Temporal and Spatial Variations in Soil Water Chemistry at Three Acid Forest Sites

As acid deposition declines, recovery from acidification is delayed by the fact that the soil processes that earlier buffered against acidification are now being reversed. Monitoring of within catchment processes is thus desirable. However, soil sampling is destructive and not suitable for long-term monitoring at a single site, whereas sampling of soil water with suction lysimeters may be more suitable. In this paper we evaluate 8–11 years of soil water chemistry from E- and B-horizons in three acid forest soil plots within monitored catchments. Five years of sampling also included the C-horizon. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term lysimeter study including the E-horizon showing recovery from acidification, and one of few studies including the B-horizon. Soil water concentrations of SO₄ decreased significantly between –9.5 and –1.4 μeq L^-1 yr^-1, with much higher rates of change at two southern sites compared to a northern site, where levels and changes of deposition were lower. The average annual bulk deposition of S ranged between 3 kg S ha^-1 at the northernmost site to 11 kg S ha^-1 at the southernmost site. The SO₄ decline in E-horizons was smaller than the decline in deposition, which indicated leaching of SO₄ from the O-horizon. At the two southern sites, a weaker decline in SO₄ in the B-horizon compared to the E-horizon indicated desorption of SO₄. The negative trends in SO₄ were to a large extent balanced by decreases in base cations but there were also tendencies of recovery from acidification in soil solution at the southern sites by increasing pH and ANC. However, these were contradicted by increasing Al concentrations. A high influence of marine salts in the early 1990s may have delayed the recovery. Decreasing trends of the Ca/(H⁺)² ratio in the soil solution, most pronounced at one of the southern sites, suggested that the soils were becoming more acidic, although the soil solution tended to recover.     

Effects of Wood Ash Dose and Formulation on Soil Chemistry at Two Coniferous Forest Sites

Harvesting stem biomass from the forest inevitably involves exporting nutrients from the ecosystem. The amount exported is increased when the logging residues are also removed for use as fuel. Recycling of the resulting wood ash has been advocated as a measure to compensate for the nutrient losses and to sustain future forest production. The physical formulation of the wood ash may have an important influence on its effects on soil properties. In this paper, we report effects of two different types of wood ash (one self-hardened and crushed, the other pelleted), with differences in solubility, on soil chemistry in the humus layer and upper 15 cm of the mineral soil, at two coniferous sites in south-central Sweden, 5 yr after their application. The crushed ash was applied at three doses (3, 6 and 9 ton ha^–1), while the pelleted ash was applied at only one dose (3 ton ha^–1). At both sites the soil was podzolized. The two sites differed with respect to soil conditions, despite being situated only a few kilometers apart. The application of wood ash increased both soil pH and base-cation content in the humus layer at both sites. In the mineral soil, the effects were less pronounced. Treatment effects on soil chemistry did not differ between the two ash formulations. The retention (i.e. the extractable amount of nutrients found in the soil that could be attributed to the ash application) of nutrients varied strongly between the two sites, and K retention (ca. 10%) was generally lower than that of Ca and Mg.     

林分立地和林种对土壤水分的影响

坡向和坡位对林地土壤水分有一定影响.林分相同时,阴坡林地的土壤水分含量高于阳坡. 阴坡河北杨林、柠条灌木林和沙棘灌木林的土壤水分含量分别比阳坡高约2.53%～3.20%,0.7 7%～1.01%和2.35%.坡向和林分相同时,坡下部林地的土壤水分含量相当于、略高于或明显高于坡上部和中部.阴向峁坡下部柠条灌木林的土壤水分含量与峁顶、峁坡上部和中部无明显差异;东坡和西北坡下部油松林的土壤水分含量比坡上部仅分别高0.95%, 1.46%(4月)与1.28%,0.35%(6月);沟坡下部沙棘灌木林的土壤含水量则分别比沟坡上部和中部高14.79%和7.27%(5月)与9.21%和5.42%(11月).林种对土壤水分亦有一定影响. 在相同降水量区域,5个不同林种之间的土壤水分含量差值为0.58%～2.77%;选择适当的造林树种和密度可以改善林地土壤水分状况.     

微尺度重金属土壤化学研究进展与展望

土壤重金属污染是我国面临的重要生态环境问题,有效管控与修复重金属污染土壤有必要弄清重金属与土壤固相组分的作用机制。土壤组成多样、结构复杂、空间异质,加之土壤团聚体粒径大小不一,形成微观结构和表面性质各异的土壤微域,控制着重金属的形态转化及生物有效性。因此,深入认识微尺度的重金属土壤化学对于预测和管控土壤重金属环境化学行为至关重要。同步辐射X射线微探针(Microprobe)、X射线扫描透射显微术(STXM)及纳米二次离子质谱技术(Nano SIMS)等技术具有微纳米级空间分辨率,为在环境意义尺度上探究微尺度重金属土壤化学提供了独特的支撑平台。本文从环境土壤化学发展历程及当前发展瓶颈、现代微尺度分析技术及其在微尺度重金属土壤化学中的应用进展等方面综述,并对该领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

生菌制剂研究的现状与展望

本文通过介绍生菌制剂作用机制以及可供利用的菌种，指出了生菌制剂研究与应用过程中亟待解决的问题，阐述了生菌制剂的发展前景。     

论黄土高原造林的适地适树与适地适林

适地适树是造林树种选择的重要原则之一。但多年来适地适树原则在造林中存在着一些矛盾现象。在同一立地条件下,一些树种散生时生长良好,但用于造林并不能正常成林。依据一些适地适树树种并不适宜造林的事实提出就造林而言应该强调适地适林。造林树种选择的适地适林原则是指选择既要适宜立地条件,又要适宜成林树种,在造林地建造有一定面积及适宜树种和林分结构的林地。要做到适地适林应依据植被地带性分布规律和树种的生物生态学、群落学特性及生态位理论,选择适宜成林的树种作为主要树种,并辅以相应的伴生种建立合理的林分(植物群落)结构。     

Effect of Altitude on Forest Soil Properties at Northern Karakoram

Eurasian Soil Science - This study aims to determine variation in soil physical, chemical and microbial properties along altitudinal gradients in fragile mountains region of the Karakoram. The soil...     

Soil Water Chemistry and Revegetation of a Limed Clearcut in a Nitrogen Saturated Forest

A clearcut stand of Pinus sylvestris in Flanders (Belgium) was limed with 3 ton/ha dolomite and reforested with Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica. Soil water monitoring revealed an overall decrease of ion concentrations and an annual peak in September due to seasonal nitrification. Liming reduced concentrations of NO₃ ^- and Al³⁺ and raised concentrations of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ and the molar ratio of (Ca+Mg)/Al. Liming also stimulated release of SO₄ ^2-, which prevented a rise of pH, except during nitrification peaks. Liming had no effect on height increment of Fagus but stimulated Acer, which suffered from severe deficiencies of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) without treatment. Nitrogen (N) was not growth-limiting for Fagus or Acer and liming had no effect on N concentrations in leaves of both species. Liming had a strong impact on ground vegetation. Nutrient-demanding species expanded while species that tolerate nutrient-poor conditions decreased. It is argued that changes in ground vegetation had a greater impact on reduction of NO₃ ^- concentration in soil water than increased tree growth.     

原位酶谱技术在土壤酶学中应用的研究进展与展望

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面具有重要的作用,对其活性的检测是土壤酶学发展的基础.传统的土壤酶活检测手段可以反映土壤酶的活性,但是不能原位反映土壤酶在土壤中的真实情况以及区分酶活在时间、空间上的连续变化情况.原位酶谱技术以荧光底物为基础,能原位获取土壤酶活性分布的二维图像,从微观尺度反映其在空间上的连续变...     

试论森林旅游业发展中的水土保持问题与对策

森林旅游这一新兴产业近些年发展十分迅猛 ,森林旅游的开发势必会对森林生态环境带来一定影响 ,其中包括对森林植被的影响和对森林土壤的影响 ,使森林植被直接或间接地遭受破坏 ,其丰度、高度活力和再生能力下降 ,森林退化 ,林中裸露地面积增大 ,而产生水土流失。森林旅游对水土流失具有正负两面影响。     

渭北地区水土保持林经营现状及分析

采用二阶段抽样法,选取林木生长、多样性、土壤、地形等指标对渭北水土保持林进行调查和统计分析.结果显示:该地区水土保持林资源分布不均,整体上表现为西多东少,北多南少的分布格局;虽然防护林还没有进入更新期,但是已有大量近熟林在高生长和径生长上表现出明显的衰退迹象;树种结构的单一、灌木层的缺乏使得林分整体多样性不高,林下更新不足,严重地影响了森林的自我更新和复制;通过偏相关分析得出,郁闭度、密度、枯落物等因子的协作用对防护林土壤表层(40 cm)持水能力的影响显著大于每个因子自身的作用.以上结果表明,该地区水土保持林在结构、生长和更新中存在着许多问题,必须通过合理的经营设计改变这一现状,以实现该地区水土保持林的可持续经营.     

场地土壤污染信息三维空间插值研究进展及展望

高分辨率、高精度的土壤污染物三维（3D）空间分布信息对于场地污染风险评估、场地修复及精准管控具有重要意义。本文首先介绍了场地污染物空间分布的特点及主要影响因素,系统总结了场地常用的3D空间插值方法及其主要进展,并基于空间变异性表达、辅助信息整合和不确定性评估三个方面分析了现有场地污染3D插值方法存在的问题,最后,针对钻孔布设方案设计、辅助信息获取、空间插值模型开发和插值技术流程的规范化提出了研究建议和展望。     

酸角人工林不同坡位土壤有机碳及其活性组分的变化

在野外采集酸角林下0～20 cm和20～40 cm土壤,分析不同坡位(坡顶、坡中和坡脚)对酸角林土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响。研究结果表明:①酸角林的坡顶SOC富集,坡中SOC最低;坡顶和坡中的SOC主要在土壤表层(0～20 cm)出现富集现象;②ROC、POC、DOC含量变化与SOC含量变化相似,ROC、POC、DOC含量与SOC含量呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01);③ROC占SOC的比例范围为33.11%～47.00%,DOC占SOC的比例范围为1.27%～1.89%,POC占SOC的比例范围为20.10%～26.51%;④坡脚土壤碳库的稳定性最好,易于积累有机碳。在元江干热河谷中种植乡土树种——酸角,对SOC产生了有益影响,促进了该区域SOC的库效益。     

冀北山地植被恢复对不同坡位土壤可蚀性与养分的影响

[目的] 了解不同坡位和不同土地利用引起的土壤可蚀性和养分差异,讨论各因素对土壤可蚀性和养分情况的影响状况。[方法] 通过土壤和根系取样,使用加权求和法计算不同坡位和不同土地利用下的综合土壤可蚀性指数(CSEI)和综合土壤养分指数(CSNI)。[结果] (1)不同坡位下的CSEI和CSNI均存在差异,其中CSEI的最大、最小值分别出现在坡上(0.653)和坡下(0.275),CSNI的最大、最小值分别出现在坡顶(0.715)和坡上(0.341);(2)不同土地利用下的CSEI和CSNI均存在差异,其中CSEI的最大、最小值分别出现在撂荒地(0.617)和林地(0.252),CSNI的最大、最小值分别出现在林地(0.793)和撂荒地(0.322);(3)CSEI与黏粒含量、砂粒含量、根长密度和地上生物量呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量和土壤容重呈显著正相关,其中容重的直接影响最大(0.26);CSNI与黏粒含量、砂粒含量、根长密度和地上生物量呈显著正相关,与粉粒含量和土壤容重呈显著负相关,其中黏粒含量的直接影响最大(0.45);CSEI、CSNI二者间呈显著负相关。[结论] 坡位对CSEI和CSNI均有显著影响,在植被恢复中应注重坡上和坡中;各地貌部位植被恢复均有效降低CSEI并提升CSNI,其中乔木对水土流失的控制更为有效。     

Rainfall,Stemflow, and Throughfall Chemistry at Urban- and Mountain-facing Sites at Mt. Gokurakuji,Hiroshima, Western Japan

Rainfall, stemflow, and throughfall were collected from 1996 to 1999 at two types of forest sites: (1) forests near the traffic roads and urban areas and (2) forests away from the urban areas at Mt. Gokurakuji, Hiroshima, western Japan in order to estimatethe effects of anthropogenic activities on atmospheric deposition. Rainfall deposition for major ions showed small differences between the sites. The NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2-concentrations in stemflow were higher at the urban-facing slope than at the mountain-facing slope. Throughfall deposition of NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- was also higher at urban-facing slopes. Net throughfall (NTF) deposition (throughfall minus rainfall) of NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- accounted for 77 and50% of the total throughfall deposition on urban-facing slopes, respectively, while it accounted for 44 and 23% on themountain-facing slopes, respectively. These results indicated a higher contribution from dry deposition on urban-facing slopes compared to mountain-facing slopes. Atmospheric N (NO₃ ^- +NH₄ ⁺) deposition from throughfall was estimated to be around 17–26 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 on urban-facing slopes, which was greater than the threshold of N deposition that could cause nitrogen leaching in Europe and the United States. The highload of atmospheric N deposition may be one of the factors bringing about the decline of pine forests on urban-facing slopesof Mt. Gokurakuji.     

Formation of Chloroform in Soil. A Year-round Study at a Danish Spruce Forest Site

Soil air from top soil of a Danish spruce forest was investigatedmonthly from December 1997 to December 1998 for the occurrence ofchloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene. Within the monitoring period, three different patterns of soil air concentrations wereidentified. For chloroform, concentrations peaked in spring and autumn while 1,1,1-trichloroethane and tetrachloromethane peakedduring mid winter. Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene, concentrations remained constant throughout the year. The relative ratios of soil air concentrations to ambient air concentrations indicated a natural production of chloroform, while the other chlorinated compounds investigated probably originated from non-point source pollution. The seasonal variation of the chloroform concentration suggested a productionby microorganisms, as high chloroform concentrations were found in the soil in warm and humid periods of the year (spring and autumn) with high microbial activity.     

生态经济林模式土壤养分与颗粒变化研究

对生态经济林在不同时期的土壤养分及其颗粒变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,生态经济林对改善土壤养分和土壤颗粒状况具有积极的促进作用。     

Long-Term Evaluation of Acidic Atmospheric Deposition on Soils and Soil Solution Chemistry in the Daniel Boone National Forest,USA

Combustion of fossil fuels has contributed to many environmental problems including acid deposition. The Clean Air Act (CAA) was created to reduce ecological problems by cutting emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. Reduced emissions and rainfall concentrations of acidic ions have been observed since the enactment of the CAA, but soils continue to receive some acid inputs. Many soils sensitive to acid deposition are found to have low pH, a loss of base cations, and a shift in the mineral phase controlling the activity of Al³⁺ and/or SO₄ ^2?. If inputs continue, soil may be depleted of base cations and saturated with Al and could cause low forest productivity. Soil samples and soil solutions from pan lysimeters were taken on ridge-tops in the Daniel Boone National Forest to evaluate potential impacts of acid deposition recently and in the future. Sample results were compared to historical data from identical locations. Physicochemical characteristics of the soils revealed that sites were very low in base saturation and pH and high in exchangeable acidity, illustrating change since previously sampled. Soil solution data indicated that sites periodically received high acid inputs leading to saturation of Al in soils and the formation of Al-hydroxy-sulfate minerals. Given these conditions, long-term changes in soil chemistry from acid deposition are acknowledged.     

退化第四纪红粘土重建森林模式及其土壤恢复研究

以江西严重退化第四纪红粘土为研究对象,选择其中9种模式重建的林龄10年的森林,调查土壤理化性状,结果表明:(1)土壤有机质、全N、速效N、全P、速效P明显增加,而且增加幅度最大的是有机质;土壤全钾、有效钾都较大程度提高。(2)土壤有机质、全氮浓度随土层深度明显下降,有效磷、有效钾、有效氮浓度则随土层深度平缓下降,全磷、全钾浓度随土层变化不明显。(3)各重建森林模式的土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度也呈较大幅度降低;毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度呈不同幅度增加;不同重建模式总孔隙度变化的差异较大。