higher amount of IFN-τ than those embryos classified as abnormal (p<0.07). In conclusion, ewe lambs which exhibit luteal activity before puberty have the highest levels of reproductive performances after a progestagen treatment. Corpora lutea from ewe lambs with normal embryos had higher rates of progesterone secretion in vitro and their embryos had a higher IFN-τ production by the embryos, indicating greater capacity for subsequent development.     

Melengestrol acetate alters muscle cell proliferation in heifers and steers

In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the effects of melengestrol acetate (MGA) or progesterone (P4) on bovine muscle satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts. Addition of MGA at physiological and supraphysiological concentrations resulted in a dose-dependent decrease (P < 0.05) in DNA synthesis as measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation (TI). Similarly, P4 addition (0.01 nM) reduced (P < 0.05) TI. Addition of MGA (10 nM) increased (P < 0.05) IGF-I mRNA abundance but did not affect myogenin mRNA. Progesterone addition (10 nM) increased myogenin mRNA abundance (P < 0.05). In C2C12 cultures, P4 addition resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in TI. The antiprogestin RU486, in combination with MGA or P4, also resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) TI. Treatment with RU486 alone had a negative effect (P < 0.05) on TI that was similar to the progestins. Treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with MGA (100 nM) resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in myogenin mRNA. These studies suggest that progestins may reduce satellite cell proliferation, ultimately affecting carcass composition.     

Effects of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on plasma concentration of growth hormone and insulin in sheep.

In an initial experiment we observed postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin (SRIF) in sheep. We then examined whether increasing the rumen concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) by infusing a VFA mixture at three rates (53.5, 107, and 214 micromol/kg/min for 4 hr) mimicked the postprandial changes in hormone secretion. Feeding significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the plasma GH concentration for 6 hr, whereas it significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and SRIF. Plasma glucose levels tended to decrease after feeding but then gradually increased over the prefeeding level (P < 0.05). Intraruminal infusion of the VFA mixture at 107 micromol/kg/min caused similar changes in ruminal VFA concentrations to those seen after feeding. The infusion significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed GH secretion in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in insulin and glucose concentrations without changing glucagon concentrations. From these results, we conclude that the postprandial change in ruminal VFA concentration may be a physiological signal which modifies GH and insulin secretion in sheep.     

Hepatic morphology and effects of intravenous injection of sodium propionate on plasma propionate and glucose in fed and fasted dairy cattle

Sodium propionate (3 mmol/kg) was injected IV into 8 nonlactating dairy cows before and after 6 days (144 hours) of fasting. During fasting, long-chain fatty acids in plasma increased from 0.30 +/- 0.05 (SE) mM to 1.09 +/- 0.15 mM (P less than 0.05). Liver fat increased from 0.5 +/- 0.3% to 9.3 +/- 1.7% (P less than 0.05). Half-life of injected sodium propionate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 7.6 +/- 0.5 minutes to 10.1 +/- 1.0 minutes during fasting. Sulfobromophthalein half-life did not change significantly (3.8 +/- 0.79 minutes to 5.3 +/- 1.3 minutes). Increases in plasma glucose concentrations after propionate loading were significantly less during fasting than during feeding. Thus, the change in glucose concentration served as an indicator of hepatic conversion of propionate to glucose. Increases in glucose concentration of less than 2 mM at 30 minutes after propionate loading indicated that liver function was altered in nonlactating dairy cows.     

Influence of cobalt concentration on vitamin B12 production and fermentation of mixed ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture flow-through fermentors

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary concentrations of Co on vitamin B12 production and fermentation of mixed ruminal microbes grown in continuous culture fermentors. Four fermentors were fed 14 g of DM/d. The DM consisted of a corn and cottonseed hull-based diet with Co supplemented as CoCO3. Dietary treatments were 1) control (containing 0.05 mg of Co/kg of DM), 2) 0.05 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM, 3) 0.10 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM, and 4) 1.0 mg of supplemental Co/kg of DM. After a 3-d adjustment period, fermentors were sampled over a 3-d sampling period. This process was repeated 2 additional times for a total of 3 runs. Ruminal fluid vitamin B12 concentrations were affected by Co supplementation (P < 0.01), and there was a treatment x day interaction (P < 0.01). By sampling d 3, cultures fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.10 mg of Co/kg had greater (P < 0.05) vitamin B12 concentrations than those supplemented with 0.05 mg of Co/kg of DM, and increasing supplemental Co from 0.10 to 1.0 mg/kg of DM increased (P < 0.01) ruminal fluid vitamin B12 concentration. Ruminal fluid succinate also was affected (P < 0.10) by a treatment x day interaction. Cobalt supplementation to the control diet greatly decreased (P < 0.05) succinate in ruminal cultures on sampling d 3 but not on d 1 or 2. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate, and acetate:propionate were not affected by the addition of supplemental Co to the basal diet. However, molar proportions of butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate increased (P < 0.05) in response to supplemental Co. The majority of long-chain fatty acids observed in this study were not affected by Co supplementation. However, percentages of C18:0 fatty acids in ruminal cultures tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for Co-supplemented diets relative to the control. Methane, ammonia, and pH were not greatly affected by Co supplementation. The results indicate that a total (diet plus supplemental) Co concentration of 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg of dietary DM resulted in adequate vitamin B12 production to meet the requirements of ruminal microorganisms fed a high-concentrate diet in continuous-flow fermentors.     

不同能量水平对羊生产性能及激素水平的影响

选用山羊和绵羊各21只,研究能量水平对羊采食量(DMI)、日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、胰岛素、生长激素和孕酮浓度的影响。结果表明:绵羊的DMI显著大于山羊的(P<0．05),低能量水平下,绵羊的DMI显著大于山羊的(P<0．05)。绵羊的ADG显著高于山羊的(P<0．05),高能量水平下两种羊的ADG显著高于低能量水平的(P <0．05),FCR在绵羊与山羊之间、不同能量水平之间及互作之间都不显著(P>0．05)。试验前期山羊血清胰岛素水平显著大于绵羊的(P<0．05),在低能量水平下,山羊的血清胰岛素浓度显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05)。试验前期山羊的孕酮水平显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05),高能量水平下的孕酮极显著地高于中、低能量水平下的孕酮(P<0．01),中等能量水平下,山羊的孕酮浓度显著高于绵羊的(P<0．05)。     

Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm) on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of coastal bermudagrass, soluble starch and amino acids. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media for either 24 h (Amaferm alone, soluble starch, amino acids) or 48 h (bermudagrass). Amaferm was added to the incubation bottles (n = 4) at concentrations of 0, .4 or 1.0 g/liter. When mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated with only Amaferm, the 1.0 g/liter concentration increased the production of hydrogen (H2; P less than .001), methane (CH4; P less than .01), acetate (P less than .05), butyrate (P less than .01), total VFA (P less than .05) and NH3 (P less than .05). Addition of both levels of Amaferm to soluble-starch fermentations tended to enhance the production of H2 (P less than .11), CH4 (P less than .15), acetate (P less than .29) and total VFA (P less than .19); propionate production was increased (P less than .10) by 1.0 g/liter Amaferm, resulting in a decrease (P less than .05) in the acetate:propionate ratio. Fermentation of amino acids plus 1.0 g/liter Amaferm enhanced the production of acetate (P less than .05), propionate (P less than .05), valerate (P less than .01) and total VFA (P less than .10) and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P less than .05). In addition, NH3 production tended (P less than .19) to increase with both levels of Amaferm. When bermudagrass was the substrate, few changes in fermentation products were observed with Amaferm treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)