土壤有机质与水土流失的关系定量研究

土壤中有机质含量的多少是衡量土壤肥力高低的主要指标。水土流失对土地生产力的破坏,实质在于土壤肥力的下降或损失。为了探讨土壤有机质与水土流失的定量关系,在王家沟流域10～12°坡耕地上进行了4 a的定位试验。结果表明,每年1 hm²施入有机肥料30 000～75 000 kg,可以减少径流量4.8～12.4个百分点,减少土壤侵蚀量31.5%～35.4%。     

土壤盐分对土壤水分扩散率的影响

土壤水分扩散率是土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。利用水平土柱吸渗法对不同含盐量土壤的水分扩散率与含水量之间的关系进行了测定,并建立了土壤水分扩散率、土壤含水量与Boltzmann参数间的定量关系。结果表明,不同含盐量土壤之间的水分扩散率存在明显差异,表现在相同土壤含水量情况下,土壤水分扩散率随土壤含盐量的增大而增大;土壤水分扩散率随土壤含水量增大而单调增大,且当含水量接近饱和时,土壤水分扩散率接近无穷,通过建立含水量与土壤水分扩散率的经验函数关系能较好地反映了土壤含水率与土壤水分扩散率间的关系。     

土壤水分对水稻土和菜园土有机碳分解的影响

采用培养法研究在不同水分条件下水稻土和菜园土有机碳的分解变化特征。结果表明,不同的土壤类型和不同的水分条件下CO2释放速率的变化趋势都是前期分解速率快,后期分解速率减慢并趋于稳定。低土壤水分含量不利于水稻土和菜园土的有机碳分解,中等土壤水分含量有利于菜园土的有机碳分解,高土壤水分含量有利于水稻土的有机碳分解。对有机碳分解累计量曲线的拟合,幂函数(y=b0*xb1)可以很好的反映这种变化趋势,并且b0和b1与土壤水分含量都有很好的相关性。     

Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air of Buildings in Nuclear Power Plants, Taiwan

This study investigates the composition and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air-conditioned office space and low-level waste (LLW) repository sites of nuclear power plants located in Taiwan. Air samples were collected in the office space and technical rooms of administration buildings of the three nuclear power plants and in LLW repository site using canisters. Thirty-six toxic organic compounds including aromatics, CFCs and chlorinated hydrocarbons were identified and quantified using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The results indicated that the concentrations of most determined species were similar to that in urban areas; however, the air at the LLW building contained abundant trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), trichloroethylene, toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and CFC-12 in concentrations markedly higher than the background levels. Only toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were detected with low concentrations in the air of LLW repository site. In addition, comparison of the ambient air concentration at several major industries and urban atmosphere revealed that the nuclear power plants emitted and/or leaked higher concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons among them.     

黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳含量对侵蚀坡面表层土壤含水量时空变化的影响

表层土壤含水量能敏感反映降雨、气温、侵蚀等环境要素的变化,明确表层土壤含水量时空变化特征可为农业生产及土壤环境效应评价等提供参考。以黄土丘陵区不同有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,连续监测了2016年11月至2018年3月0-5 cm土壤含水量的动态变化,结合降水资料,分析了不同土壤有机碳水平下侵蚀坡面沉积区、侵蚀区及对照区表层土壤含水量的变化特征。结果表明:(1)表层土壤含水量不同季节变化差异显著,夏季变幅最大,单日最大变幅可达14.3%,春、秋、冬季的单日最大变幅<8.0%。换言之,夏季是土壤水分变化的敏感期。(2)土壤有机碳水平、坡面部位、土壤温度对表层水分变异的影响程度因季节而异。(3)土壤侵蚀加剧了坡面表层土壤含水量变异,变异程度表现为沉积区>侵蚀区>对照(未侵蚀)区;侵蚀前后侵蚀区表层土壤含水量变化量与沉积区变化量的差值随有机碳水平升高从0.85%增加至9.81%。(4)侵蚀坡面表层土壤含水量的时空异质性随有机碳水平升高呈非线性变化趋势。     

Sonochemical Degradation of Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds in Water: Effects of Physicochemical Properties of the Compounds on Degradation

This study examined a comparative degradation of various chlorinated phenolic compounds including phenol, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) using 28, 580, and 1,000 kHz ultrasonic reactors. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was also determined in order to investigate the efficacy of different sonochemical reactors for hydroxyl radical production. Clearly, it was observed that the 580 kHz sonochemical reactor had maximum efficacy for hydroxyl radical production. The degradation of all the compounds followed the order; 580 kHz (91?C93%) > 1,000 kHz (84?C86%) > 28 kHz (17?C34%) with an initial concentration of 2.5 mg L^?1 at a reaction time of 40 min with ultrasonic power of 200 ± 3 W and aqueous temperature of 20 ± 1°C in each experiment. Overall, the degradation of those phenolic compounds followed the order, PCP > 2,3,4,6-TeCP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2,6-DCP > 4-CP > phenol at various frequencies in the presence/absence of a radical scavenger (tert-butyl alcohol). It was revealed that the correlations between the compound degradation rates and the physicochemical parameters, R ² = 0.99 for octanol?Cwater partition coefficient, R ² = 0.95 for water solubility, R ² = 0.94 for vapor pressure, and R ² = 0.88 for Henry??s law constant, excluding PCP, were very good in the entire range of each parameter.     

Volatile Organic Compounds in the Ambient Air of Rousse,Bulgaria

Volatile organic compounds in the ambient air were measured at four locations in Rousse, Bulgaria for a one year period. A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer equipped with a cryogenic concentrator was used to analyse the air samples. Forty one compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halogen-derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons) were analysed by EPA method TO-14. Aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, styrene, isomers of xylene and isomers of trimethyl benzene were the most frequently occurring pollutants. Styrene, isomers of xylene and isomers of trimethyl benzene frequently exceeded the concentration limits. Among the halogen derivatives, the concentration of chloroform was always very high. A concept called ‘degree of pollution’ was proposed to clarify the contribution of each pollutant to the total air-pollution. Suggestions were made on the need to introduce an integral tolerance parameter to describe the total impact on air-pollution.     

容重对不同有机质含量土壤水分入渗特性的影响

通过不同有机质含量的土壤入渗试验,分析有机质含量及容重对土壤水分入渗特性的影响.结果表明:容重对质地相同而有机质含量不同的土壤表现出不同的影响程度,对高有机质含量的土壤影响显著,有机质含量高的土壤在容重递增的过程中,土壤累积入渗量、湿润深度显著下降,稳定入渗率以乘幂形式迅速下降;有机质含量较低的土壤,容重增加对土壤入渗过程影响相对较小,容重增加时,其累积入渗量、入渗率、湿润深度也有不同程度的减小,但其减小的幅度范围较小,稳定入渗率呈平缓线性降低.采用Green-Ampt模型与Philip模型模拟不同容重及有机质含量的土壤饱和导水率结果与实测值吻合较好.     

Pattern Classification of Volatile Organic Compounds in Various Indoor Environments

The purpose of this study was to survey the distribution patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde in the various indoor environments using cluster analysis. We investigated VOCs and formaldehyde in subway stations, underground shopping areas, medical centers, maternity recuperation centers, public childcare centers, large stores, funeral homes, and indoor parking lots from June 2005 to May 2006 (9 p.m. to 6 a.m.). The concentration of total volatile compounds (TVOCs) in maternity recuperations was 2,605.7 ??g/m³, which was higher than that stated in the guideline and other chosen facilities. TVOCs in public childcare centers were 1,951.6 ??g/m³, which also exceeded the guideline. Moreover, the concentration of TVOCs in every facility exceeded the guideline of the Ministry of Environment, Korea. In the case of formaldehyde, the mean concentration of 336.5 ??g/m³ found only in public childcare centers exceeded the 120 ??g/m³ stated in the guideline. Finally, by applying cluster analysis, three patterns of the indoor air pollutions were distinguished. In the results of the analysis, concentrations of TVOCs and formaldehyde of cluster 3 were higher than clusters 1 and 2, which were 2,561.4 and 184.9 ??g/m³, respectively.     

Theoretical Analysis on the Removal of Cyclic Volatile Organic Compounds by Non-thermal Plasma

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from anthropogenic sources, especially cyclic organics with stable structure and strong toxicity (e.g., cyclohexane and benzene), exert hazards to atmospheric environment and human health, and need to be controlled urgently. As an emerging technology for VOC removal, non-thermal plasma (NTP) with low-energy consumption and high removal efficiency is widely studied. However, in contrary to the abundant experiments, theoretical studies are only few, and the degradation mechanisms and pathways of VOCs are still open questions, which hinders the effective VOC removal. Herein, the density function theory (DFT) calculations of NTP degradations for two typical cyclic organics, cyclohexane and benzene, are performed. The degradations of cyclic organics are mainly resulted by the dehydrogenation, decarburation, elimination, and ring-opening reactions and can be markedly promoted with radical ·OH, H·, and O· produced by background gas (H2O and O2). For cyclohexane degradations, the presence of O· decreases the energy barrier from 81.9 to 8.7 kcal/mol in the initial step, leading to an optimal degradation pathway with minimum plasma energy at around 0.5 eV. For benzene degradations, the presence of ·OH decreases the energy barrier from 118.4 to 5.5 kcal/mol in the initial step, triggering an optimal degradation pathway with minimum plasma energy at around 6 eV. The higher plasma energy required in degradation of benzene is due to its more stable structure than alkanes ring. Moreover, the O₂ concentration and plasma energy are suggested to increase for efficient degradation of cyclohexane and benzene, respectively.     

土壤含水率对枳椇生长发育的影响

采用地面光谱采样与土壤采样同步进行的方法,对不同类型的林分土壤水分进行了定量分析,得出不同立地类型土壤含水量差异以及含水量变化与枳椇生长趋势的关系。影响枳椇成活与生长的主要矛盾是土壤水分,雨季生长量随着土壤水分的增加而增加。不同立地类型土壤含水量差异是非常明显的,其排序依次为:壤土>沙土,稍阴土壤>全阳土壤。     

冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳和可溶性有机碳的影响

以东北地区棕壤为供试土样,采用人工控温,室内培养的方法,使土样经受不同冻融处理,研究了冻融次数和含水量对棕壤有机碳的影响。研究结果表明,冻融次数和含水量对棕壤总有机碳的影响不显著,冻融次数对可溶性有机碳的影响达到显著水平,随着冻融次数的增加土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,在试验设计范围内表现为冻融降低了棕壤可溶性有机碳的含量,可溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比例随冻融作用的变化趋势与可溶性有机碳基本一致。土壤可溶性有机碳对冻融处理的反映较为敏感,可以作为反映不同冻融处理对土壤有机质影响的一个较好的指标。     

土壤含盐量与土壤电导率及水分含量关系的试验研究

应用不同盐分含量土壤，进行了土壤电导率与土壤含盐量关系的试验研究，获得了不同含盐量土壤的电导率随水分含量变化的规律，并且建立了土壤含盐量与土壤电导率及水分含量的关系．本文所用方法简便可行，试验结果具有较高精度．本研究为较精确测定土壤含盐量及快　速进行较大规模盐渍土壤调查提供了一种较佳方法．     

Monitoring and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Around an Oil Refinery

Valle Galeria, a location in the outskirts of Rome, was selected as a case study to assess the pollution release from the industrial facilities operating in this area. For this purpose, an intensive field campaign was conducted during summer, where volatile organic compounds VOC (including benzene, toluene and xylenes) were sampled and analyzed at two different sites. A strong modulation of VOC concentrations was observed between daytime and nighttime, and alkane fraction was found to be the most abundant group, indicating the oil refinery as the major source of atmospheric hydrocarbons. Surface turbulence and upper air SODAR data were processed to investigate the relationships between meteorology and VOC levels and patterns. Atmospheric turbulence was found to be responsible for the daily modulation of VOC. In particular, the highest BTX pollution episode observed during nighttime was found to be correlated with a very strong atmospheric stability and a surface based inversion layer. The analysis of BTX ratios resulted effective in recognizing the relationship between the pollutants and their co-variance, as well as the dispersion and reaction patterns occurring during the transport across the two sites.     

Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds during Composting of Poultry Litter

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during composting of poultry litter. The VOCs produced from in-vessel composting with a controlled aeration system were tested using the F-ITR method by VOC analyzer. Alkanes and alkylated benzenes were emitted in the highest amounts from poultry litter, while aldehydes, terpenes, ketones were emitted in much lesser amounts. Studies showed that VOCs generation was the greatest early during the composting process and greatly reduced thereafter. Composting temperatures were found to affect VOCs. All VOCs were least with the high temperatures generated during composting.     

黄土高原水土保持措施对土壤水分的影响

土壤水是重要的生态水源和水文要素之一,它与黄土区生态环境建设关系密切.水土保持措施是人类对土壤流失区下垫面性质的综合改造,这种改造会影响土壤水分的静态分布和动态过程.在黄土高原地区,水土保持坡面工程措施能有效地提高土壤含水量.人工林草植被使土壤含水量降低,甚至造成人为干层.天然植被与人工植被对土壤含水量的影响相反,这是黄土高原植被营造及规划中应关注的问题.     

Biological Elimination of Volatile Organic Compounds from Waste Gases in a Biofilter

A great deal of research has been directed towards the problem of reduction and control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this research is to find a process that is both efficient and inexpensive in comparison with traditional air treatment technologies. Our biofilter (one stage system, 2 m in height) is an aerobic system for waste gases containing VOCs using the degradation properties of microbial flora (assorted cultures of Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter and yeast). In this process, polluted gas diffuses across a filter bed into which a microbial culture has previously been introduced. Peat is the medium of choice for inoculation with microorganisms because of its adsorption and absorption properties, ability to retain moisture, and buffering capacity. Furthermore, the peat utilized is spherical in shape; thus, it is possible to avoid problems related to compacting. The objective of this study was to eliminate VOCs emitted from a rotogravure process. We were able to achieve promising results from biofiltration of two types of VOCs (a mixed solvent containing isopropyl acetate and 1-nitropropane, and the solvent: 1-nitropropane). The results obtained indicate that the elimination of nitropropane and the mixed solvent in the biofilter are considered to follow zero-order kinetics with reaction rate limitation and diffusion rate limitation, respectively.     

Volatile Organic Compounds of Whole‐Grain Soft Winter Wheat

The aroma from volatile organic compounds (VOC) is an indicator of grain soundness and also an important quality attribute of grain foods. To identify the inherent VOC of wheat grain unaffected by fungal infestation and other extrinsic factors, grains of nine soft wheat varieties were collected at various days postanthesis (DPA) and analyzed for VOC. Ten VOC were detected in all nine varieties at all DPA. 3‐Methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 1‐pentanol, hexanal, and 1‐hexanol were the predominant VOC in concentration. The VOC concentration generally decreased as grain matured from 25 to 40 DPA. Hexanal and 1‐hexanol were the most abundant VOC in five and four varieties at 1.30–2.99 and 1.21–5.46 μg/kg of wheat grain, respectively, at 40 DPA. The VOC profiles of wheat grains infected with fungal diseases and stored for several months were uniquely different from that of sound grain.