外源糖溶液和高浓度CO_2处理对白桦叶片糖和蛋白质含量的影响(英文)

3年生白桦同时接受3种外源糖溶液(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖)和3种高浓度CO2(700、1400、2100μLL-1CO2)处理。处理1个月后,测定了叶片的总糖、蔗糖、果糖和蛋白质含量。结果表明:在700μLL-1和1400μLL-1 CO2下,外源糖溶液增加了叶片的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,其中外源蔗糖的效果最好;外源糖溶液与2100μLL-1CO2结合,会抑制叶片积累总糖和蛋白质;在700μLL-1和1400μLL-1CO2下,喷施葡萄糖、果糖的叶片在蛋白质含量上没有明显差别;;同700、1400μLL-1CO2相比,除喷施果糖植株外,2100μLL-1CO2明显增加了叶片的总糖、蔗糖、果糖和蛋白质含量;;在喷施同种外源糖溶液的情况下,叶片的糖含量与CO2浓度呈正相关性。图6参7。     

喷施不同外源物质对低温胁迫下的光蜡树苗部分抗寒生理指标的影响

以光蜡树苗木为试材,研究了喷施外源物质Vc、CaCl2及蔗糖溶液对低温胁迫下的光蜡树苗叶的可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率及叶绿素含量等抗寒生理指标的影响。结果表明:喷施5.7 mmol.L-1Vc、2.7mmol.L-1CaCl2及2.9 mmol.L-1的蔗糖溶液对光蜡树苗的此4项抗寒生理指标均有不同程度的影响。其中,以喷施蔗糖及CaCl2处理对光蜡树苗木苗叶中脯氨酸含量的提高影响较为明显;喷施CaCl2处理能明显提高其苗叶的可溶性糖含量;而喷施此3种外源物质均能一定程度上降低其苗叶的相对电导率,而对其苗叶叶绿素含量的影响均不大。     

不同激素对阿克苏富士苹果果实糖组分和品质的影响

为了研究不同激素对苹果果实糖组分积累与品质的影响,以阿克苏富士苹果为研究对象,设置IAA、GA3和6-BA三种激素处理,采用热滴定法和比色法测定各糖分含量,对数据进行相关性和显著性分析。研究表明:阿克苏富士苹果成熟期果实中的糖组分的积累量排序表现为:总糖还原糖果糖葡萄糖蔗糖,其中果糖占总糖的比例最大;在不同激素处理下,IAA500 mg/L、GA3 250 mg/L和6-BA250 mg/L处理对糖分的积累作用最显著,具有较好的品质;阿克苏富士苹果果实品质综合评价可由甜度值来判断,其中果糖对甜度值的贡献最大,果糖对总糖的影响也最显著。     

外源蔗糖处理对蓝莓果实发育过程关键品质的影响

为提高蓝莓果实品质提供参考依据,以“粉蓝”为研究材料,盛花后10d开始分别对其喷施0.5%、1%及1.5%的蔗糖溶液,测定了其不同发育阶段的总糖、总酸、花色苷、总酚和类黄酮等生理指标。结果表明:果实发育过程中,外源蔗糖处理不同程度的增加了可溶性总糖、花色苷含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,其中1%蔗糖溶液处理果实可溶性总糖、花色苷增加量最多且差异显著,对可滴定酸积累的抑制效果最好;在盛花后80d,0.5%、1%和1.5%蔗糖溶液处理后的蓝莓果实总酚含量显著高于对照,喷施0.5%的蔗糖溶液增加量最多;蔗糖溶液处理均促进盛花后60～80d蓝莓果实类黄酮的合成,其中1%蔗糖溶液处理增加效果最好。综合认为:采用1%蔗糖溶液处理发育各时期蓝莓对促进果实关键品质效果最佳。     

枣不同品种和果实不同部位糖积累及相关酶活性

【目的】本文旨在揭示不同的枣品种生长发育过程中果实不同部位糖积累特征及其与糖代谢相关的酶活性的关系,为进一步完善枣果实糖积累理论提供依据。【方法】以3个枣品种壶瓶枣、婆婆枣、婆枣为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱等技术测定不同发育时期枣果实果肩与果顶部位的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、淀粉含量及相关酶活性的变化。【结果】1)3个枣品种果肩部位糖积累均早于果顶,且果肩可溶性糖含量均显著高于果顶(P0.05)。在果实发育前期主要积累果糖和葡萄糖,壶瓶枣果实最早开始积累蔗糖,成熟时其含量为果糖和葡萄糖的3~4倍;其次是婆婆枣,其糖积累模式与壶瓶枣相似;婆枣果实糖积累发生最晚,其果糖和葡萄糖含量远高于蔗糖。成熟时婆婆枣果实可溶性总糖含量极显著高于壶瓶枣和婆枣(P0.01)。2)整个果实发育阶段,3个枣品种果实淀粉含量均较低(最高值为6.78 mg·g~(-1)FW),且果肩部位淀粉含量均低于果顶,淀粉酶活性的变化基本与其淀粉含量的变化趋势相反。3)3个品种果肩与果顶部位蔗糖代谢酶活性变化规律相似;在整个阶段,酸性转化酶(AI)活性始终高于中性转化酶(NI),果实发育前期较高活性的转化酶促进了蔗糖的分解;蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性变化与3个品种的蔗糖含量差异及变化趋势均相符;婆婆枣和壶瓶枣蔗糖合成酶的合成方向(SSs)活性分别极显著和显著的高于婆枣,3个品种蔗糖合成酶的分解方向(SSd)活性均较低,品种间无显著差异。【结论】壶瓶枣和婆婆枣为典型的蔗糖积累型果实,婆枣为己糖积累型果实;SPS是调控婆婆枣同时也是影响3个枣品种果实蔗糖积累的共同关键酶,可能也是引起不同枣品种果实糖含量差异的主要原因,枣果实中蔗糖合成酶活性以合成方向为主,壶瓶枣果实糖积累受蔗糖代谢相关酶的综合调控,婆枣果实糖积累还受SSd调控。淀粉酶在3个品种枣果实淀粉积累过程中起着主要调控作用。     

钾肥钙肥对设施油桃果实品质的影响

以设施栽培的曙光油桃为试材,研究了设施栽培条件下,喷施KH2PO4处理对油桃果实中糖积累的影响。结果表明,幼果期喷施KH2PO4处理,果实葡萄糖和果糖含量明显增加,蔗糖含量没有明显变化,成熟期3种糖含量与对照均无明显差异;果实着色前KH2PO4处理显著增加了果实中蔗糖含量,但对葡萄糖和果糖含量无明显影响。而喷钙处理对油桃产量和品质的影响结果表明,幼果期和果实膨大期喷钙处理可显著提高单果重和产量,喷施0.3%硝酸钙比对照增产17.1%,效果最显著;喷施0.3%氨基酸钙可显著提高果实可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量及硬度。     

模拟CO2浓度升高对宁夏枸杞营养生长与果实品质的影响

【目的】研究宁夏枸杞对大气CO2浓度升高的生理生态响应机制,为探究枸杞及其他木本经济林植物在气候变化背景下优质高效栽培与育种提供理论依据。【方法】以‘宁杞1号’扦插苗为材料,采用开顶气室(open-top chamber,OTC)及自动监控系统模拟控制CO2浓度,测定宁夏枸杞在升高CO2浓度环境下植株营养生长指标与果实糖分含量、主要活性物质含量和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。【结果】 1) CO2浓度升高,促进宁夏枸杞植株生长发育,苗高增长量较对照分别高11.67%和18.65%,地径分别高55.09%和62.58%,新梢加长和加粗生长均呈增加趋势。2) 2种CO2浓度升高处理下,宁夏枸杞果实横径较对照分别增加4.56%和7.71%,单果质量分别增加15.05%和34.53%,果实更加饱满。3) CO2浓度升高处理下,夏果(处理90天左右)果实中果糖含量较对照略高,秋果(处理120天后)含量比对照分别低1.39%和3.98%。试验处理期间,果实中葡萄糖和总糖含量均低于对照,且CO2浓度升高1倍[(760±20)μmol·mol^-1 ]处理下降最为明显。夏果果实蔗糖含量均低于对照,秋果在CO2浓度升高1倍[(760±20)μmol·mol^-1 ]下较对照略高。4)果实中枸杞多糖含量低于对照,黄酮含量在秋果期比对照分别低16.62%和18.35%,且CO2浓度升高1倍[(760±20)μmol·mol^-1 ]处理对果实活性物质含量影响较大。5) CO2浓度升高增加了酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性;夏果蔗糖磷酸合成酶较对照明显增加,但秋果酶活性低于对照;蔗糖合成酶分解方向与合成方向酶活性变化趋势相同,夏果均高于对照,秋果酶活性低于对照,CO2浓度升高1倍[(760±20)μmol·mol^-1 ]处理下差异极显著。【结论】长期高CO2浓度处理促进宁夏枸杞植株营养生长,果实单果质量与纵横径增大,有利于改善果实外观品质;但果实中糖分含量和枸杞多糖、黄酮等生物活性物质的含量明显降低,相关酶活性发生变化,影响果实营养品质。     

喷施外源激素对灵武长枣果实主要营养品质和外观品质的影响

【目的】通过喷施不同外源激素,研究其对灵武长枣果实主要营养品质和外观品质的影响,以提高灵武长枣的品质,为灵武长枣提质增效栽培实践提供科学依据。【方法】以6年生灵武长枣为研究对象,在枣树坐果以后分别喷施脱落酸(ABA100 mg/L)、乙烯(ETH100 mg/L)、赤霉素(GA₃30 mg/L)、茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA50 mg/L)、生长素(IAA100 mg/L)水溶液,调查分析喷施外源激素对灵武长枣果实的色泽、大小及营养品质的影响。【结果】喷施不同外源激素对灵武长枣果实的主要营养品质和外观品质有不同影响。1)喷施外源激素GA₃、ABA、IAA后,果实风味变得更甜,其中喷施GA₃后果实蔗糖含量提高3.41%,喷施ABA后,果实葡萄糖含量提高7.03%;喷施ETH后果实果糖含量提高17.15%。喷施外源激素GA₃、ABA、IAA、MeJA可降低灵武长枣果实有机酸的含量,其中喷施MeJA后果实有机酸含量降低46.80%。2)喷施ABA后果实中维生素C含量显著提高1.44%;喷施ETH后果皮中花青苷含...     

不同浓度赤霉素处理对油桐花芽分化的影响

为给以赤霉素调控油桐花期而提供理论依据,在油桐花芽生理分化期前,以浓度分别为50、100、200mg?L-1的外源赤霉素对油桐叶面进行喷施试验,并以未喷施赤霉素的作为对照(CK),分析了不同浓度赤霉素处理对油桐成花率、花芽分化临界期、有机营养成分(糖、淀粉)含量、内源激素(吲哚乙酸、脱落酸)含量的影响情况。结果表明:经过外源赤霉素处理的油桐植株其成花率均低于未喷施赤霉素的对照处理(CK),其中喷施了浓度为100 mg?L-1的赤霉素的油桐成花率高于其余两组处理;就花芽分化临界期而言,与对照处理(CK)相比,喷施了浓度为200 mg?L-1的赤霉素的油桐植株其花芽分化临界期延后时间为5 d,长于其余两组处理;在花芽生理分化过程中,油桐叶片中的可溶性糖含量,赤霉素处理各组的含量均低于对照处理(CK),其中,以浓度为100 mg?L-1的赤霉素处理的油桐其叶片中的含量高于其他两组处理;不同浓度外源赤霉素对油桐叶片中可溶性淀粉积累的抑制作用程度不同,200 mg?L-1外源赤霉素的抑制作用最为明显;对内源脱落酸(ABA)形成的抑制作用随着外源赤霉素浓度的增加而抑制作用显著增强,外源赤霉素处理有利于花芽生理分化期油桐叶片吲哚乙酸(IAA)的形成,且赤霉素的浓度越低越有利于吲哚乙酸(IAA)的形成。     

赤霉素对邓恩桉嫁接种子园花蕾生长的影响

以邓恩桉嫁接种子园为研究材料,分别以赤霉素0、500、1000、1500 mg·L-1进行叶面喷施,研究赤霉素处理对花蕾直径生长、花蕾保存率,叶片叶绿素、氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明:赤霉素处理后花蕾保存率、氨基酸含量、可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,花蕾直径生长量第2次观测值显著大于对照,可溶性蛋白质含量第1、2次观测值显著高于对照;随着时间的延长,叶绿素含量呈先升高后下降趋势,氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质含量分别呈极显著、显著下降趋势,可溶性糖含量呈显著上升趋势。表明赤霉素处理对提高花蕾直径生长量、花蕾保存率、叶绿素、氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量效果明显,其中以赤霉素1000 mg·L-1处理效果最好。     

Ecophysiological responses and carbon distribution ofPinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide

The net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground and belowgroud part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO₂ in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions: on an open site, control chamber, 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The physiological responses and growth to 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ but upward to 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ were higher than that at 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The concentration 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO₂ changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: HAN Shi-jie (1956-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on photosynthesis, dark respiration and RuBPcase activity of three species seedlings in Changbai Mountain

Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO₂ concentrations (700 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ concentrations (350 μL·L⁻¹) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the three species seedlings increased at elevated CO₂ concentrations. The elevated CO₂ concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO₂ concentrations. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang 110016. P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Response of seedlings growth ofPinus sylvestriformis to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in Changbai Mountain

The biomass and ratio of root-shoot ofPinus sylvestriformis seedlings at CO₂ concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ were measured using open-top chambers (OTCs) in Changbai Mountain during Jun. to Oct. in 1999. The results showed that doubling CO₂ concentration was benefit to seedling growth of the species (500 μL·L⁻¹ was better than 700 μL·L⁻¹) and the biomass production was increased in both above-ground and underground parts of seedlings. Carbon transformation to roots was evident as rising of CO₂ concentration. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Photosynthetic response ofPinus sylvestriformis to elevated carbon dioxide and its influential factor analysis

The photosynthetic response of 12-year oldPinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO₂ and its influential factors were tested and analyzed in the forest region of Changbai Mountain in 1999. Trees grown at the natural condition were controlled at three levels of CO₂ concentration (350 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹) by CO₂ rich settlement designed by us. Net photosynthetic rates (NPR), temperature, relative humidity, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) were measured at 6:00, 8:00, 10:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00 hours a day. Experimental results showed that the NPR ofPinus sylvestriformis increased by 32.6% and 123.0% at 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration respectively, compared to ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration (350 μL·L⁻¹). The relations between NPR and influential factors, including temperature, relative humidity, intercellular CO₂ concentration and photosynthetic active radiation, were analyzed respectively by regression analysis at different CO₂ concentrations. Foundation Item: This project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: WANG Chen-rui (1970-), male, Assistant Research Fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

The contribution of root respiration of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus koraiensis</Emphasis> seedlings to total soil respiration under elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations

The impacts of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (500 μmol·mol⁻¹ and 700 μmol·mol⁻¹) on total soil respiration and the contribution of root respiration ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were investigated from May to October in 2003 at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jilin Province, China. After four growing seasons in top-open chambers exposed to elevated CO₂, the total soil respiration and roots respiration ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured by a Li-6400-09 soil CO₂ flux chamber. Three PVC cylinders in each chamber were inserted about 30 cm into the soil instantaneously to terminate the supply of current photosynthates from the tree canopy to roots for separating the root respiration from total soil respiration. Soil respirations both inside and outside of the cylinders were measured on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively. The results indicated that: there was a marked diurnal change in air temperature and soil temperature at depth of 5 cm on June 16, the maximum of soil temperature at depth of 5 cm lagged behind that of air temperature, no differences in temperature between treatments were found (P>0.05). The total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed showed strong diurnal and seasonal patterns. There was marked difference in total soil respiration and soil respiration with roots severed between treatments (P<0.01); Mean total soil respiration and contribution of root under different treatments were 3.26, 4.78 and 1.47 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, 11.5%, 43.1% and 27.9% on June 16, August 20 and October 8, respectively. Foundation item: This study was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX1-SW-01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30070158). Biography: LIU Ying (1976-), female, Ph. D. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

Soil samples were taken from depth of 0–12 cm in the virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain in April, 2000. 20 μL·L⁻¹ and 200 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ and N₂O concentration were supplied for analysis. Laboratory study on CH₄ oxidation and N₂O emission in forest soil showed that fresh soil sample could oxidize atmospheric methane and product N₂O. Air-dried soil sample could not oxidize atmospheric methane, but could product N₂O. However, it could oxidize the supplied methane quickly when its concentration was higher than 20 μL·L⁻¹. The oxidation rate of methane was increased with its initial concentration. An addition of water to dry soil caused large pulse of N₂O emissions within 2 hours. There were curvilinear correlations between N₂O emission and temperature (r²=0.706, p<0.05), and between N₂O emission and water content (r²=0.2968, p <0.05). These suggested temperature and water content were important factors controlling N₂O emission. The correlation between CH₄ oxidization and temperature was also found while CH₄ was supplied 200 μL·L⁻¹ (r²=0.3573, p<0.05). Temperature was an important factor controlling CH₄ oxidation. However, when 20 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ was supplied, there was no correlation among CH₄ oxidization, N₂O emission, temperature and water content. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHANG Xiu-jun (1960-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Effects of elevated CO2 on net photosynthetic rate of trees in Changbai Mountain

Net photosynthetic rates (NPRs) of four species seedlings,Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis, Fraxinus mandshurica andPhellodendron amurense, were measured at different CO₂ concentrations and time respectively in Changbai Mountain during the growing season in 1999. The seedlings were cultivated in open-top chambers (OTCs), located outdoors and exposed to natural sunlight. The experimental objects were divided into four groups by tree species. CO₂ concentrations in chambers were kept at 500 μL·L⁻¹ and 700 μL·L⁻¹ and contrast chamber and contrast field were set. The results showed that the effects of elevated CO₂ on NPR of the trees strongly depended on tree species and time. NPRs ofPinus koreainsis andPinus sylvestriformis seedlings increased with the rising of CO₂ concentration, while that ofPhellodendron amurense andFraxinus mandshurica increased at some time and decreased at another time. This project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Stomatal response ofPinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations during the four years of exposure

Four-year-oldPinus sylvestriformis were exposed for four growing seasons in open top chambers to ambient CO₂ concentration (approx. 350 μmol·mol⁻¹) and high CO₂ concentrations (500 and 700 μmol·mol⁻¹) at Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Antu Town, Jilin Province, China (42°N, 128°E). Stomatal response to elevated CO₂ concentrations was examined by stomatal conductance (g _s), ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentration (c _i/c _a) and stomatal number. Reciprocal transfer experiments of stomatal conductance showed that stomatal conductance in high-[CO₂]-grown plants increased in comparison with ambient-[CO₂]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO₂ concentration and at the same measurement CO₂ concentration (except a reduction in 700 μmol·mol⁻¹ CO₂. grown plants compared with plants on unchambered field when measured at growth CO₂ concentration and 350 μmol·mol⁻¹CO₂). High-[CO₂]-grown plants exhibited lowerc _i/c _a ratios than ambient-[CO₂]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO₂ concentration. However,c _i/c _a ratios increased for plants grown in high CO₂ concentrations compared with control plants when measured at the same CO₂ concentration. There was no significant difference in stomatal number per unit long needle between elevated and ambient CO₂. However, elevated CO₂ concentrations reduced the total stomatal number of whole needle by the decline of stomatal line and changed the allocation pattern of stomata between upper and lower surface of needle. Foundation Item: This research was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2002CB412502), Project of Key program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90411020) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30400051). Biography: ZHOU Yu-mei (1973-), female, Ph. Doctor, assistant research fellow, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Embryo culture and rapid propagation of Syringa

Embryo of lilacs (Syringa L) culture in vitro and the rapid propagation were studied. The orthogonal experiments, including the selection of basal medium, embryo age and other factors such as sugar, benzyladenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and glutamine (Gln), were carried out. The results indicated that the optimal medium for embryo culture was Monnier medium supplemented with NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1), BA (0.1 mg.L^-1), sugar (50 g.L^-1), and Gin (400 mg.L^-1), with a germination rate of 91.7% at least; the optimal embryo age was 50 d; and Gln had significant effects on the germination rate of embryo.Moreover, the optimal medium for subculture was MS BA (2 mg.L^-1) NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1) Gln (0.5 mg.L^-1), with the propagation coefficient of 3.6 at least.     

Effect of elevated ambient CO2 concentration on water use efficiency ofPinus sylvestriformis

Pinus sylvestriformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11-year old) was studied on response to elevated CO₂ concentration at 500±100 μL·L⁻¹ by directly injecting CO₂ into the canopy under natural condition in 1998–1999. The results showed that the elevated CO₂ concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated CO₂ reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant. The project was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai