不同日龄火鸡腔上囊组织形态结构的研究

为了探讨火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构及其发育规律,为火鸡的免疫接种和疾病研究提供理论基础。分别取不同日龄火鸡的腔上囊,常规石蜡组织制片,显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡腔上囊的组织形态结构。研究结果表明,火鸡腔上囊的基本组织结构与其它禽类基本相似,从内至外依次由黏膜、黏膜下层、肌肉和浆膜4层组成。与其它禽类腔上囊相比,火鸡腔上囊的黏膜和黏膜下层所形成的纵行皱襞和小皱襞要发达得多;黏膜上皮全部为假复层柱状上皮,黏膜的固有膜内腔上囊小结也相对发达。火鸡腔上囊随着日龄的增加而逐渐发育,母火鸡至208日龄时达最大,公火鸡则迟于母火鸡几周,以后又逐渐退化。     

禽类腔上囊发生与功能的研究进展

腔上囊是禽类特有的淋巴上皮器官,1621年由意大利解剖学家首先发现,命名为法氏囊。1956年有人发现鸡的腔上囊与抗体形成有关,自此人们将免疫系统分为体液免疫和细胞免疫。     

神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞在鸭腔上囊中的分布及发育变化(英文)

神经肽Y及其Y1受体在神经-免疫-网路中发挥着重要作用。二者在许多脊椎动物胸腺和脾脏中的表达已有研究,但它们在腔上囊中的表达及发育变化特征还未见报道。本试验应用免疫组化技术研究神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育中的分布及变化特征。结果显示,在鸭腔上囊中神经肽Y及其Y1受体分别最早表达于26和22d胚龄。神经肽Y阳性细胞分布于黏膜上皮、滤泡、肌层和小动脉平滑肌。Y1受体阳性细胞分布于黏膜上皮、滤泡淋巴细胞。各部位神经肽Y及其Y1受体阳性细胞数量表现出明显增龄变化特征。结果说明鸭腔上囊中存在神经肽Y及其Y1受体,二者可能存在的相互作用主要表现在胚后发育阶段,这与B淋巴细胞的发育与分化以及腔上囊的退化密切相关。     

肉鸭前殖吸虫和大肠杆菌混合感染

前殖吸虫寄生在鸡、鸭、鹅及其它鸟类的直肠、输卵管、腔上囊和泄殖腔,偶见于蛋内。常引起禽类消瘦、贫血、生长缓慢,严重时继发腹膜炎而死亡。禽大肠杆菌病是由埃希氏大肠杆菌引起的禽类疾病总称,临床上表现为脐炎、气囊炎、肝周炎、肠炎、关节炎、肉芽肿、输卵管炎及卵黄性腹膜炎等。但两种疾病在鸭群同时发生则不多见,我们于2001年遇见一起,     

胚胎及胚后发育期鸭腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的研究

采用PCNA免疫组化法和TUNEL染色法,并结合光、电镜技术研究天府肉鸭胚胎及胚后发育期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡的动态变化规律。结果显示胚胎期腔上囊淋巴细胞增殖明显,其滤泡淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIF）随胚龄增加而逐渐增高,26d胚龄达峰值。胚后期各组滤泡皮质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIC）和髓质淋巴细胞增殖指数（PIM）均呈下降趋势;各组PIM均明显高于PIC。胚胎期腔上囊滤泡淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIF）随胚龄增大而逐渐增高。胚后期O～3周龄滤泡髓质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIM）继续增高,滤泡皮质淋巴细胞凋亡指数（AIC）则无明显变化;AIC和AIM在5周龄下降,17周龄明显升高,29周龄达峰值。胚后0～14周龄,各组AIM均明显高、于AIC,而17～29周龄AIM则明显低于AIC。凋亡淋巴细胞核呈现多种形态,线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂。结果提示淋巴细胞增殖与凋亡在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育的整个过程中普遍存在,具有明显增龄变化特性,二者协同参与腔上囊发育和退化过程。     

鸡传染性腔上囊病及其防制

腔上囊是家禽的淋巴器官,苍白色,呈园形,位于泄殖腔的背侧。腔上囊在胚胎后期开始发育,出壳后至6—8周龄生长迅速,12周龄时体积达到最大,性成熟开始后,逐渐萎缩退化。它是提供产生抗体的B淋巴细胞的场所。     

钒对肉鸡免疫器官发育的影响

取1日龄AA肉仔鸡144只，随机分为对照组和试验组，在试验组鸡的基础日粮中按0、30mg／kg添加钒。试验期共42d，每周末从每组取鸡6只，称重后扑杀，取胸腺、腔上囊和脾称重，Bouin液固定，制作石蜡切片，观察、摄像，研究钒对肉鸡胸腺、腔上囊和脾等免疫器官质量、器官指数和组织结构发育的影响。结果显示，试验组鸡的胸腺、腔上囊和脾平均质量和器官指数显著或极显著高于同日龄对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；试验组鸡的胸腺小叶皮质增厚，胸腺小体增多；腔上囊皱襞发达，腔上囊淋巴滤泡体积较大、皮质较厚、退化延缓；脾小结体积较大、生发中心明显，动脉周围淋巴鞘增厚，椭球增大。结果表明，在肉雏鸡的日粮中添加钒30mg／kg，可促进胸腺、腔上囊和脾的发育，延缓腔上囊的退化。     

降钙素基因相关肽在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育过程中的表达

应用免疫组织化学技术研究降钙素基因相关肽在鸭腔上囊胚胎及胚后发育过程中的表达特征.结果显示,降钙素基因相关肽强阳性细胞出现于20 d胚龄至胚后14周龄的滤泡间上皮,20 d胚龄至胚后17周龄的小结相关上皮,新生雏至胚后14周龄的滤泡皮质,24 d胚龄至胚后14周龄的滤泡髓质,20 d胚龄至胚后14周龄的肌层和小动脉平滑肌.结果说明,降钙素基因相关肽表达于鸭腔上囊的不同部位及不同发育阶段;在腔上囊退化期,降钙素基因相关肽的表达表现出明显的变化特征,这可能是导致腔上囊退化的原因之一;滤泡间上皮与小结相关上皮在神经肽表达方面存在差异.     

禽传染性法氏囊病防治技术

传染性法氏囊病,又称甘布罗病、传染性腔上囊炎,是由双RNA病毒科禽双RNA病毒属病毒引起的一种急性、高度接触性和免疫抑制性的禽类传染病。我国将其列为二类动物疫病。为预防、控制和消灭传染性法氏囊病,依据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》和其他相关法律法规,制定本规范。该病的流行特点是无明显季节性、突然发病、发病率高、死亡曲线呈尖峰式;如不死亡,发病鸡多在1周左右康复。本病主要经消化道、眼结膜及呼吸     

雏鸵鸟中枢淋巴器官的形态学观察

采用H.E和甲苯胺染色,对育雏期鸵鸟胸腺和腔上囊的解剖结构、组织学特点及肥大细胞在中枢淋巴器官的分布进行了观察,并用图像分析系统对肥大细胞的数量及形态特征进行了分析。结果显示：雏鸵鸟胸腺分叶少,仅分布在颈部后段两侧,且聚集在一起,髓质内有典型的Hassall小体;胸腺内肥大细胞分布较广,其中髓质和皮-髓交界处数量最多。腔上囊前部形成盲端,覆盖于泄殖道和粪道后段背侧,后部构成肛道背外侧壁,不形成真正的囊,其内表面皱褶上有密集分布的乳头;腔上囊小结单个分布并凸出于黏膜上皮;黏膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,移行至腔上囊小结处变为单层柱状上皮;腔上囊内肥大细胞主要分布在黏膜上皮。以上结果表明,雏鸵鸟中枢淋巴器官与其他禽类的同类淋巴器官存在明显的差异,且中枢淋巴器官内肥大细胞数量较多,不同器官或同一器官不同部位肥大细胞的形态、大小和颗粒染色深浅均有所不同。     

Tissue tropism and bursal transformation ability of subgroup J avian leukosis virus in White Leghorn chickens

In Experiment 1, a monoclonal antibody against the envelope glycoprotein (gp85) of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) was used to study the distribution of ALV-J in various tissues of White Leghorn chickens inoculated as embryos with the strain ADOL-Hcl of ALV-J. At 2 and 6 wk of age, various tissues from infected and control uninfected chickens were tested for the presence of ALV-J gp85 by immunohistochemistry. In Experiment 2, using the methyl green-pyronine (MGP) stain, sections of bursa of Fabricius (BF) from chickens of line 15I5 x 7(1), inoculated with ALV-J or Rous-associated virus-1 (RAV-1), a subgroup A ALV, at hatch were examined for transformation of bursal follicles at 4 and 10 wk of age. In Experiment 1, specific staining indicative of the presence of ALV-J gp85 was noted at both 2 and 6 wk of age in the adrenal gland, bursa, gonads, heart, kidney, liver, bone marrow, nerve, pancreas, proventriculus, spleen, and thymus. In Experiment 2, by 10 wk of age, transformed bursal follicles were detected in MGP-stained sections of BF in only one of five (20%) chickens inoculated with ALV-J at hatch, compared with five of five (100%) chickens inoculated with RAV-1. The data demonstrate distribution of ALV-J gp85 in various tissues of White Leghorn chickens experimentally inoculated as embryos with the virus. The data also confirm our previous observation that ALV-J is capable of inducing transformation of bursal follicles, albeit the incidence is less frequent than that induced by subgroup A ALV.     

Sur l'Involution de la Bourse de Fabricius chez le Canard

On the involution of the bursa of Fabricius of the duck
The morphological and structural aspects of the functional aspects of the involution were studied light- and electronmicroscopically in ducks 90 to 150 days old. The first involutionary changes were observed in the interfollicular connective tissue around day 100. Following this, cells left the periphery of the follicles; they were connected with collagen fibers and positioned themselves between the lymphocytes of the cortex that became thinner before it disappeared.
On day 135 the medulla lost its lymphocyte content through wide ducts which opened directly into the lumen of the bursa. On day 150 the bursa experienced a massive overgrowth; almost all follicles had disintegrated and only small groups of cells remained which consisted principally of reticuloepithelial cells and some lymphocytes.
Cysts were not observed during the involution of the bursa.     

Relationship between delayed onset of egg production and involution of the bursa of Fabricius in White Leghorn chickens

The relationship between delayed onset of oviposition and involution of the bursa of Fabricius is described. Chickens studied were 26 weeks of age and had not come into production. The bursae of nonlaying chickens were compared with those of age-matched chickens that had laid the first egg 1, 9 to 11, or 24 days before. The bursae from the nonlaying chickens were similar in weight and morphology to the functional bursae of immature pullets. Bursae of laying chickens, even on the day of the first egg, were markedly involuted. Age of the chicken was not a factor in determining bursal involution. The onset of egg production was directly related to bursal involution.     

Age-related changes in the number of mast cells in the avian lymphoid organs

The distribution of mast cells (MCs) was studied in the lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen) of 0-, 7-, 21-, 30- and 120-day-old chickens, using light microscopic histochemical techniques. Tissues samples were obtained under deep anaesthesia from animals in five groups. Tissues were fixed in Mota's fixative (basic lead acetate) for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Six-micrometre-thick sections were stained with toluidine blue in 0.5% aqueous solution at pH 1.0 for 5 min and Alcian blue/Safranine at pH 1.42 for 30 min. MCs were found in the organs, mostly associated with sinuses and blood vessels. A large increase in MCs was observed in both thymus and spleen of 21-day-old chickens compared with 0-, 7-, 30- and 120-day-old chickens. However, in the bursa of Fabricius, numbers of MCs were significantly higher in the 7-day-old group compared with other age groups. Safranine-positive MCs were not observed in all organs and age groups. These results showed age-related changes in the number of MCs in avian lymphoid tissues.     

Wachstum von Bursa Cloacalis (Fabricii) und Milz bei Enten

The growth in weight of both the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen was investigated in different stocks of ducks between hatching and 154 days of age. The data were analysed by fitting the Janoschek growth curve and the allometric formula. Both organs showed rapid growth to their maximum dimensions and early points of inflection. The regression of the cloacal bursa started at about 12 weeks of age in Pekins and Mallards. In the Muscovy, the involution begins beyond the period of investigation. Allometrically, a biphasic relationship was found. Starting with positive allometry, the allometric exponent decreased to negative or isometric (Muscovies) values within the second week of age. If the organ weights are compared on the basis of these allometric relationships, Pekins had bursa weights that were about 30% higher than those in Mallards. For the spleen, there was no difference between wild and domesticated ducks.     

Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis virus from experimentally infected chickens.

Virus was recovered from the faeces of chickens infected at three or four weeks of age for more than 20 weeks after infection with commercial vaccines or with the T strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Virus was not recovered from the trachea, liver, spleen, bursa or kidneys of T strain infected birds longer than 29 days after infection at which point IBV was recovered from the bursa of a single infected bird. In a subsequent experiment IBV was recovered from the caecal lymph nodes and faeces of one of five birds 14 weeks after infection with a commercial vaccine but no virus was isolated from the trachea, kidneys, duodenum, bursa, ovaries or testes of any of the five birds at this time.     

Application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique for detecting avian reovirus in chickens

An immunoperoxidase technique, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC), was used for detecting avian reovirus in glutaraldehyde-formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. A peroxidase-positive reaction, characterized by the presence of dark brown granules in the cytoplasm of affected cells, was found in the liver (Kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes) and bursa of Fabricius (epithelial cells, stromal cells, and/or macrophages). The early presence of peroxidase activity in the bursa of Fabricius supports our previous idea that the bursa of Fabricius may serve as a primary site of replication for natural reovirus infection.     

Age-related functional changes in the follicle-associated epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver Cockerels

A study of the age-related functions of immunologically important components of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels showed that endocytosis of carbon particles by the specialised follicle-associated epithelium was at a high level from hatching until 5 weeks of age and thereafter declined until at 18 weeks it could no longer be detected. The follicle-associated epithelium had marked non-specific esterase activity during the first 15 weeks of life as determined by a standard acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase method. The absolute weight of the bursa was at a maximum at 9 to 10 weeks. Involution began before 14 weeks and was complete by 22 weeks. The results indicate that the critical period for the bursa in regard to acquiring immunity from either local vaccination or environmental challenge is likely to be within the first five weeks of life.     

Age-related functional changes in the follicle-associated epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels

A study of the age-related functions of immunologically important components of the bursa of Fabricius in Shaver cockerels showed that endocytosis of carbon particles by the specialised follicle-associated epithelium was at a high level from hatching until 5 weeks of age and thereafter declined until at 18 weeks it could no longer be detected. The follicle-associated epithelium had marked non-specific esterase activity during the first 15 weeks of life as determined by a standard acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase method. The absolute weight of the bursa was at a maximum at 9 to 10 weeks. Involution began before 14 weeks and was complete by 22 weeks. The results indicate that the critical period for the bursa in regard to acquiring immunity from either local vaccination or environmental challenge is likely to be within the first five weeks of life.