Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous in the Nakdong River System,Korea

The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) species and relevant hydrographic parameters were determined in main stream and tributary waters of the Nakdong River system during the periods of May through October 1994. During the entire period, the total N (TN) and total P (TP) concentrations in surface waters were found within the ranges of 0.4–7.0 (N=241) and 0.02–1.536 mg L-¹ (N=241), respectively. To help derive meaningful interpretations of temporal and geographical variabilities in the nutrient bahavior, the entire data were evaluated for each individual parameter after employing several different grouping schemes. The results of this comparative analysis can be expressed in terms of: (1) high summer/fall ratios for most of nutrient species; and (2) low summer/fall ratios for most of nutrient-to-nutrient ratios and relevant hydrographic parameters. Interestingly, while the former case was found to be more significant in tributary waters than main stream waters, such geographical dependence was not strongly evident for the latter case. A z-statistic test, conducted to check the significance of temporal (between summer and fall) and spatial (between tributary and main stream regions) differences, confirm that the observed variabilities are in most cases strong enough for most of variables studied – nutrient species, their ratios, and relevant hydrographic parameters. In addition, comparison of nutrient species between dissolved and particulate phases reveals several interesting features. Unlike dissolved nutrient species, the concentrations of particulate N or P (PN or PP) exhibited quite extraoridanry behavior. While PN appears to be rather minor component of the total N budget for the Nakdong river, PP seems to make rather strong contributions to its total P budgets with its strong input from tributary waters during rainy summer season. Through an application of correlation analysis, relationships between different parameters were investigated for both before and after the grouping of data sets. The overall picture of this analysis showed that nutrient species were strongly correlated with each other, while the strongest correlations were among such hydrographic parameters as DO, BOD, COD, and conductivity. This analysis was further conducted to more deliberately divided data groups. The results of analyses on these sub-grouped data sets indicate that the occurrences of significant corelations were common from tributary waters relative to main streams for both (1) between different nutrient species and (2) between nutrient and hydrographic parameters. Using the line of evidence gathered from the statistical tests and from the correlation analysis, we conclude that the environmental health of the Nakdong river system is affected by the combined effects of various factors and processes.     

A Synoptic Survey of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Tributary Streams and Great Rivers of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River Basins

We combined stream chemistry and hydrology data from surveys of 436 tributary stream sites and 447 great river sites in the Upper Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River basins to provide a regional snapshot of baseflow total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and to investigate the relationships between land use and stream chemistry. Catchments in the Upper Mississippi River basin had more land in agricultural uses (51%) than the Missouri or Ohio River basin catchments (25% and 29%, respectively). The difference in agriculture is reflected in the TN concentrations in tributary streams and the great rivers: 5,431 and 2,112 ??g L^?1 for the Upper Mississippi, 1,751 and 978 ??g L^?1 for the Missouri, and 1,074 and 1,152 ??g L^?1 for the Ohio River basins. This agricultural effect was not as evident for tributary stream or great river TP concentrations: 165 and 181 ??g L^?1 in the Upper Mississippi, 177 and 171 ??g L^?1 in the Missouri, and 67 and 53 ??g L^?1 in the Ohio River basins. We set reference thresholds based on the 75th percentile TN and TP concentrations at our least disturbed sites. The TN threshold was exceeded for 50?C63% of the tributary stream and 16?C55% of great river lengths, with the greatest proportion in the Upper Mississippi River basin. The TP threshold was exceeded in 32?C48% of tributary stream and 12?C41% of great river lengths. Tributary stream N/P ranged from 67:1 (Ohio) to 210:1 (Upper Mississippi); river N/P ranged from 20:1 (Missouri) to 60:1 (Ohio). N/P indicated that potential N-limitation occurred in 10?C21% of total tributary stream length and in 0?C46% of great river length; potential P-limitation ranged from 60?C83% of cumulative tributary stream length and from 21?C98% of cumulative great river length. Total N flux (concentration × discharge) was highest in the Upper Mississippi River basin; TP flux was lowest in the Ohio River basin. River TN yields and TP yields for both tributary streams and great rivers, was not significantly different between the sub-basins. Our study empirically links catchment land use and stream chemistry, and demonstrates using monitoring data for estimating nutrient yields at a large regional scale.     

Environmental fate of mercury discharged into the upper Wisconsin river

We studied the distribution of Hg in sediments, fish, and crayfish in a 60 km reach of the Upper Wisconsin River that formerly received Hg in discharges from pulp and paper mills. The most heavily contaminated strata of sediments were deposited during the 1950s and early 1960s and buried under subsequent deposits; however, surficial sediments remained substantially enriched at certain sites in 1981. Median concentrations of Hg in surficial sediments, adjusted for grain size, were at least 10-fold greater at the main study area than at an upstream reference site. Total concentrations exceeded 1.0 μg g^?1 wet weight in axial muscle tissue in only 2 of 173 fish analyzed from the study area; however, historical comparisons revealed that Hg contamination of fish (common carp Cyprinus carpio and walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and crayfish (Orconectes) in the river had not decreased since the early 1970s. The availability of Hg to biota in this system may be enhanced by rapid methylation of the metal in surficial sediments, despite burial of the most heavily contaminated sediments. Management practices for this river should be designed to prevent conditions favoring mobilization and methylation of Hg in sediments.     

Nutrient And Particulate Inputs Into The Mar Menor Lagoon (Se Spain) From An Intensive Agricultural Watershed

The Mar Menor is a Mediterranean coastal lagoon of high conservation interest, but highly threatened by non-point pollution derived from agricultural lands. This is the first comprehensive study that evaluates the inputs into the Mar Menor from a drainage channel and the Albujón wadi, the main watercourse, and their influence on the trophic state of the lagoon. Discharge variation during the study period was closely related to the precipitation pattern. Suspended sediments and particulate organic matter loads greatly increased with flash floods. Nitrate concentrations, too, increased after heavy autumn rains through washing of the nitrates accumulated in soils, although no significant correlations were found between nitrate concentrations and precipitation or discharge. The nitrate load depended on several factors including the intensity and frequency of precipitation, and the nitrates accumulated in soils as a result of fertilisation. Phosphate concentrations decreased with higher flows. The total input into the lagoon from the two discharges estimated for the period September 2002–October 2003 were 10,142 t.yr^?1of suspended sediments, 389 t.yr^?1 of particulate organic matter, 2,010 t.yr^?1 of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (93 % as NO^? ₃) and 178 t.yr^?1 of soluble reactive phosphorus. The Albujón wadi exported about 80% of the N load and 70% of the P load. Higher flows contributed approximately 80% of the total discharge and nutrient loads, 99% of suspended sediment and 88% of the particulate organic matter. Mean suspended solids and nutrient concentrations in the lagoon followed a spatial pattern, decreasing with distance from the mouth of the Albujón wadi. Water nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the Mar Menor lagoon were lower than reference limits for eutrophic conditions, except after heavy rains. Nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with precipitation variables and particulate and nutrient inputs. Phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient in the Mar Menor, the DIN:SRP ratios found being higher than the Redfield ratio on all sampling dates. Phytoplankton bloom in the lagoon was only found next to the Albujón mouth during late summer and extending 5000 m into the lagoon in autumn as a consequence of large freshwater discharge caused by flash floods. Around 53.6% of the variation in chlorophyll a in the lagoon was explained by the NH₄ and NO₃ inputs and distance from the Albujón mouth. A good deal of P input into the lagoon is retained in the sediments, supporting a high biomass of the benthic macroalga Caulerpa prolifera in spring and summer.     

曹娥江流域河流污染特征对土地覆被的响应

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.     

雅砻江-安宁河并流段水沙及养分空间差异分析

为了解人类活动影响下的流域泥沙及养分分布情况,以雅砻江及其一级支流安宁河为研究对象,选择雅砻江—安宁河并流段为研究区,沿河流纵向选取6个断面,并对断面垂向与横向进行含沙量及氮磷浓度的监测,分析不同流域水沙沿程变化及养分空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)安宁河含沙量整体大于雅砻江并流段,2条河流中下游的含沙量均大于上游,总体沿程增加。在泥沙断面垂向分布上,雅砻江无明显分层现象;安宁河分层现象明显,表现出底层＞表层＞中层的规律。在泥沙断面横向分布上,除安宁河中下游为左侧分布外,安宁河上游及雅砻江并流段均表现为右侧分布。雅砻江并流段泥沙断面均匀性总体优于安宁河。(2)雅砻江TN、TP整体均显著小于安宁河流域,且雅砻江—安宁河并流段氮磷空间分布在断面垂向和断面横向上均存在显著差异。(3)雅砻江并流段TN、TP浓度与含沙量呈线性正相关,其中断面横向拟合度优于断面垂向,且TN与含沙量的相关性高于TP;而安宁河则是断面垂向拟合度大于断面横向,TP与含沙量的相关性高于TN。     

Metal Contamination of River Waters and Sediments from Effluents of Kaolin Processing in Brazil

In order to evaluate the metal contamination from kaolin industry discharges into rivers in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, samples of river water and fluvial sediment were collected up- and down-river from the industries and analysed todetect metal inputs. The metal examined included zinc, iron, andaluminium among others, being selected due to their toxicity andoccurence in waste waters. Metal inputs in the samples analysed appeared to be related to effluent discharges into the rivers. The river water showed high concentrations (in μg mL^-1) of Zn (355), Fe (354) and Al (303). Sediment investigations indicated heavy enrichment (SEF = 9.4) for Zn. The Geoaccumulation Index for this element accounted for 3 (moderately to heavy polluted). River water pH of the sample collected near the effluent discharge site reached 3.7, suggesting inadequate treatment.     

博、精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分空间异质性分析

以新疆博尔塔拉河、精河下游河岸带土壤为研究对象,针对土壤中的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等指标进行定量测定,运用地统计学方法分别对博尔塔拉河、精河流域土壤养分空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质、碱解氮变异程度大于精河下游河岸带,土壤速效磷、速效钾变异程度相近;两河土壤速效养分垂直分异规律为:土壤有机质、碱解氮含量均随土层深度的增加而递减;水平分异规律为:距离艾比湖入湖口越远,土壤中速效养分平均含量越小.总体而言,博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤速效养分高于精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分,精河土壤养分空间异质性较小.     

Integrated use of physical and mathematical models to evaluate ecological effects

Nutrient cycling is of central importance in the health and maintenance of all ecosystems, thus it is argued that greater emphasis be placed on the impact of hazardous materials on nutrient cycling. To investigate this concern, flowthrough aquatic microcosms were used in conjunction with a simple, multielement, mathematical model to initiate the development of a large scale model capable of predicting the effects of xenobiotics on ecosystem nutrient cycling. Potential toxicant effects were imposed on the model to determine whether changes in dissolved nutrient concentrations could be noted. Simulation results demonstrated that toxicant effects on dissolved nutrient concentrations were observable. The model also was employed to study the effect of different aufwuchs C : N : P ratios on dissolved nutrient concentrations. Although experimental data indicated that the aufwuchs C : N : P ratio was not constant, the use of constant stoichiometry in the model did not alter its utility.     

Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)

Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.     

Mercury Transport in a Low-Arctic River in Kobbefjord, West Greenland (64° N)

Mercury (Hg) transport was studied in a river in Kobbefjord, near Nuuk in West Greenland, during the 2009 and 2010 summer periods. The river drains an area of 32?km², and the Kobbefjord area is considered representative to low-Arctic West Greenland. The river water origins from both precipitation and melting of small glaciers and annual water discharges for 2009 and 2010 were estimated to be 29 and 26 million?m³, respectively. Mean Hg concentrations (±SD) were 0.46?±?0.17 and 0.26?±?0.17?ng?L^?1 for 2009 and 2010. The annual Hg transport was estimated to 14 and 6.4?g, corresponding to a transport rate of 0.45 and 0.20?g Hg km^?2?year^?1 from the river basin. The highest Hg concentrations (up to 1.0?ng?L^?1) and discharges were measured in spring 2009 along with melting of extensive amounts of snow deposited during the 2008?C2009 winter period. In contrast, the following 2009?C2010 winter period was relatively dry with less snowfall. This indicates that a major fraction of the Hg in this area is likely to come from Hg deposited along with winter precipitation (as wet deposition) released upon snowmelt. Also, the results show that while Hg concentrations were low in Kobbefjord River compared to other sub-Arctic/Arctic rivers, the annual Hg transport rates from the basin area were within the range reported for other sub-Arctic/Arctic areas.     

Stoichiometric variation of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils and its implication for nutrient limitation in alpine ecosystem of Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Purpose

The main objectives of this research are to decipher the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in soils from the alpine ecosystem and to obtain information about nutrient limitation on plants and microbes.

Materials and methods

The soils were sampled along an altitudinal gradient (2000 to 4300 m above sea level) from the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain in eastern Tibetan Plateau. In total of 102 soil samples in profiles and 27 soil microbial biomass (SMB) samples from five vegetation zones were collected to analyze the concentrations of C, N, and P as well as their ratios. The concentrations of C and N were measured using an automated C/N analyzer, total P was detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, and the concentrations of microbial biomass C, N, and P were measured by the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. Soil P fractions were extracted by modified Hedley sequential extraction method.

Results and discussion

The concentrations of C, N, and P in the soils and SMB varied spatially, whereas the variation of their ratios was constrained. The C:N:P ratios were 556:22:1 for the O horizon, 343:16:1 for the A horizon, 154:7:1 for the B horizon, and 63:3:1 for the C horizon, indicating a significant decrease with depth. The mean ratio in the SMB was 51:6.6:1. Microbial biomass C, N, and P were important components of soil nutrients, especially the microbial biomass P which accounted for 40.8 % of soil available P. The C:P and N:P were higher in the soils of broadleaf-coniferous and coniferous forests, whereas the ratios in the SMB were higher in the broadleaf forest. The ratios of C and N to available P in the soils decreased significantly with altitude.

Conclusions

The local climate, vegetation succession, and soil development in the high mountain resulted in the soil nutrient cycling different from that in other terrestrial ecosystems. Among the different vegetation zones, the P-limitation of plants and microbial communities might be possible in the soils of lower land forests in the long term.

     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of land degradation and fluvial erosion in the middle and upper Yangtze River Basin,China

Land degradation in the middle and upper Yangtze has caused loss of cultivable land, sediment deposition in reservoirs and changes in the runoff: sediment yield relationships of major tributaries. The Jialin River and the Dukou-Pingshan sector of the Jingsha River together contribute over 75 per cent of all the sediment carried by the Yangtze at Yichang. As the Jialin catchment has the highest rates of erosion per unit area, high sediment discharges from that river exert a major influence on peak summer sediment discharges on the Yangtze. Even though land degradation is increasing in severity, there is no clear overall pattern or trend in variations in sediment yield since 1950. Some tributaries are affected by major reservoir construction and soil conservation works, others are not.     

Utilization of algal assays to assess the effects of municipal,industrial, and agricultural wastewater effluents upon phytoplankton production in the Snake River system

The most characteristic water quality problem of the Snake River Basin is the excessive aquatic growth and thick blooms of algae. The cause of these aquatic growths is related to the high concentrations of basic nutrients — nitrogen and phosphorus — in the Snake system. Industrial wastes, natural phosphate levels, irrigation return flows, municipal wastes, and the decay of aquatic biota all contribute to the nutrient balance which stimulates aquatic growths. Algal assays were conducted on waters of eighteen Snake River and tributary sites to: (1) determine if algal growth was consistent with results predicted from review of chemical analysis for orthophosphorus and total soluble inorganic N; (2) determine if algal yields were limited by P, N, or some other nutrient essential to algal growth; and (3) predict the effects of N or P additions on algal productivity.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Sediments from Tropical Catatumbo River (Venezuela)

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined in sediment samples along the bed of Catatumbo river in both Colombian and Venezuelan territories until the river outlet in Maracaibo lake. Total phosphorus was determined by digestion with HCl followed by analysis using the ascorbic acid method and total nitrogen was done using the standard microkjeldahl method plus nitrate-nitrite. Ammonium, orthophosphate and nitrate were determined using standard methods after extraction steps. The mean concentrations along the river bed were found in an interval of 0.035 and 1.492 mg g^-1 dry sed. for nitrogen and 0.027 and 1.039 mg g^-1 dry sed. for phosphorus at 95% confidence level. The mean molar ratio N/P in the river bed was 4.42 and 3.46 for river outlet zones in the lake, which indicates that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. For comparison with previous results of lake sediments from sites near the river outlet it was concluded that Catatumbo river is a significant source of nutrients to the Maracaibo Lake system because sediment nutrients concentrations from Catatumbo river were higher than the ones in Maracaibo Lake. Statistic studies showed significant differences between countries, zones and similar behaviour in the river bed as related to the affluent rivers.     

氮、磷肥对杉木幼苗生物量及养分分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同氮、 磷肥对杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）幼苗生物量及养分分配的影响。结果表明,供磷可促进杉木幼苗植株和各器官生物量的增加,并影响叶、 茎、 根生物量的分配比例,氮、 磷处理幼苗叶生物量占全株生物量的45% 以上, 施氮反而降低杉木叶、 茎、 根的生物量; 施氮显著增加根和叶的氮含量,而显著降低根和叶的磷含量,对茎的氮、 磷含量没有明显影响; 施磷显著降低叶、 茎、 根的氮含量,叶、 茎、 根的磷含量随供磷水平的增加而逐渐增加。氮磷配施显著影响叶、 茎、 根的氮、 磷含量和氮、 磷累积量。叶片是主要的氮、 磷养分存储器官。氮（或磷）水平的增加可降低杉木幼苗的磷（或氮）利用效率,提高氮（或磷）的利用效率; 氮、 磷肥显著影响杉木幼苗叶、 茎、 根的N/P比。研究结果说明,氮、 磷肥增加了杉木幼苗各器官生物量和氮、 磷含量,影响了幼苗的养分分配和营养平衡。     

Sediment,Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and Bottom Fauna as Indicators of Effluent Discharged from the Pulp and Paper Mill Complex at Kemi,Northern Finland

This paper compares the long-term data of EOX (Extractable Organic Halogens) determinations in sediments, trichloroguaiacol, i.e. 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol and 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, determinations in the bile of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and changes in bottom fauna communities (Pontoporeia affinis L., Mesidotea entomon L., Valvata spp. L.) during 1994–2003. The study area is located at Kemi, on the Gulf of Bothnia, Northern Finland, and is affected by effluent discharged from the pulp and paper mills of Stora Enso Oyj and Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab. The Kemi municipal sewage plant, and River Kemijoki also impose a load in the same area. The main purpose of the study was to assess whether the state of the exposed water ecosystem has improved on the basis of the concentrations of organochlorine compounds in sediment and in perch, due to the modernisation of the wastewater treatment at the mills. In addition, we also investigated whether the changes in the bottom fauna community indicate an improvement in the purification of the effluents. The results indicate that the concentrations of trichloroguaiacols (–1) in perch reflect the decreased discharges of chlorinated substances from the mills. The EOX concentrations in bottom sediments have also decreased to below 50 of Cl g^–1 in most parts of the study area, which is in good agreement with the reduction in the discharge of organochlorines. According to the long-term changes in bottom fauna, the reduction in the discharge of organochlorine compounds due to modernisation of the pulp mills is reflected in a recovery of the benthic fauna, especially Valvata spp. L. and Pontoporeia affinis L.     

Dissolved and Particulate Heavy Metals in the Salado River (Santa FE, Argentina)

The objective of this work is to analyze Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn distributions in the water column in terms of total, dissolved, and particulate concentrations in the Salado River (Santa Fe – Argentina); their relationship with total, dissolved and suspended solids; and the impact of two pollution sources on the watercourse: a stream that collects domestic and industrial wastewater discharges of the region and a direct discharge that releases urban and industrial effluents to the river. Water samples obtained from 5 surveys were analyzed. The Salado River transported a load of heavy metals that ranged from 700 g/s to 2200 g/s of Fe, 20 g/s to 60 g/s of Mn and 1 g/s to 3 g/s of Cr. Results show that most metals were found in particulate form, that the metal input from the direct discharge may be significant at low water levels, whereas a lesser impact was produced by the stream, and that both pollution sources were negligible at high water levels.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Storage in Contrasting Reaches of a Sub-tropical River System

This study investigated the storage of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the biomass, bed sediments and water column of representative reaches of a sub-tropical river, the upper Brisbane River (UBR), Queensland, Australia, and contrasted instream storage with total wet season exports. In reaches which contained accumulated fine sediments, more than 87% of total P and between 50% and 92% of total N were stored in the surface sediments. The lower proportion of N in sediment at some sites was attributed to substantial differences in the N/P ratios of sediments and macrophytes. At one site, the riverbed was dominated by cobbles and boulders and total nutrient stocks were comparatively low and dominated by the biomass. In reaches with a narrow channel and intact riparian cover, biomass N and P were stored predominately in leaf litter, while in wider unshaded reaches, macrophytes dominated. Total instream storage in the mid to lower reaches of the UBR was ??50.9 T for N and ??18.1 T for P. This was considerably higher than total wet season N (??15.6 T) and P (??2.7 T) exports from the UBR. The first flow event in the river after a prolonged period of no flow resulted in the export of free-floating, emergent species Azolla. The estimated biomass of Azolla in the mid to lower reaches of the river was equivalent to approximately 24% and 9% of the total N and P flux, indicating that this may be a significant, previously unaccounted for, source at peak flow.     

黄泛平原区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

选取黄泛平原区菜地、水浇地、果园和有林地4种不同的土地利用方式,通过野外调查与室内分析,研究不同土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:土壤pH值有林地与果园相对较高,水浇地和菜地较低,均呈弱碱性;土壤有机质、速效钾、有效磷和全氮含量均受土地利用方式影响较大,并且均为菜地含量最高,水浇地次之,林地含量最小,土壤缓效钾受土地利用方式影响不显著;土壤有效硫含量由大到小为菜地水浇地果园有林地,与有机质相同;有效锌、有效铜和有效铁在水浇地中含量较高,有效猛、有效钼和有效硼在有林地中含量较高,菜地的微量元素含量普遍较低。