黧蒴栲芽苗截根移栽育苗及造林成效研究

为了提高黧蒴栲苗木质量和造林成活率,利用随机区组设计开展了黧蒴栲芽苗截根移栽、截根苗造林对比试验.结果表明：黧蒴栲芽苗截根处理对苗高、主根长、一级侧根数、叶干重、茎枝干重、根器官干重有极显著影响,对苗木地径、一级侧根长度有显著影响.芽苗截根处理后苗木高度增加17.51％、地径增加13.72％.不同剪叶处理方式对黧蒴栲苗木造林成活率有极显著影响,芽苗截根苗造林以剪叶75％效果最好,造林成活率达95.86％,而未剪叶苗造林成活率为57.69％;应用芽苗截根苗造林可提高造林成活率17.0％～24.0％,增加当年树高、地径生长量分别为18.22％、15.44％.     

八里庄杨苗木耐盐水培试验

通过耐盐水培试验,证明八里庄杨苗木的高度、根系、叶片生长量、生物量均随盐分浓度的增加而降低,而且盐分种类不同,其高生长和生物量亦不同。苗木的死亡率均随含盐浓度的增加而上升,其中NaCl从0.4％的浓度开始上升较快。植株盐害症状,因含盐量和盐分种类不同而各异。     

丝栗栲切根育苗试验研究

对丝栗栲切根与不切根育苗对比试验，分析不同处理的发芽率、苗高、地茎、主根、须根及枝、叶等到一系列苗木质量性状差异，表明切根能使丝栗栲苗木明显增高，枝叶增多，使苗木主根变短，侧根和须根发达，但切根在一定程度上降低了苗木的发芽率。研究结果为丝栗栲壮苗培育提供指导。     

3种灌木对混合盐胁迫的生理和光合响应

模拟江苏省沿海地区盐渍土的离子种类及含量,利用土培法对法青Viburnum odoratissimu、海桐Pittosporum tobira和海滨木槿Hibiscus hamabosieb 3种常用绿化灌木进行0.0(CK)、3.0、5.0和8.0 g·kg-1混合盐胁迫处理,研究其叶绿素、Na+、K+及叶片光合系统的响应。结果表明,3种灌木根、茎、叶中Na+含量在受胁迫后都有增长的趋势,且在根中积累的Na+比茎、叶部分更多,其中海滨木槿最为显著。根系对K+的吸收作用在较低盐浓度下(3.0 g·kg-1)即被抑制,而茎、叶对K+的吸收随混合盐浓度的升高也逐步降低。法青、海桐和海滨木槿受盐胁迫后的K+/Na+均为:叶茎根,在相同盐胁迫条件下,海滨木槿、海桐的根、茎、叶均具有更高的K+/Na+比。随着混合盐浓度的升高,3种灌木叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率基本呈下降趋势,法青下降更为明显。结果显示,3种灌木均具有一定的耐盐性,其中海滨木槿耐盐性最强,海桐次之。     

6年生互叶白千层根系形态与缩根技术

研究6年生互叶白千层自然生长的根系组成与分布,并对3年生互叶白千层采取切根与滴灌的缩根处理。自然生长根系水平根系较长且粗壮发达,根基部细根分布较少,影响互叶白千层移栽恢复。切根和滴灌处理可以缩短主侧根长度,诱导细根生长,细根生物量明显增加,且大部分集中在植株根系20 cm水平范围内。综合考量以3年生苗木根茎外10 cm处切根,并在种植株根系20 cm范围内采用导向性滴灌处理苗木根系生长较好,有利于互叶白千层大苗的移栽恢复。     

马尾松苗木切根造林试验

马尾松苗木切根造林,其一苗木采用切根蘸红泥浆溶液后上山造林,其二苗木采用切根蘸2%的复合微生物菌肥溶液后上山造林,应用2种不同方法对苗木进行处理,对造林后的苗木成活率,林木生长量进行比较.其结果表明:应用复合微生物菌肥溶液处理造林的苗木成活率,林木生长量比用红泥浆溶液处理的苗木造林成活率能提高12%,当年林木平均抽梢提高44.1%.     

苗木切根技术研究进展

精准培育的理念已经渗入到森林培育的各个环节。切根作为干扰根系最为重要的技术,也受到越来越多地重视。切根可以划分为芽苗切根、苗期切根和起苗后切根等3种类型,把平截、扭根、侧方修根、盒式修根等称为苗期切根,是狭义切根范畴。结合苗木形态指标、生理指标和造林效果,综述每一类型的切根对苗木质量和造林效果的影响。以辐射松为代表的主根发达树种,通过芽苗切根、苗期的平截和扭根,抑制根系顶端优势,从而降低苗木高生长,促进侧根发育,形成发达、紧凑的根系,调整苗木地上和地下比例,最终提高苗木造林效果。以花旗松为代表的慢生常绿树种,侧根较为发达,切根效果不一。苗木平截和扭根后,内源激素、矿质营养、碳水化合物、水分等均会发生变化,这种变化如何影响苗木质量的机制尚不明确。     

马尾松苗木切根造林试验

马尾松苗木切根造林，其一苗木采用切根蘸红泥浆溶液后上山造林，其二苗木采用切根蘸2％的复合微生物菌肥溶液后上山造林，应用2种不同方法对苗木进行处理，对造林后的苗木成活率，林木生长量进行比较。其结果表明：应用复合微生物菌肥溶液处理造林的苗木成活率，林木生长量比用红泥浆溶液处理的苗木造林成活率能提高12％，当年林木平均抽梢提高44．1％。     

不同盐分立地对榆树生长及Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在体内分配的影响

采用大田试验的方法,研究不同盐分立地对榆树生长及矿质营养平衡的影响。结果表明:(1)随着盐分含量的增大,榆树总生物量与各部分生物量均减小,根冠比增大,且与其他立地间有显著性差异。(2)随土壤盐分含量的增大,各部位Na~+含量逐渐增加,且根部Na+含量大于茎部和叶部。在根部和茎部中,K+含量在中盐时最大,在叶中K~+含量不同立地间无显著性差异,K~+/Na~+随盐分含量的增大而减低。土壤盐分含量对根茎叶中Ca~(2+)含量影响不大,在轻盐和重盐立地,Ca~(2+)/Na~+值茎部叶部根部,而在中盐立地叶部茎部根部。随土壤盐分含量的增加,各部位Mg~(2+)含量均显著或极显著增加,在轻盐和重盐立地,Mg~(2+)/Na~+值茎部叶部根部,而在中盐立地叶部茎部根部。(3)在轻、中和重盐立地SK+/Na+值均表现为根到茎根到叶茎到叶;除中盐立地SCa~(2+)/Na~+值为:根到叶根到茎茎到叶,低盐和中盐立地均为:根到茎根到叶茎到叶;S_(Mg~(2+)/Na~+)变化规律同S_(Ca~(2+)/Na~+)。     

马尾松不同苗木造林初期效果分析

从马尾松不同处理苗木造林3年生调查分析表明,马尾松截根移栽或切根裸根苗造林效果最好,根系发达,可提高造林成活率和幼林生长,且造林成本适中,而常规裸根苗造林效果差。在林业生产中应大力推广马尾松切根苗造林。     

短期NaCl胁迫对西伯利亚白刺幼苗Na~+、K~+分配和平衡的影响

[目的]为探究西伯利亚白刺盐适应机制。[方法]以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、200、300 mmol·L-1)胁迫24 h后根系Na~+、K~+离子流的动态变化(利用扫描离子选择微电极技术,SIET)及植株各器官中Na~+、K~+含量的静态变化(利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪,ICP-OES)。[结果]表明:(1)短期NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中Na~+含量,其中,叶中Na~+含量是根中的3倍以上;西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+含量保持稳定或上升;(2)盐胁迫下,西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势,其中,在200、300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,根中K~+/Na~+差异不显著;(3)离子流结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根系Na~+的外流;对照和200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,K~+净流量分别为156、159 pmol·cm-2·s-1,差异不显著;300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫显著提高了K~+的内流,净流量为-370 pmol·cm-2·s-1。[结论]综合分析认为,西伯利亚白刺通过叶片对Na~+区隔,加强根系对Na~+的外排和K~+内流,进而维持植株根系K~+/Na~+的相对平衡,以此适应盐渍环境。     

Effect of NaCl stress on ion distribution in roots and growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings

We studied ion distribution in roots and the growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings of three provenances, Huangshan in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi and Kunming in Yunnan, under conditions of 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L NaCl stress using X-ray microanalysis. Results show that under NaCl stress of 3 and 5 g/L, the relative contents of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in root tissues increased, while the relative contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased. With an increase in salinity, the relative content of Na⁺ in the epidermis and cortex of the root increased, while the relative content of Cl⁻ in the stele and cortex of the root increased markedly. Thus, ions in the root tissues were unbalanced and the ratios K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ decreased, while Na⁺/(K⁺+ Na⁺+Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) increased. The decrease of the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and the substantial increase of Cl⁻ in root tissues contributed to a decline in seedlings survival and reduced the increments for seedling leaf area, height, basal diameter as well biomass. Our preliminary conclusion is that the level of salt tolerance for the tested provenance seedlings was in the order of Huangshan > Kunming > Jiujiang, and the threshold of salt tolerance for C. paliurus seedlings was about 1 g/L. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinica, 2008, 44(6): 66–72 [틫自: 쇖튵뿆톧]     

Response of five tree species to salinity and waterlogging: shoot and root biomass and relationships with leaf and root ion concentrations

Unproductive saline and waterlogged (WT) wastelands could be beneficially transformed into agroforestry systems using trees tolerant to these stresses. We studied the salinity and waterlogging tolerance of five Australian tree species (Acacia salicina, Casuarina glauca, Casuarina obesa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis) during seedling stage and their relationships with root and leaf ion concentrations. 8-month old plants were exposed for 5 months to five irrigation water salinity treatments (EC values between 2 and 22 dS m^?1) and two waterlogging treatments (drained or WT). The salinity tolerance of the five species was high, although decreased in WT conditions. Irrespective of salinity, the two Casuarina species were more tolerant and the other three species were less tolerant to WT than drained conditions. In all species, salinity and waterlogging increased leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ and decreased leaf Ca²⁺, but not leaf K⁺. Root Cl^? and Na⁺ increased with salinity but not with waterlogging. Salinity tolerance was negatively correlated with Cl^? and Na⁺ leaf accumulation rates per unit increase in salinity. Waterlogging reduced the ability of the seedlings to exclude Cl^? and Na⁺ from the leaves. The two most salt tolerant Casuarina species under both drained and WT conditions showed the highest leaf Cl^? and Na⁺ exclusion and the highest root Cl^? and Na⁺ accumulation, suggesting that sequestration of these toxic ions in their roots was a significant salt-tolerant mechanism. Revegetation of saline and WT wastelands with these tolerant Casuarina species could be profitably used for biomass, biofuel and renewable energy production.     

毛竹蒸腾动态研究

采用Li-6400测定毛竹蒸腾作用在不同时间尺度上的动态变化,结果表明:毛竹夏、秋季的蒸腾日变化为双峰曲线,冬、春季的蒸腾日变化为单峰曲线;毛竹蒸腾年动态变化为单峰曲线,1月份最低,仅为0.29 mmol·m-2·s-1;8月份最高,达3.90 mmol·m-2·s-1;年均值为1.46 mmol·m-2·s-1.与毛竹光合动态相比,不同季节毛竹的蒸腾作用与光合作用日变化一致,年变化则略有不同,光合年动态变化为三峰曲线,而蒸腾作用年动态变化为单峰曲线.     

Effect of NaCl on growth and ion relations in two salt-tolerant strains of Paxillus involutus

The effect of NaCl on growth, biomass and ion relations of two salt-tolerant isolates of Paxillus involutus, MAJ and NAU were investigated. The two Paxillus strains were exposed to the following concentrations of NaCl： 0, 100, 200 and 500 mmol·L^-1. Growth of MAJ and NAU was enhanced by 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but severely inhibited at the concentration of 500 mmol·L^-1. NAU exhibited a greater capacity to exclude Na^＋ and Cl^- under all salinity levels, whereas the salt-includer MAJ had a higher capacity in nutrient uptake under salt stress. The ratios Na^＋/K^＋, Na^＋/Ca^2＋ and Na^＋/Mg^2＋ in NaCl-treated MAJ and NAU did not increase at levels of 100 and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but markedly increased at 500 mmol·L^-1. This suggests that the two strains, especially MAJ, enhanced nutrient uptake corresponding to the increased Na^＋ influx at moderate salinity. We conclude that both MAJ and NAU are able to tolerate 500 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but there are species-specific differences in retaining ionic homeostasis in the two Paxillus strains. NAU is a salt-excluder, MAJ is a salt-includer but retains a high capacity in nutrient selectivity under saline conditions. Their definite mechanisms to enhance salt tolerance of mycorrhizal hosts need further study.     

苦槠混交林营造技术初探

采用苦槠裸根苗、容器苗在不同立地条件下与桂花、杉木、木荷进行混交造林试验,连续2 a的观测结果表明:苦槠容器苗的造林成活率、树高、地径生长量均比裸根苗高;Ⅰ级地苦槠的造林成活率、树高、地径生长量均比Ⅱ、Ⅲ级地高。说明营建苦槠人工林选择立地条件较好,采用容器苗造林较为适宜。     

盐胁迫对红楠幼苗生长及Na+、K+吸收和分布的影响

In order to explore the salt tolerance mechanism of Machilus thunbergii, the effects of salt stress on seedling biomass, root morphology, sodium and potassium absorption and distribution were studied. The results showed that the above-ground biomass increased slightly under lower salt stress conditions, while the below-ground biomass, root length and root surface area showed a downtrend. The above-ground growth was limited under high concentration salt stress, while the under-ground growth was not subject to significant restrictions. The absorption of Na⁺ in root increased under salt stress, but that of K⁺ decreased. The ability of Na⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was weakened. The accumulation of Na⁺ in stem and leaves was less. With the decreased absorption of K⁺, the ratio of Na⁺/K⁺ also continuously increased. With the increased concentration of salt stress, the ability of K⁺ absorption in roots increased. The ability of K⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was enhanced, which resulted in significant increase of K⁺ in the leaves and stem. The accumulation of Na⁺ in the under-ground was significantly greater than that in above-ground, while the K⁺ content in above-ground increased significantly, which played a key role in maintaining normal growth and metabolism of M. thunbergii.     

NaCl胁迫下沙枣幼苗的离子代谢特性

[Objective]To further understand the ion metabolism characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. under NaCl stress.[Method]The seedlings of two E. angustifolia L. provenances, which were Alaer (salt tolerance provenance) and Yinchuan (salt sensitive provenance), were treated by three NaCl concentrations (0,150,300 mmol·L^-1) and sampled at the 7th day and the 30th day to measure the Na⁺ , K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and selective absorption and transportation of K⁺ in tissues (roots, stems and leaves). [Result]The results showed that the Na⁺ content in the organizations of E. angustifolia L. sharply increased with the increase of NaCl concentration. With prolonging of stress time, the Na⁺ content increased in roots, and decreased in stems and leaves. After seedlings of the two provenances were treated with 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 7 days, the Na⁺ content was 2.10 times and 2.23 times in leaves, respectively, compared with the control groups, and was 1.79 times and 1.57 times in root. Meanwhile, the difference between two provenances showed a expanding trend with the increase of NaCl concentration and stress time. With the increase of NaCl concentration and extension of stress time, the K⁺ content, Ca²⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in organizations decreased gradually. Meanwhile, the Alaer provenance seedlings accumulated more Na⁺ in roots and less Na⁺ in leaves than that of Yinchuan provenance, and the K⁺ content, Ca²⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio decreased less in the Alaer provenance seedlings than those of Yinchuan provenance. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Mg²⁺ content in leaf gradually decrease, but the Mg²⁺ content in root increased 22.8~64.4% after salt stress for 7 days, and Alaer provenance seedlings increased more than Yinchuan provenance. After 30 days, there was non-significant difference with the control group on the Mg²⁺ content of root. K⁺ selective absorption of E. angustifolia L. seedlings significantly increased with increasing salt concentration of the media at the 7th days, whereas not obvious at the 30th days. When the concentration of NaCl in the media increased, the change of K⁺ selective transportation was not significant. [Conclusion]E. angustifolia L. seedlings increase Mg²⁺ content and K⁺ selective absorption in the roots at the early stage of salt stress to adapt saline environment. The salt-tolerance E. angustifolia L. provenance can cut off more Na⁺ in roots and reduce Na⁺ content in leaves, which cause less K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contents loss, especially the roots and leaves, so as to ensure that all kinds of metabolisms can go well.     

切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期生长的影响

为提高马尾松苗木质量和造林质量,本文分析了切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期的生长特征。结果表明:切根对马尾松苗木及造林初期生长具有显著的影响。马尾松切根苗苗高、主根长不如对照组,但地径、侧根数、侧根长显著优于未切根苗,径高比的改善提高了苗木质量,有利于提高马尾松造林保存率。造林3年后,切根苗木高生长与未切根苗木相当。