沙漠非饱和风沙土壤水分特征曲线预测的分形模型

应用VanGenuchten提出的土壤水分特征曲线公式,推导出了沙漠风沙非饱和土壤水分特征曲线的分形模型。通过对古尔班通古特沙漠地9种不同土壤样本利用中子水分仪和负压计实测的水分特征曲线资料反求得到相应的分形维数,分析了分形维数与土壤质地之间的关系,结果表明随着土壤质地从流动风沙土、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的变化,其分形维数呈逐渐增大。此外,基于土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布求出了古尔班通古特沙漠地风沙土壤粒径的分形维数。通过对土壤水分特征曲线的分形维数与土壤粒径的分形维数的对比,得知它们之间存在着良好的线性关系。根据此关系,利用易测得的土壤粒径分形维数结合所推导的分形模型,对土壤水分特征曲线进行了预测,模型的预测结果很好地吻合了实测的土壤水分特征曲线。这一结果对于实际工作中根据风沙土壤颗粒大小分布的分形维数来预测沙漠风沙土壤水分特征曲线具有一定的指导意义。     

Measurement and Prediction of the Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient in Unsaturated Media,with Applications to Soil Covers

The paper describes a methodology of extrapolation and conversion of detailed information on atmospheric deposition in small experimental catchments into regional scale. This method uses the GIS for interpretation of satellite imagery of vegetation cover CORINE and the Digital Elevation Model. The reliability of presentation of the achieved results on regional scale was tested and established by the comparison of maps with data obtained by measurements in small catchments. The resulting differences varied in a range of 10-17%. These results confirmed the fact that the attenuation of heavy industry and desulphurization of power plants burning lignite resulted in the reduction of total atmospheric deposition of sulphur in the Central Europe. On the other hand, the increase in total nitrogen deposition on regional scale takes place even in areas, which were considered to have not been affected by anthropogenic activities. The established trends in the acid atmospheric deposition, and its impact on groundwater quality will become evident with some delay. A high runoff of sulphates still occurs at the present time and will last in future in regions, which were exposed to acid precipitation for a long time.     

Measurement and Prediction of the Oxygen Diffusion Coefficient in Unsaturated Media, with Applications to Soil Covers

Molecular diffusion is an important mechanism for gas transport in various natural and man-made systems. This is particularly the case with soil covers installed on acid-generating mine tailings, where oxygen availability has to be controlled. One of the most important roles of such covers is to limit gas flux, which depends on the effective diffusion coefficient D _e of the cover materials. This paper presents an experimental procedure and results from oxygen diffusion tests performed on different types of materials, at various degrees of saturation. The determination of D _e in the laboratory from the test data is based on analytical and numerical solutions to Ficks laws. The ensuing values of D _e are compared to values calculated from available models that relate D _e to basic material properties, including porosity and degree of saturation. Statistical indicators are used to evaluate the accuracy of selected models, individually and on a comparative basis. It is shown that modified versions of the Millington–Quirk (M-Q) and Millington–Shearer (M-S) models provide D _e values close to the measured data. A semi-empirical expression, ensuing from these models and measurements, is proposed as a simple means of estimating D _e.     

微生物固化风沙土的保水性能试验研究

[目的]研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)固化风沙土的性能,为MICP技术在固化风沙土以及恢复生态等方面提供理论依据。[方法]采用MICP技术对风沙土进行不同次数的固化处理,通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜对固化风沙土的微观结构进行分析,并测试分析固化试样的基本物理性质和保水性。[结果]通过MICP处理的风沙土,在风沙土颗粒之间有碳酸钙晶体生成,将沙土颗粒胶结在一起,使松散的风积沙固化成具有一定强度的整体;随着固化次数的增加,固化风沙土的厚度、干密度、碳酸钙含量逐渐增大,渗透系数逐渐减小,固化厚度由3.38 mm增加至11.28 mm,干密度由原沙的1.61 g/cm³增加至2.05 g/cm³,碳酸钙含量由8.99%增加至13.08%,渗透系数由原沙的1.06×10^-3 cm/s减少至2.35×10^-4 cm/s;当固化处理次数不大于5次时,保水率随固化处理次数的增加而增大,固化试样的保水性能有所改善,固化处理超过5次后,保水性能则有所下降。[结论]采用MICP技术固化的风沙土,可明显改善风沙土的干密度...     

Water Self‐Diffusion Coefficient and Staling of White Bread as Affected by Glycerol

Water self‐diffusion coefficient (D) was investigated in bread crumb during storage to determine the effect of moisture loss and glycerol on the staling mechanism. D increased with added glycerol in breads of the same moisture content. D remained unchanged after storage without crust (with no moisture loss from crumb to crust). When stored with crust (with moisture loss), more mobile water was lost (probably from glycerol), resulting in a more rapid initial decrease in D in glycerol‐added bread. Competition of water may be a key influencing factor. Glycerol and loss of moisture (according to crumb‐crust moisture gradient) triggered a shift in moisture redistribution from starch and gluten to glycerol. This could have contributed to the increased structural rigidity and more rapid firming of the glycerol‐added bread. As a result, a greater firming rate was observed in glycerol‐added bread even with less amylopectin recrystallization as compared with the control.     

Gas Diffusion Coefficient of Undisturbed Peat Soils

Determination of the gas diffusion coefficient D _s of peat soils is essential to understand the mechanisms of soil gas transport in peatlands, which have been one of major potential sources of gaseous carbons. In the present study, we aimed at determining the D _s of peat soils for various values of the air-filled porosity a and we tested the validity of the Three-Porosity Model (Moldrup et al. 2004) and the Millington-Quirk model (1961) for predicting the relative gas diffusivity, the ratio of D _s to D ₀, the gas diffusion coefficient in free air. Undisturbed peat soil cores were sampled from aerobic layers in the Bibai mire, Hokkaido, Japan. The MQ model reproduced the measured D _s/ D ₀ curves better than the TPM. The TPM, a predictive model for undisturbed mineral soils, overestimated the D _s/ D ₀ values for peat soils, implying that in the peat soils the pore pathways were more tortuous than those in the mineral soils. Since the changes in the D _s/ D ₀ ratios with the a values of a well-decomposed black peat soil tended to be more remarkable than those of other high-moor peat soils, the existence of a positive feedback mechanism was assumed, such that peat soil decomposition itself would increase the soil gas diffusivity and promote soil respiration.     

Laboratory Investigation Into Factors Affecting Performance of Capillary Barrier System in Unsaturated Soil

Covers of the nuclear waste repository are of great significance to the long-term safe storage and disposal of nuclear wastes. Capillary barriers have proven to be effective to resist the downward water seeping into the underlying nuclear wastes, especially in dry climate, and have been widely used worldwide. Infiltrating water is removed from the fine layer by evaporation or transpiration or through percolation into the coarse layer, which plays a critical role in preventing the water from further infiltration in the bulk wastes. In this paper, laboratory infiltration tests were conducted with an organic glass box, filled with fine-grained quartz sand in which a layer of coarse-grained quartz sand was emplaced horizontally or at various slopes (10° and 20°), and the capillary barrier effect under various conditions (different thickness, slop of coarse-grained quartz sand layer, and sprinkling intensity) was investigated in detail. The results show that the thickness of the underlying coarse layer plays a critical role in governing the performance of the capillary barrier. The efficiency of capillary barrier increases with increasing thickness and/or slope of the coarse layer, but decreases with increasing sprinkling intensity. For a sprinkling intensity of 20 mm/day, a 30-mm-thick coarse layer even emplaced horizontally can achieve 100% water diversion. In addition, a visible tracer test was performed with an inert red dyestuff to trace the streamlines; the results indicate that even with a 7-mm-thick coarse layer, the capillary barrier can offer marked ability to prevent water from percolating into the coarse layer. The findings could be useful for improving engineered uses of capillary barriers at waste repository sites.     

田间非饱和土壤水分运动参数测定

在秦王川灌区利用双环入渗仪在现场进行了积水入渗试验,同时利用γ射线测定土壤水分剖面,进而根据室内外所测定的土壤水分特征曲线,推求了该灌区非饱和土壤水分运动参数,并对室内外所确定的结果进行了对比分析。     

Mathematical Model of Lateral Oxygen Diffusion and Respiration of Roots for Estimating the Diffusion Coefficient and Affinity to Oxygen

We propose herein a mathematical model, for calculating the oxygen diffusion coefficient (D) and K _m value of a cell (M) based on oxygen concentration-respiration rate curve obtained under the condition that oxygen was supplied by lateral diffusion in roots. The model was deductively developed on the assumption that the roots were uniform and cylindrical and that the oxygen concentration and respiration rate were interdependent.

We estimated D and M from the oxygen concentration-respiration curves of rice (cv. Fujisaka 5) and wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) using this model. These values showed a certain range as follows. In rice, 0.003 cm² h^-1 ≤ D < 0.037 cm² h^-1, and 0.55 μmol mL^-1 ≤ M < 0.75 μmol mL^-1, in wheat, 0.016 cm² h^-1 ≤ D < 0.093 cm² h^-1, and 2.1 μmol mL^-1 ≤ M < 2.2 μmol mL^-1. By comparing the values, rice appeared to be more adapted to hypoxia than wheat, because rice had lower D and M values implying the existence of a safeguard mechanism and high affinity to oxygen. Higher oxygen uptake rate under hypoxia in rice was derived from the lower M value, which exceeded the low D.     

微塑料对土壤持水性能的影响

为探究微塑料对土壤持水性能的影响,选用粒径为1 mm和25 μm的聚乙烯微塑料（PE—MPs）颗粒进行土培处理后,采用高速离心机法测得不同处理下的土壤水分特征曲线,并使用Gardner模型进行拟合分析。结果表明：（1）土壤中累积少量的PE—MPs （0~5.00 g/kg）能增强土壤持水性,但当累积量超过一定阈值（5.00~50.00 g/kg）会导致土壤持水能力显著降低。（2）1 mm大粒径PE—MPs大量积累对土壤持水性的降低效应更显著;25 μm小粒径PE—MPs少量积累对土壤持水性的提升效应更显著。（3）1 mm大粒径PE—MPs进入土壤后主要影响大孔隙与有效孔隙,对土壤有效含水率的影响较大;25 μm小粒径PE—MPs进入土壤后主要影响微小孔隙,对萎焉系数影响较大。该研究可为高农膜残留地区水分迁移模拟和农业生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

Variation of Water Retention in Various Soils of Kuwait

Soil properties varied in water retention; due to soil texture and organic matter content. Variations of texture in many soils are effected mostly to soil forming factors of parent materials of the soil; biological activities; climactic variation; and duration of soil reaction. While the organic matter contents are affected totally by the environmental conditions of the soils. Water holding capacity of different soils influences' plant growth and development in diverse soil characteristics of the world and determines soil productivity. Water resources for agricultural activities are limited, particularly in arid environment and soil water-holding capacity of arid soil is very low. Kuwait can be good example of arid environment with limited water resources for agriculture activities and possess soil of coarse texture with very low organic matter content (Anonymous, 1997). Agricultural development in Kuwait meets many problems for crop production and urban landscaping. Water resources are limited and the quality is deteriorating at the same time soil water holding capacity is very low. Enormous amount of water, particularly desalinated expensive water is wasted for agricultural activities. This paper will study various parts of Kuwaiti soils water holding capacity and develop water retention data for efficient water irrigation and improvement of plant growth.     

土壤水分特征曲线模型比较分析

在分析土壤水分特征曲线经验模型中特征参数的基础上，选取5种不同质地土壤，利用张力计测定了土壤水分特征曲线，根据实验资料确定了土壤水分特征曲线经验模型中参数，采用回归分析方法建立了参数与土壤物理特性间的函数关系，为采用土壤颗粒组成等土壤物理特性确定土壤水分特征曲线提供了指导。     

Water Retention Capacity of Soils in the Altai Region

Eurasian Soil Science - Water retention curves (WRC) and some physical and chemical properties (particle-size composition, soil density, organic matter content, etc.) were determined for the major...     

玉米热风干燥中对流换热系数和当量导热系数的确定

以玉米作为热风干燥物料，在垂直热吹风干燥实验中，建立了干燥速率与对流换热系数的关系式。提出了由干燥速率来确定热风与玉米的对流换热系数，进而求取厚层玉米当量导热系数的实验方法     

不同含水率条件下非饱和边坡的稳定性

[目的]试图改进现有初始条件考量方法,重点分析不同初始含水率条件下降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的作用机制,为滑坡预警提供参考。[方法]以甘肃省天水市廖集村滑坡为例,基于无前期降雨和有前期降雨作用下实测土层含水率结果,将其分别定义为天然和湿润状态,作为初始条件建立渗流与应力的流—固耦合物理力学模型。[结果]天然状态下,非饱和入渗迅速,但入渗仅局限于浅表层1—2m,稳定系数在入渗初期显著下降,但随着下渗的停滞而缓慢变化,往往形成浅表层滑坡;湿润条件下,土体持水缓慢,但能下渗到3—4m以下的较深部位,随着入渗深度的增大,土体软化作用加强,形成深部滑坡。所以,土体干燥状态时,进行7d的雨量预警是有效的防灾方法。对于连阴雨天气,土层较湿润,要注重对滑坡体4m以下部位孔隙水压力和坡脚位移形变的监测。[结论]土体初始条件对非饱和入渗和稳定性变化过程具有显著影响,是降雨触发型滑坡稳定性分析中不可忽略的因素。     

大气对流对土壤内热和水分迁移影响的数值模拟

对土壤中热和水分迁移过程进行了数值模拟及实验验证。理论上,通过对土壤内热和水分迁移机理分析,根据质量守恒和能量守恒原理,建立了土壤非饱和区热和水分迁移的理论模型。并对大气对流条件下土壤内热和水分迁移进行了数值模拟。实验上,对大气对流环境条件下土壤内热、水分迁移过程进行了研究。通过数值计算和实验测量,获得了不同大气对流速度作用下土壤中温度、含水率分布。     

4种剂型保水剂吸水和保水特性研究

对旱宝贝保水剂（B）、植物体保水剂（D）、营养型保水剂（N）、生态功能型保水剂（L）等4种剂型保水剂的吸水与保水特性,粒径与吸水倍率关系以及冷冻对吸水和保水性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,不同剂型保水剂均具有较好的吸水性,但剂型不同,吸水特性不同。吸水过程中,L型保水剂具有明显的吸水高峰;B3和N型保水剂吸水曲线平缓,达到吸水饱和所需时间较长;吸水初期,D型保水剂的吸水速率大于B3和N型保水剂,之后则变小。同种溶液中,保水剂的吸水倍率表现为L型保水剂最大,B3和N型保水剂次之,D型保水剂最小;不同溶液中,保水剂吸水倍率表现为：蒸馏水〉井水〉土壤提取液。剂型不同,保水性不同;充分吸水情况下,保水剂吸水倍率越大,完全失水所需时间越长;相同吸水量下,4种保水剂间保水性差异可分为差异显著期和差异不明显期。成份相同的保水剂,小颗粒吸水较快,大颗粒吸水较慢。水溶液中的离子对保水剂影响较大,能显著降低其吸水倍率。经冷冻处理后,保水剂的吸水倍率和保水性变化不大。     

脱脂麦胚蛋白粉的持水能力和蛋白溶解度试验研究

脱脂麦胚蛋白粉是一种优质植物蛋白资源,采用均匀设计方法研究了ｐＨ值（４．０～８．０）、加热温度（２０～７０℃）和加热时间（１０～３０ｍｉｎ）对其持水能力和蛋白溶解度的影响。随着温度的升高,持水能力显著增强,ｐＨ值的影响相对较小,而温度的影响可以忽略。ｐＨ值为４．０,温度为７０℃时,持水能力最强。ｐＨ值对蛋白溶解度的影响显著,时间的影响可以忽略。ｐＨ值为８．０,温度为２０℃时,蛋白溶解度最大。研究结果还表明,脱脂麦胚蛋白粉可作为食品添加剂以改善食品的营养和品质。     

含水率对非饱和原状黄土强度的影响

黄土地区修建的路堤、河堤和土石坝等工程大都位于地下水位以上,呈非饱和状态,且其受力处于平面应变状态。采用TS-526真三轴仪改造的平面应变仪,对非饱和原状黄土在平面应变条件下进行了试验。试验结果表明,非饱和黄土的变形和强度随着含水率的变化呈显著变化,含水率越大,强度越小;土体的偏应力随着轴向变形的变化曲线皆为硬化或者强硬化型;但随着体积的变化土体的偏应力曲线出现明显的拐点;非饱和黄土的抗剪强度参数随含水率的增大而减小。含水率对工程的变形和强度影响比较大。