Improved persistence of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) increases the protein supplied by red clover/grass swards grown over four harvest years

UK livestock agriculture can significantly reduce its protein imports by increasing the amount of forage based protein grown on-farm. Forage legumes such as red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) produce high dry matter yields of quality forage but currently available varieties lack persistence, particularly under grazing. To assess the impact of red clover persistence on protein yield, diploid red clover populations selected for improved persistence were compared with a range of commercially available varieties. All populations were grown over four harvest years in mixed swards with either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or perennial plus hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum Kunth). Red clover and total sward dry matter (DM) herbage yields were measured in Years 1–4, red clover plant survival in Years 3 and 4 and herbage protein (CP) yield and concentration in Years 2 and 4. In general, red clover DM yield in year 4 (3.4 t ha⁻¹) was lower than in year 1 (13.9 t ha⁻¹) but the red clover populations differed in the extent of this decline. Differences in the persistence of the red clover populations in terms of plant survival and yield were reflected in the contribution of red clover to the total sward yield in Year 4, which ranged from 61% for the highest yielding population, AberClaret, to 11% in the lowest yielding, Vivi. Increased red clover DM yield was reflected in a greater CP yield (protein weight per unit area), which ranged from 1.6 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ to 2.9 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Year 2 and from 1.1 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ to 1.9 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Year 4. CP concentration (protein weight per unit herbage weight) of all of the red clover populations was within a range considered suitable for ruminant production. The implication of these results for the future use of red clover in sustainable grassland systems is discussed.     

籽粒蛋白质含量不同的转基因水稻株系产量形成特点

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量与产量的关系仍不十分清楚。本试验以日本晴和以其为亲本通过转基因方式获得的5个籽粒蛋白质含量有明显差异的水稻株系为材料,在大田栽培条件下研究上述株系产量的形成特点。结果表明,在相同施氮量条件下,蛋白质含量高的水稻株系,其产量水平相对较低,结实率与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。随着施氮水平的提高,各株系籽粒蛋白质含量和产量明显增加,产量增加的主要原因是单位面积穗数和每穗粒数的增加。抽穗前积累的干物质少,抽穗后叶片功能期相对较短,光合速率低,灌浆结实期茎秆中的干物质和非结构性碳水化合物向籽粒转运率低,引起结实率下降,是导致籽粒蛋白质含量高的水稻株系产量降低的重要生理原因。     

A Comparison of the Ecovalence and the Variance of Relative Yield as Measures of Stability

Yield stability is an important trait of crop cultivars. There are different concepts and measures of stability, and new ones are constantly being proposed, leaving the practitioner with an ever growing collection of measures to chose from.
In order to facilitate the choice it is useful to study the relationship between stability measures. This paper compares the well known ecovalence to a new measure, the variance of relative yields. It is argued that under rather restrictive conditions the new measure is essentially equivalent to the ecovalence, while in most cases it displays an undesirable dependence on genotypic mean yield. It is concluded that the ecovalence is generally preferable.     

不同土壤条件下追施硼肥对小麦产量和品质的影响

试验于2018-2019年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所温室内进行,采用两因素随机区组设计,以土壤类型和追施硼肥为调控因素,研究不同土壤条件下硼肥对小麦产量和品质的影响。供试土壤分别为黑土、潮土及红土,供试小麦品种为来自埃及的春小麦品种Egypt New。结果表明：黑土条件下小麦的株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和子粒产量均极显著高于潮土和红土条件下的小麦;黑土条件下小麦的蛋白质及其组分产量最高,潮土次之,红土最低,差异显著;拔节期追施硼肥显著提高了子粒产量。不同处理组合条件下,以黑土和拔节期追施硼肥处理的小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和蛋白产量最高。     

马铃薯品种（系）淀粉与产量表现稳定性分析

为选育高淀粉加工型马铃薯品种（系）,以21份马铃薯品系和黑龙江垦区2个主栽品种垦薯1号、大西洋为试验材料,测定马铃薯块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量。结果表明,马铃薯的块茎产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量及直链淀粉含量存在着环境与基因型极显著的互作关系（P<0.01）,但基因型影响效应大于环境因素（P>0.05）;参试品种（系）的产量为17 552~49 639kg/hm²,淀粉含量13.17%~19.66%,淀粉产量2428.17~8792.31kg/hm²,直链淀粉含量13.21%~21.30%;通过与对照品种比较,从21份马铃薯品系中筛选出高产、稳产、高淀粉含量和高淀粉产量的品系4份。结果为选育高淀粉含量、稳定性强的马铃薯品种提供科学依据。     

Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions

The unpredictability of the Mediterranean climate causes fluctuations in wheat yield and quality, but offers the opportunity for obtaining high‐quality durum wheat in terms of grain protein content. Twenty‐five durum wheat genotypes were grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions at each of two latitudes in Spain during 1998 and 1999. Differences between latitudes in grain protein content and chlorophyll content in the flag leaf were attributable to nitrogen fertilization management. Cycle length until anthesis was less affected by the environment than grain‐filling duration, and was longer under irrigated conditions than in the rainfed sites. A negative asymptotic curve was the best equation to fit the relationship between yield and protein content, suggesting that yield improvements in fertile environments may be attained with negligible reductions in protein content. ‘Jabato’, ‘Waha’, ‘Lagost‐3’, ‘Massara‐1’ and ‘Vit?on’ showed medium to high yield, yield stability and high protein content. Chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, measured at anthesis with the soil‐plant analysis development (SPAD) portable field unit, may be useful for the fast and cheap detection of durum wheat genotypes with high grain protein content in drought‐stressed Mediterranean environments.     

紫外线(UV-B)照射对水稻产量及稻米蛋白质含量的影响

以抗紫外线UV-B的日本粳稻品种Sasanishiki为材料,1999年和2000年在大田条件下,探讨了不同生育时期的UV-B处理对水稻产量、糙米的大小及蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,营养生长期(移栽至幼穗分化)、生殖生长期(幼穗分化至抽穗)及抽穗成熟期的UV-B处理对Sasanishiki的产量及其构成因素的影响不显著;生殖生长期(幼穗分化至抽穗)与     

播期与密度对南方早熟春大豆产量和品质的影响

以国审早熟春大豆品种湘春豆26为供试材料,研究了播期和密度对南方早熟春大豆产量和品质的影响。结果表明,南方早熟春大豆产量随播期的延迟、密度的增加呈先增后降趋势;蛋白质含量、蛋脂总含量随密度的增加先增后减,随播期推迟而降低;脂肪含量随密度的增加而降低,随播期的推迟而降低。适期早播,合理密植有利于早熟春大豆高产,同时提高蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量。     

Forage legumes for future dry climates: Lower relative biomass losses of minor forage legumes compared to Trifolium repens under conditions of periodic drought stress

Dairy livestock production systems rely on high‐quality forage legumes, which are widely present in grassland swards all over Europe. A future climatic scenario with higher average annual temperatures and lower precipitation is expected to affect grassland productivity in general and the productivity of the most important forage legume species Trifolium repens in particular. One way to cope with such constraints is the adoption of currently underutilized minor legume species with a higher tolerance towards drought stress. Therefore, the present study investigated legume species with lower moisture requirements than T. repens, these are Lotus corniculatus, Medicago falcata, Medicago lupulina and Onobrychis viciifolia in comparison with T. repens. Legumes were grown in containers as monocultures in a roofed open‐sided greenhouse under conditions of optimal water supply or periodic drought stress. Generally, drought stress decreased the biomass production, but species differed in their reaction. Particularly, M. lupulina and L. corniculatus had lower relative biomass losses (?26%) compared to T. repens (?43%, as averaged over drought stress periods). However, in overall biomass production T. repens still was at one level with M. lupulina and L. corniculatus under drought stress. This was related to high stomata control as indicated by the intrinsic water‐use efficiency. We conclude that there are promising future options of forage legumes as alternatives to T. repens.     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的影响

2005—2006年小麦生长季, 利用7个强筋品种, 按统一设计方案分别在7个省进行田间试验, 研究灌水在不同生态环境下对籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的调控效应。结果表明, 在小麦生育期平均降水量低于常年的情况下, 各试验点的平均产量以灌3次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期,每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理最高, 显著高于灌2次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖和开花期, 每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)和灌1次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖期, 灌水量为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理, 但与灌4次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖、开花期和灌浆期,每次灌水量均为600 m³ hm^-2)的处理差异不显著。随着灌水次数和灌水量的增加, 各试验点总体呈现产量提高和试验点间差异缩小的趋势, 产量环境指数越低的试验点, 灌水处理的增产效果越好。说明灌水可使不同生态环境下强筋小麦产量的稳定性增强。平均产量越高的品种, 在各试验点间的产量变异越小, 即稳定性越好; 产量的环境指数越高, 品种间产量变异系数越小。不同灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量差异显著, 随灌水次数增加, 平均蛋白质含量有逐渐降低的趋势, 但在降水过少的河北任丘试验点, 增加灌水使蛋白质含量有所提高。同一品种在不同试验点的蛋白质含量有较大变化。在各试验点间变异系数小的品种, 其蛋白质含量静态稳定性较好; 而变异系数大的品种则对生态环境变化有较大反应, 说明其品质的栽培可塑性较强。     

追肥运筹对不同品种春小麦蛋白质含量及组分的影响

利用盆栽试验,在棕壤土上施N 0.28 g/kg条件下,于2005年5月在沈阳农业大学肥料长期定位试验站研究等量氮肥不同施肥方式对春小麦产量和籽粒中蛋白质含量及组分的影响。结果表明,等氮量前提下,一次性底施氮肥有利于小麦产量的提高,随着施氮时间的后延,产量呈下降趋势,平均下降26.44%。氮素在对春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及其组分的影响上表现为:随着春小麦施氮时期的后延,籽粒中蛋白质含量呈增长的趋势,平均增加6.86%,其中定西29号增加幅度最大,增加了48.78%;清蛋白和球蛋白的含量以底施 分蘖期 拔节期 抽穗期施氮最高,其分别为4.09%,0.36%;而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的含量在分蘖期施氮达到最高为5.36%,4.16%。各蛋白组分在蛋白质中的分配表现为:清蛋白和麦谷蛋白相对含量在底施 分蘖期施氮下都达到最大,分别占18.90%,20.10%;而对于球蛋白和醇蛋白相对含量在4种施氮方式下,随着施氮时间的后延呈降低趋势,分别降低了53.37%,28.84%。     

山西中部地区旱地小麦新品种丰产性稳产性研究

采用Ｅｂｅｒｈａｒｔ模式和方法分析了１９８８－１９８９年山西省中部地区旱地组区试中６个小麦，品种的丰产性和稳产性。结果表明，地点效应是影响小麦丰产性和稳产性的主要因素。各参试品种的丰产性存在相当大的差异，高产品种也是适应性强的稳产品种。丰产性和稳产性没有相关性。晋麦３４号（８４－１６ｒ）是个丰产性好、适应广的稳产品种，可以在较大的范围内推广种植。     

黄淮冬麦区超高产小麦品种的产量结构模式研究

采用相关和回归分析 ,研究了黄淮冬麦区超高产小麦品种的产量结构及其相互间的关系。结果表明 :多穗型品种要实现超高产必须三要素协调 ,在保证足够穗数的前提下 ,提高穗粒数和千粒重 ,其最佳产量结构为穗数 6 80 6× 10 6 穗 /hm2 左右 ,穗粒数 38 16粒左右 ,千粒重4 0 34g左右 ;大穗型品种实现超高产的关键是提高穗粒数和千粒重 ,其最佳产量结构为穗数4 6 76× 10 6 穗 /hm2 左右 ,穗粒数 4 9 73粒左右 ,千粒重 4 9 38g左右。     

白芝麻籽粒油脂、蛋白质及芝麻素含量QTL定位分析

芝麻籽粒油脂、蛋白质和芝麻素含量是芝麻品质育种的3个重要目标。为了解析其遗传机制并检测相关QTL,利用近红外谷物品质分析仪对一个包含224个株系的F9代重组自交系(RIL)群体在2年3个环境下的籽粒品质性状检测,结果表明,群体内株系间差异显著且呈典型正态分布,而同一环境不同重复间表现差异不显著。相关性分析显示,籽粒含油量与蛋白质含量显著负相关,籽粒含油量与芝麻素含量显著正相关,蛋白质含量与芝麻素含量显著负相关;利用该RIL群体已构建的高密度遗传图谱,采用基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法(MCIM)检测到8个QTL,表型贡献率为0.41%~14.55%;采用多重区间作图法(MIM)检测到13个QTL,可解释5.2%~18.6%的表型变异。其中5个主效QTL被2种方法同时检测到且定位区间相同,2个主效QTL在2个或3个环境中被重复检测到。控制含油量的Qoc-5与芝麻素含量的Qsc-5位于LG5连锁群上的相同区段,加性效应均为正值;而控制蛋白质含量的Qpc-5也位于相邻位置,但加性效应为负值。LG2和LG1连锁群上也存在相似情况,反映品质性状相关QTL之间存在一因多效或紧密连锁。因此,在芝麻品质育种中选择高含油量可以兼顾高芝麻素,但应对蛋白质含量进行负向选择。     

利用CSSL群体研究稻米AC和PC相关QTL表达稳定性

利用以Asominori为遗传背景具IR24染色体片段的置换系（CSSL）群体，在“2年4点”8个环境对稻米直链淀粉含量（AC）和蛋白质含量（PC）进行QTL定位和表达稳定性分析。结果共检测到8个AC和PC相关QTL，其中2个QTL在8个环境中都能重复出现，即影响AC的qAC-8和控制PC的qPC-8，平均贡献率分别为21.0%和26.9%。qAC-8和qPC-8对应置换系与背景亲本Asominori在8个环境中相应性状的表现型都达到极显著差异(P<0.01)；都仅与8个环境中的2个环境之间存在显著的互作效应；说明qAC-8 和qPC-8的效应显著且稳定性较高。此外，qAC-8和qPC-8都被定位在第8染色体R727~G1149区间，IR24的等位基因可同时提高AC和PC，这为研究水稻籽粒直链淀粉和蛋白质形成途径之间的相互关系以及碳氮代谢协同调控的遗传机制提供了新的信息。     

施肥及光合调节剂对小麦根系及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

以在施肥总量相同条件下不同底施和追施比例及光合调节剂的处理，研究了小麦不同时期根系特征及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。结果表明：氮肥全部底施和提高底施比例有利于增加拔节期和孕穗期的根长密度、根平均直径和根总表面积。各种氮肥处理上述根系特征指标在各土层中均表现为孕穗期比拔节初期数值大。增加追施氮肥的比例有利于     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

不同水稻品种蛋白质含量的分析

通过对6个不同品种间籽粒蛋白质含量在同一灌浆期的比较,各个品种籽粒蛋白质含量在灌浆的四个时期的动态变化分析,以及籽粒蛋白质含量的变化规律与灌浆速率的关系分析,结果发现：每个品种的蛋白质积累过程中都有一个明显猛增的飞跃期,且多处于灌浆速率最快时期以外（后、末期）,且XR243增幅大,营养品质高,可作为培育高蛋白杂交后代的首选亲本品种。相关分析表明,籽粒可溶性糖含量和蛋白质含量之间不存在显著性相关,说明水稻自抽穗到完全成熟,碳、氮代谢基本上是两个相对独立进行的过程。     

Genetic analysis for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.) at different developmental times

The dynamic expression of genes for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was carried out with time-dependent measures by using the developmental genetic models for quantitative traits in diploid plant. The unconditional and conditional analysis showed that the accumulated genetic effects or net genetic effects from diploid embryo nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes and diploid maternal plant nuclear genes were all important for the performance of both nutrient quality traits at most developmental times/stages. Results from the conditional analysis further revealed that the activation of quantitative genes was gradually carried through the developmental process with maternal genes playing more active role at most developmental stages. Additive effects from embryo and maternal plant were found more important than the dominant effects at most developmental times/stages for both traits, and especially for protein content of rapeseed. Heritability analysis confirmed that the maternal heritability for protein contents were considerably stronger throughout developmental period except for the developmental time at 22 days, while for oil content the heritability components were dynamic and time dependent. The differences of genetic relationships from various genetic systems were found for oil and protein contents among the developmental times or between the two quality traits. M. T. Variath and J. G. Wu are contributed equally to this paper.     

Comparison of doubled haploid lines and F2 bulks for the improvement of barley in the dry areas of North Syria

Drought stress is the main factor limiting barley yields in West Asia and North Africa. This study compares the utility of doubled haploid lines (DHLs) and conventional F₂ plant-derived bulks (F₂Bs) in improving barley in stress environments. Double crosses were made, DHLs were developed by anther culture from double-cross F₁ plants, and F₂Bs were produced by bulking the offspring of F₂ plants. Field tests were conducted in three drought-stressed environments. No major differences were observed in the mean performance of DHLs and F₂Bs. For most traits, both the genotypic and the genotype × location interaction variances were higher in the DHL group, whereas heritabilities were similar. Higher gains from selection were predicted for the DHL group. Regression analysis of yield stability indicated a lower predictability of the DHL performance. The haploid technique can improve breeding populations from which varieties with stable yields can be developed. The costs involved are determined by the DHL production rate, which needs to be improved in many developing countries.