犬异氟烷吸入麻醉的模型建立

通过采用异氟烷对犬进行吸入麻醉和麻醉监测,探讨异氟烷对犬合理的吸入麻醉方式以便进行复杂的外科手术。在以注射丙泊酚3 mg/kg体重进行诱导麻醉的条件下,通过选取异氟烷为1%,1.5%,2%,2.5%,3%,4%6个浓度点对8只实验犬进行吸入麻醉,并进行麻醉监测,结果显示:随着异氟烷浓度增加,犬的呼吸次数逐渐降低,心率减慢,血氧饱和度下降。浓度为4%时,8只犬血氧饱和度均低于85%,缺氧严重;浓度为2.5%~3%时,麻醉迅速但持续时间不宜过长,当浓度为1%~2%时,进入麻醉状态慢,但对犬心脏和肺抑制作用小。     

比格犬氟烷吸入麻醉的临床观察

随着兽医科学的发展，吸入麻醉由于具有较容易和迅速地控制麻醉深度，任意延长麻醉时间，麻醉后苏醒快，对动物生理活动干扰少和麻醉副作用小等优点，正逐渐被应用于小动物临床。氟烷(又叫三氟乙烷，三氟溴氯乙烷)作为卤族类吸入麻醉药的代表，为无色透明的液体，不燃烧，不爆炸，对呼吸道无刺激，麻醉作用快，可控性好，在国外被广泛应用于大小动物临床，但在我国临床应用还较少，有鉴于此，我们进行了如下实验。     

“舒泰”和恩氟烷共同麻醉在犬开胸手术中的应用效果研究

麻醉是指用药物或其他方法使机体或机体的一部分暂时失去感觉,以达到无痛的目的,多用于手术或某些疾病的治疗。随着动物实验对麻醉效果的日益苛求和麻醉方法的进一步与提高,一般将实验动物犬麻醉方法归为3大类,即全身麻醉、     

阿法沙龙与异氟烷静吸复合麻醉对犬麻醉效果的影响

旨在探讨使用不同剂量阿法沙龙和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉(IVIA)对犬麻醉效果的比较.对18只试验犬随机编号后分为L(1～6号)、M(7～12号)、H(13～18号)3组,分别使用阿法沙龙3、6、9 mg·(kg·h)-1静脉恒速滴注(CRI)配合0.5％异氟烷的维持麻醉方案,观察并记录诱导麻醉前1h(T0)、维持麻醉期间(...     

牛氟烷吸入麻醉的临床观察

牛氟烷吸入麻醉的临床观察万宝 ，郭铁，林德贵，汤小朋（北京农业大学动物医学院，１０００９４）我国兽医吸入麻醉技术落后，在临床上用氟烷麻醉还未见报道。我们用氟烷在６头牛上作皱胃瘘管形成手术，得到初步尝试，效果令人满意，介绍如下。材料与方法６头牛都是夏洛?..     

犬QFM麻醉的综合监测

QFM是一种自行研制的新型犬用复合麻醉制剂。为了验证QFM的麻醉效果及对生理功能的影响，以0．15～0．2mL／kg剂量对7只犬进行麻醉，进行了单纯麻醉监测和QFM麻醉监测期间手术验证试验。结果证明：QFM无论单纯进行犬的麻醉，还是在麻醉过程中进行手术处置，都具有较为确实的麻醉效果，且镇静、镇痛、肌松效果均衡，诱导及复苏迅速平稳，无流涎和呕吐等负反应发生，对机体的正常生理功能及各项生理指标影响轻微，血氧饱合始终维持在90％以上，可为犬的临床常规手术提供良好的手术条件。但手术刺激对其药理作用有轻微的拮抗作用。     

右美托咪定复合利多卡因持续输注对犬异氟烷麻醉的影响

为了减小异氟烷麻醉的不良反应,获得良好的麻醉效果,探讨了盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合静脉输注对异氟烷麻醉效果的影响。将12只临床健康的小型成年犬随机分为单一异氟烷(13mL/L)维持麻醉组(ISO)和右美托咪定(每小时2μg/kg静脉输注)-利多卡因(每小时50μg/kg静脉输注)-异氟烷(7.5mL/L)复合维持麻醉组(LDI)。两组犬均采用相同的麻醉前处理并辅助机械通气,麻醉维持时间1h,并监测和记录各项麻醉相关指标。结果显示,与ISO组相比,复合麻醉组犬只能更快地进入麻醉稳定期(P0.01),镇静、镇痛和肌松效果更好(P0.05),恢复苏醒的时间也更短(P0.01);期间动物心率明显降低(P0.01),但血压和血气离子浓度变化相对稳定。此外,心脏出现的代偿性扩张(P0.05)和血液动力学变化并未明显影响心脏的收缩和射血功能,均在临床可接受范围内。结果表明,盐酸右美托咪定和利多卡因复合用药可减少异氟烷的使用浓度,提供稳定的麻醉效果,动物的苏醒质量更佳,可以用于临床麻醉。     

氨氟醚吸入麻醉妊娠犬及其胎儿动脉血药浓度和血气分析

选用 10只妊娠犬 ,实施母体及胎儿股动脉血管插管后 ,测定了氨氟醚麻醉期间母犬及胎儿的动脉血药浓度和血液 p H、PO2 (动脉氧分压 )、PCO2 (动脉 CO2 分压 )、T- CO2 (血浆 CO2 总量 )、HCO- 3 (实际碳酸氢盐 )、SB(标准碳酸氢盐 )、BEb(全血碱超 )、Sat.O2 (血氧饱和度 )。结果 :氨氟醚可透过胎盘进入胎儿血液 ,胎儿血药浓度低于母犬 ,但两者上升和消除变化趋势接近 ;麻醉期间 ,母犬及胎儿血液 p H、BEb下降 (P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 ) ,PO2 、PCO2 、Sat.O2 升高(P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 ) ,HCO- 3 、T- CO2 表现升高趋势 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,SB表现下降趋势 (P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,氨氟醚吸入麻醉期间 ,母犬及其胎儿呈现轻度呼吸性酸中毒和代谢性酸中毒并存 ,并随氨氟醚血药浓度的降低而逐渐恢复     

丙泊酚静脉麻醉与安氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪体外循环中的比较研究

为探讨丙泊酚静脉麻醉与安氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪体外循环(CPB)中的麻醉效果,本研究选用巴马小型猪10头,平均分成2组,分别进行丙泊酚静脉麻醉和安氟醚吸入麻醉;开胸后进行全血肝素化处理,分别于升主动脉、上腔静脉和下腔静脉插管,连接体外循环机进行CPB;观察并记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、CPB前即刻(T2)、降温至30 ℃(T3)、阻断主动脉前即刻(T4)、阻断主动脉后4 min(T5)、开始复温即刻(T6)、停CPB即刻(T7)、关胸后即刻(T8)及手术结束拔管后10 min(T9)10个时间点各组试验猪的生命体征、鼻温(NT)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、pH及血氧饱和度(SPO₂)指标。结果2组试验猪于CPB实施前后的基本情况如体重、手术时间和麻醉时间等指标均无显著性差异(P＞0.05);安氟醚组恢复自主呼吸的时间显著短于丙泊酚组(P＜0.05);与T0和T1相比,各组试验猪在CPB进行时其NT、HR和MAP值均显著降低(P＜0.05);但各组间及组内SPO₂和pH差异不显著(P＞0.05)。由此可见,丙泊酚静脉麻醉与安氟醚吸入麻醉均可用于巴马小型猪CPB中的麻醉。选用丙泊酚时,应根据手术过程中试验动物的反应情况适当调整用量;而安氟醚麻醉过程相对平稳,麻醉效果好,术后苏醒快,适合情况复杂且时间较长的手术。     

犬猫的注射麻醉

麻醉作为一种动物保定方法,广泛地应用于小动物疾病的诊断、治疗和外科手术.麻醉分为吸入麻醉、非吸入(注射)麻醉和局部麻醉,目前适用于小动物临床的主要是非吸入麻醉.选择理想的麻醉药物和麻醉方法,是手术成功与否的关键.也是小动物诊疗的重要环节.论文介绍了犬猫注射全身麻醉的方法,麻醉前准备,常用麻醉药物以及如何应用联合用药来取长补短对犬猫实施全身麻醉等.     

Thermal Burns in Four Dogs during Anesthesia

Thermal burns occurred in four anesthetized dogs as a result of using latex surgical gloves filled with warm water to treat hypothermia. The burns were on relatively hairless skin that had been in contact with the gloves. Small containers full of warm water are a relatively inefficient source of heat, but if the temperature of the water exceeds 45 degrees C and the container contacts the animal's skin, thermal injury can result.     

Gastric Myoelectric and Motor Activity in Dogs After Isoflurane Anesthesia

To characterize the effects of isoflurane on gastric motility, gastric electrical and contractile activities were assessed in six healthy adult dogs before and after recovery from anesthesia. Baseline recordings (fasting and fed state) were obtained in unanesthetized dogs 8 days after implantation of serosal electrodes and strain-gauge force transducers. After an overnight fast, dogs were anesthetized with 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane for 4.5 hours (approximately 6 MAC hours). No other anesthetic or sedative drugs were administered. During anesthesia, ventilation was mechanically controlled to maintain arterial carbon dioxide tension at 36 ± 4 mm Hg. Gastric electrical and contractile activities (fasting and fed state) were recorded again 18 hours after recovery from isoflurane anesthesia. Recordings were analyzed to determine gastric slow-wave frequency, presence of slow-wave dysrhythmias, slow-wave propagation velocity, coupling of contractions to slow waves, a motility index based on relative contractile amplitudes, and onset and duration of contractions after a standardized meal. The only variable that was significantly decreased 18 hours after 6 MAC hours of isoflurane anesthesia was the gastric motility index during fasting-state phase III. This decrease was not apparent in the fed-state test periods. Our results suggest that, with the exception of gastric motility index during fasting-state phase III, variables for gastric electrical and contractile activities in dogs are unaffected by isoflurane 18 hours after anesthesia.     

Influence of Isoflurane General Anesthesia or Anesthesia and Surgery on Thyroid Function Tests in Dogs

Background: Anesthesia and surgery affect thyroid function tests in humans but have not been studied in dogs. Hypothesis: Anesthesia and anesthesia with surgery will affect thyroid function tests in dogs. Animals: Fifteen euthyroid dogs. Methods: Prospective, controlled, interventional study. Dogs were assigned to one of 3 groups: control, general anesthesia, and general anesthesia plus abdominal exploratory surgery. Dogs in the anesthesia and surgery groups were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, induced with propofol, and maintained on isoflurane. Samples for measurement of serum thyroxine (T₄), free T₄ (fT₄) by equilibrium dialysis, triiodothyronine (T₃), reverse T₃ (rT₃), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone concentrations were collected from each dog immediately before premedication, at multiple times during anesthesia, surgery, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after anesthesia, once daily for an additional 5 days, and once 14 days after anesthesia. Sampling was performed at identical times in the control group. Results: Serum T₄ decreased significantly from baseline in the surgery and anesthesia groups compared with the control group at 0.33 (P= 0.043) and 1 hour (P= 0.018), and 2 (P= 0.031) and 4 hours (P= 0.037), respectively, then increased significantly in the surgery group compared with the control group at 24 hours (P= 0.005). Serum T₃ decreased significantly from baseline in the anesthesia group compared with the control group at 1 hour (P= 0.034). Serum rT₃ increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared with the control and anesthesia groups at 8 (P= 0.026) and 24 hours (P= 0.0001) and anesthesia group at 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours (P= 0.004, P= 0.016, P= 0.004, and P= 0.014, respectively). Serum fT₄ increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared to the control at 24 hours (P= 0.006) and at day 7 (P= 0.037) and anesthesia group at 48 hours (P= 0.023). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Surgery and anesthesia have a significant effect on thyroid function tests in dogs.     

Effects of Halothane, Enflurane, and Isoflurane on Supraventricular and Ventricular Rate in Dogs With Complete Atrioventricular Block

Complete atrioventricular (AV) block was produced in 32 chloralose-anesthetized autonomically intact dogs to determine the effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on supraventricular and ventricular rate. Halothane (n = 17), enflurane (n = 6), and isoflurane (n = 9) were administered in three separate experiments in sequential minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0. Supraventricular rate, ventricular rate, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were measured and recorded at baseline and after a 20-minute equilibration period of each inhalation anesthetic at each MAC multiple. Increasing concentrations of enflurane and isoflurane significantly decreased supraventricular rate ( P < .05). Ventricular rate was not significantly changed by sequential MAC multiples of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane. Increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane significantly decreased MAP with enflurane producing the most significant decrease ( P < .05). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 5 of 17 dogs anesthetized with halothane and 1 of 9 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Inhalation anesthesia can significantly decrease supraventricular rate and MAP, does not alter ventricular rate, and can produce ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with complete AV block.     

Plasma Concentrations and Cardiovascular Influence of Lidocaine Infusions During Isoflurane Anesthesia in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Subaortic Stenosis

Objective—To determine the plasma concentrations and cardiovascular changes that occur in healthy dogs and dogs with aortic stenosis that are given an infusion of lidocaine during isoflurane anesthesia. Study Design—Phase 1, controlled randomized cross-over trial; Phase 2, before and after trial Animals—Phase 1, 6 healthy dogs (4 female, 2 male) weighing 23.8 ± 7.4 kg; Phase 2, 7 dogs (4 female, 3 male) with moderate to severe subaortic stenosis (confirmed by Doppler echocardiography) weighing 31.1 ± 14.5 kg. Methods—After mask induction, intubation, and institution of positive pressure ventilation, instrumentation was performed to measure hemodynamic variables. After baseline, measurement at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.9% (phase 1) or 1.85% (phase 2), a loading dose infusion of lidocaine at 400 μg/kg/min was given. Phase 1: Maintenance doses of lidocaine were administered consecutively (40, 120, and 200 μg/kg/min) after the loading dose (given for 10, 10, and 5 minutes, respectively) in advance of each maintenance concentrations. Measurements were taken at the end of each loading dose and at 25 and 35 minutes during each maintenance level. The same animals on a different day were given dextrose 5% and acted as the control. Phase 2: Dogs were studied on a single occasion during an infusion of lidocaine at 120 μg/kg/ min given after the loading dose (10 minutes). Measurements occurred after the loading dose and at 25 and 35 minutes. A blood sample for lidocaine concentration was taken at 70 minutes. Data were compared using a one-way ANOVA for phase 1, and between phase 1 and 2. Statistical analysis for phase 2 was performed using a paired r-test with a Bonferroni correction. A P value ± .05 was considered significant. Results—Phase 1: Plasma lidocaine concentrations achieved with 40, 120, and 200 μg of lidocaine/kg/min were 2.70, 5.27, and 7.17 μg/mL, respectively. A significant increase in heart rate (HR) (all concentrations), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary areterial pressure (PAP), and a decrease in stroke index (SI) (200 μg/kg/min) were observed. An increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and mean PAP, and a decrease in SI also followed the loading dose given before the 200 μg/kg/min infusion. No other significant differences from the control measurements, during dextrose 5% infusion alone, were detected. Phase 2: Plasma lidocaine concentrations achieved were 5.35, 4.23, 4.23, and 5.60 μg/mL at 10, 25, 35, and 70 minutes, respectively. They were not significantly different from concentrations found in our healthy dogs at the same infusions. A significant but small increase in CVP compared with baseline was noted after the loading dose. There were no significant differences from baseline shown in all other cardiovascular data. There were no statistically significant differences in any measurements taken during the lidocaine infusion between the dogs in phase 1 and phase 2. Dogs with aortic stenosis tended to have a lower cardiac index than healthy dogs at baseline (88 v 121 mL/kg/min) and during lidocaine infusion (81 v 111 mL/kg/min). A small, statistically significant difference in systolic PAP was present at baseline. Conclusions—There does not appear to be any detrimental cardiovascular effects related to an infusion of lidocaine at 120 μg/kg/min during isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs or dogs with aortic stenosis. The technique used in this study resulted in therapeutic plasma concentrations of lidocaine. Clinical Relevance—Methods shown in the study can be used in clinical cases to achieve therapeutic lidocaine levels without significant cardiovascular depression during isoflurane anesthesia.