Wirkungen technogener Druckbelastung auf die Spannungsverteilung und das Bodengefüge einer Schwarzerde aus Löß

Effect of wheeling on stress distribution and changes in the macro- and microstructure of a cambic phaeozem derived from loess The determination of stress induced changes in the poresystem due to repeated wheeling of a cambic phaeozem derived from loess as well as in the aggregate size distribution, arrangement, and stage are reported. It could be shown, that repeated wheeling always results in a further stress distribution to deeper depths and that the vertical stresses dominate with repeated wheeling. Furthermore the octahedral shear stresses and mean normal stresses exceed the maximum strength defined by the Mohr Coulomb failure line and define a further soil deformation. The process of aggregate deterioration can be verified by radiographs from which not only the changes in bulk density on a mesoscale can be derived but from which also the crack patterns can be defined for the different stages of structure deterioration. Under the well known assumption that pore water pressure is increased due to wheeling, soil compaction and consecutive soil homogenisation by kneading can be differentiated. The consequences for ecological parameters will be discussed.     

饱和状态下黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀可蚀性和临界剪切应力特征

土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力是评价土壤易侵蚀程度和抗水流剪切变形能力的重要指标,目前在黄绵土坡面细沟侵蚀过程中,土壤饱和条件下可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力的变化尚不明确。该研究采用室内土槽模拟冲刷试验确定不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°）和流量（2、4、8 L/min）下饱和黄绵土坡面的最大细沟剥蚀率,基于数值法、修正数值法和解析法计算土壤可蚀性参数和临界剪切应力。结果表明,3种方法所得最大细沟剥蚀率均随坡度和流量增加而增大,其中修正数值法和解析法计算的最大细沟剥蚀率更接近。土壤可蚀性参数分别是0.485、0.283和0.268 s/m,土壤临界剪切应力分别为1.225、1.244和1.381 N/m2。修正数值法可提高数值法近似计算的精度,使近似计算结果更接近解析法计算获得的理论值。饱和较未饱和黄绵土的土壤可蚀性参数略有减小（16.83%）,而临界剪切应力减小了66.97%,表明土壤饱和对黄绵土土壤可蚀性参数影响很小,但大幅度削弱了土壤临界剪切应力,使得黄绵土坡面饱和后土壤侵蚀更为强烈。此外,饱和黄绵土边坡的临界剪切应力比饱和紫色土坡面大6.38%,而细沟可蚀性参数大2.35倍,表明土壤饱和对2种土壤临界剪切应力影响程度相似,但黄绵土较紫色土对土壤侵蚀的敏感性更高。研究结果可为饱和状态下不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀模型参数的优化提供参考。     

Measurements of the yield surfaces and critical state of some unsaturated agricultural soils

Yield surfaces and the critical-state condition have been measured on unsaturated agricultural soils using a standard uniaxial compression test and a constant-volume direct shear test. The yield surfaces and critical-state line are all readily described in terms of applied or total stresses, and such an approach offers practical advantages over approaches based on effective stresses. Four soils were tested, these being a silt, a tilth with aggregates mostly from 5-15 mm, a cracking clay and a red-brown earth.
Each soil was tested at a single constant moisture content in all tests, although the moisture content differed from soil to soil. The range of saturation covered by the four soils was approximately 20-98%. All the soils displayed yield and deformation behaviour qualitatively consistent with the critical-state concept. All approach a condition of shear with no volume change (the critical state) under continuing shear. All show collapse with shear in states looser than critical, and expansion with shear in states denser than critical. The silt, being a non-cohesive soil, cannot support shear stresses much above the critical-state line, whereas the other three soils can support much higher shear stresses in the overconsolidated condition. The yield surfaces of the silt and the tilth, which were tested at low saturation, are similar in shape with increasing stress level. However, the other two soils, tested when near saturation, display yield surfaces that are not constant in shape with increasing stress level. While the critical-state concept is applicable both qualitatively and quantitatively, unsaturated soils may be considered to have properties that differ in detail from those of saturated soils.     

基于流变学法研究容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响

土壤结构力学稳定性不仅与土壤质量和肥力密切相关,而且还与农业器具设计和农业水土工程建设紧密联系。该研究以黄土高原广泛分布的塿土和黄绵土为研究对象,采用振幅扫描试验模拟振荡荷载过程,研究土壤容重和含水率对土壤结构力学稳定性的影响。结果表明：1）随土壤容重的增加,土粒间接触点增多,使得剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力和储能模量均增加,土壤结构强度增强;黄绵土屈服点的剪切应变和塿土的积分z随容重增加先增大后降低,表明土壤颗粒存在一个最稳定的排列组合方式。同时,剪切强度参数对土壤容重的响应更为敏感。2）随含水率的增加,土壤颗粒间黏聚力和摩擦力降低,剪切强度参数：线性黏弹区的剪切应力、屈服点的剪切应力、最大剪切应力均降低,土壤结构强度降低;当剪切应变在线性黏弹区时,塿土的弹性随含水率的增加而增加,而较大的剪切应变下的塿土的弹性和黄绵土总的弹性随含水率增加均降低。3）对比2种土壤,因塿土的黏粒、有机质、阳离子交换量、比表面积等较高,增加了土粒间的胶结强度,使得塿土的弹性和剪切强度较高,而黄绵土结构更具脆性。该研究结果表明基于流变仪中的振幅扫描测试所获取的流变学参数能够定量表征土壤细观结构力学稳定性,为进一步深入认识土壤微观力学特性提供了丰富的评价参数。     

竖向压力和剪切速率对小麦直剪强度及剪胀特性的影响

为了得出粮仓设计中粮堆强度和剪胀特性等关键指标,通过直剪试验研究粮堆剪切破坏面上,在竖向压力50~300 k Pa、剪切速率0.78~2.33 mm/min条件下,小麦粮堆单元体的强度和剪胀特性。结果表明:小麦粮堆单元体剪切分为弹性、塑性变形和籽粒压缩3个阶段。小麦粮堆单元体抗剪强度符合莫尔库伦强度准则,剪切速率从0.78 mm/min增大至2.33 mm/min,咬合应力从7.5 k Pa增大至12.9 k Pa,内摩擦角从38.2°变化为35.0°,剪胀角介于5.1°~4.8°之间。弹性阶段发生剪缩,最大剪缩体变小于0.4%;塑性变形阶段发生剪胀,最大剪胀体变大于最大剪缩体变,竖向压力越大最大剪胀体变越小,剪切速率越大随着压力的增大最大剪胀体变的变化越小。研究结果可用于粮仓内粮堆应力、变形的计算,为粮食仓储结构的设计提供依据。     

Soil moisture regimes and credibility in the assessment of soil suitability for crops in Tuscany

Abstract. Results of recent research on moisture regimes of surface water soils and on soil credibility are summarized, and proposals are made for the use of results in soil evaluation for selected crops.
Measurements of water table depth show high variability from year to year and during the same season. Soil moisture regimes seem to affect soil management more than crop yield. A probabilistic calendar is needed for the occurrence of topsoil moisture content near the lower plastic limit in periods corresponding to the most important management practices. This is required in order to assess important soil qualities like workability and trafficability.
Soil erosion is greatest when superficial run-off can create rills. This happens when run-off shear stresses exceed a threshold proportional to soil shear strength. Consequently, soil shear strength can be used as a measure of soil resistance to erosion. Probabilistic calendars are needed on the occurrence of heavy rainstorms able to create rills when the soil is most at risk.
Entries for ratings of workability, trafficability and erosion risk are outlined.     

不同含水率高易溶盐含量的伊犁黄土流变特性

流变学研究方法可以揭示黏弹性物质的流动和变形规律,常被应用于土体结构的力学稳定性及长期变形参数研究。为了深入探究伊犁黄土类土的黏弹性和结构稳定性,该研究采用流变仪对不同含水率和易溶盐（Na2SO4）含量的伊犁黄土类土进行了稳态和动态流变试验,引入Bingham模型对小剪切速率下的流变曲线进行了拟合,并分析解释了稳态和动态流变试验的演化过程。同时,讨论了含水率及易溶盐含量对稳态和动态流变参数的影响规律,定量分析了流变参数与各变量之间的关系。结果表明：稳态剪切过程中土体由固态向类固态转化,并最后趋于流态,具有剪切变稀行为;随着含水率及易溶盐含量增大,屈服应力和黏度均减小,且屈服应力在300~1 100 Pa之间。随着含水率和易溶盐含量增大,动剪切强度参数和黏弹性参数均线性减小,土体的结构稳定性降低。当剪切应变小于0.1%时,土体处于线性黏弹区,损耗因子变化不大;剪切应变大于0.1%时,损耗因子逐渐增大。高含水率及高易溶盐含量的土壤最先到达屈服点,说明高含水率和高易溶盐含量不利于土体结构的稳定性。随着含水率的增大,易溶盐含量对流变参数的影响程度变小。研究定性和定量地表征了伊犁黄土类土的流变特性,为深入认识黄土类土的黏弹性特性提供参考。     

湿软土壤剪切应力—剪切速度—时间关系及其应用(第1报)——湿软土壤剪切变形机理探析

为了探讨湿软土壤的剪切应力—剪切位移关系,对湿软土壤的剪切变形机制进行了分析。分析结果表明,由于土壤内部颗粒排列的不规则性和缺陷的存在使得其抗剪能力大大降低。可借助位错理论的某些方法来阐述湿软土壤的剪切变形机理。     

Critical-state soil mechanics parameters and their variation for Vertisols in eastern Australia

Compression and shear tests were conducted on undisturbed samples from a range of Vertisols to determine the critical-state parameters, their variation, and the relationships between these parameters and the moisture content and density of the soil. The soils varied considerably in their characteristics, with the liquid limit ranging from 0.39 to 0.88, and were tested over a wide range of moisture contents, densities and saturations. The critical-state parameters describing compressional and shear properties varied with the moisture content, Atterberg limits and density of the soil, in contrast to saturated soils where these parameters are considered to be constants. It was found that the liquidity index (moisture content expressed as fractional distance between the liquid and plastic limits) explained the data significantly better than moisture content and also significantly better than did the suction. These data, therefore, supported suggestions that the Atterberg limits may serve as a useful basis for practical soil management guidelines. The measured parameters displayed considerable variation, demonstrating that any such guidelines need to be cast in terms of probabilities. The soil expanded when sheared if the normal stress during shear was less than about half the pre-consolidation stress and compressed when sheared if the normal stress during shear was more than about half the pre-consolidation stress. This behaviour was repeatable.     

Zusammenhang zwischen hydraulischer und mechanischer Bodenstabilität in Abhängigkeit von der Belastungsdauer

Interaction between mechanically and hydraulically affected soil strength depending on time of loading Soil‐deformation analysis often only considers the direct effects of mechanical stress on changes in void ratio or pore functions while the interaction between hydraulic and mechanical processes is seldomly mentioned. Thus, we analyzed the effect of mechanical stress and time of soil settlement on changes in soil strength and the corresponding interactions between stress‐dependent changes in pore water pressure on precompression stress for a clayey silt. Disturbed samples with a bulk density of 1.4 g cm^–3 and a water content of 25 g (100 g)^–1 were compressed for four time steps (10–240 min) at eight stresses (20–400 kPa) with four replications. During the experiments, the changes of pore water pressure and void ratio were registered. With increasing time of stress application, we determined an increased soil strain. The higher the stress‐application time, the smaller gets the void ratio and the precompression stress value. Parallel to these variations in settlement, we also found changes in the pore‐water‐pressure values. This is a consequence of decreasing pore diameter while the water saturation increases. Thus, the proportion of neutral stresses on total stress increases which coincides with a change of water suction (= unsaturated) conditions up to even positive pore‐water‐pressure values (from less negative to positive pore water pressure values). From our experiments, we can conclude that the changes in pore‐water‐pressure values already occur at normal stress values smaller than the precompression stress. This underlines the increasing sensitivity of soil deformation processes close to the internal soil strength. The results support the idea, that in order to quantify the mechanical strength of structured unsaturated soils, we always have to determine the changes in pore‐water‐pressure values, too.     

盐渍土的增湿剪切变形特性

盐渍土在浸水后由于盐分的溶解,对土体的强度产生较大的影响。在以往的研究中,主要以饱和与非饱和土体的强度比较来说明水对强度的影响,没有研究在部分浸水后土体的变形和强度的变化规律。针对这一点,在参考黄土增湿剪切方法的基础上研究了盐渍土的增湿剪切变形特性,探讨了垂直压力、干密度和剪应力水平对剪切变形量的影响规律。     

Traffic-induced soil compaction during manure spreading in spring in South-East Norway

The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term effects of two tillage regimes (ploughing and minimum tillage) on the bearing capacity of a clay rich soil, by using two different slurry tankers (4.1 and 6.6 Mg wheel load) and contrasting wheeling frequencies (1 and 10 passes). The soil strength was assessed by laboratory measurements of the precompression stress (Pc) at ?6 kPa in topsoil (20 cm) and subsoil (40 and 60 cm) samples. Stress propagation, elastic and plastic deformation during wheeling were measured in the field with combined stress-state-transducer and displacement transducer system. Results presented in this study show that minimum tilled soil had 74% higher Pc than ploughed soil in the upper soil layer, whilst differences were less distinct in subsoil. Wheeling increased Pc at all soil depths. Compared to ploughing, higher strength in the upper layer of minimum tilled soil led on average to 60% and 48% reductions in the major principal stress with the use of the light and heavy slurry tanker, respectively. The extent of the major principal stress was dependent on the ground pressure in the topsoil. The first pass of a wheel caused the greatest damage in some cases, but all wheelings led to accumulative plastic deformation in both vertical and horizontal directions. Wheeling with high intensity would have exceeded Pc in all cases when soil was at a matric potential of ?6 kPa. The results show that soil water content is an important factor influencing bearing capacity. Drier soil (?100 kPa), in combination with minimum tillage, limited the occurrence of stresses exceeding Pc in the upper soil layer.     

Stress‐Strain Analysis and Visual Observation of Wheat Kernel Breakage During Roller Milling Using Fluted Rolls

The endosperm and bran of a wheat grain have different mechanical properties and break differently under the same stresses. Stress‐strain analysis was used to model the factors affecting wheat kernel breakage during milling using fluted rolls. The planes of principal compressive and tensile stress and the maximum shear stresses, along which the kernel is most likely to be broken, were calculated for a sharp‐to‐sharp roll disposition. With the occurrence of compressive stress in the horizontal direction and shear stress in the vertical direction, a kernel tends to break along a principal tensile stress plane because the tensile strength of the endosperm is much smaller than its compressive strength. The model presented quantifies the mathematical relationship of three design and operational factors affecting the principal stresses and the maximum shear stresses: roll gap, differential, and roll diameter. High‐speed video was used to observe wheat breakage events during milling; the results show consistency with the theoretical analysis.     

含根量对秋枫根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响

为研究含根量对秋枫(Bischofia j avanica)根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响,利用纵剖面法探究了秋枫根面积比沿土层深度的分布规律,基于根面积比的分布范围,分别对7级不同根面积比梯度的重塑垂直根-土复合体试样在4级正应力下进行了改进的大盒直剪试验,定量探究了不同含根量对土体抗剪强度的影响,分析了根-土复合体黏聚...     

SOIL DEFORMATION AND SHEAR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME CLAY SOILS AT DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS

The soil deformation and shear strength characteristics of three clay soils were determined at different moisture contents and spherical pressures, using a quick un-drained triaxial compression test. The soils were found to deform either in a compressive way or by brittle fissuring, depending upon the relative values of moisture content, dry density and spherical pressure. The critical state concept of soil deformation can explain qualitatively the behaviour of these spils at high moisture contents but not at low. The Bridgman concept for fracture in brittle materials describes the soil behaviour at low moisture contents. The shear strength of the clay soils tested was more closely related to the soil moisture suction and to the amount of shrinkage which occurred on drying than to the absolute dry bulk density. The influence of moisture content and spherical pressure on the effectiveness of certain cultivation operations are considered.     

Simulating soil deformation using a critical-state model: I. Laboratory tests

The paper examines the ability of a critical-state model to predict stresses and deformations of agricultural soil in a variety of laboratory shear and compression tests. The critical-state model used is a simple extension to the well-known Modified Cam Clay model. The extension provides a smoother transition from elastic to plastic behaviour and, amongst other things, introduces a capacity to model cyclic loading. The model is incorporated into a finite-element program. The model predictions are compared with: experimental observations of simple and direct shear tests with both constant normal stress and constant volume conditions; cyclic uniaxial compression tests; compaction tests in U-shaped and V-shaped boxes; and observations of some gross structural features caused by shear in direct-shear boxes. Predictions are made for both the compressing, strain-hardening and the expanding, strain-softening regimes of behaviour. In all cases the material properties for the model were obtained from tests other than those being used for the comparisons. The model predictions generally compare well with the various experimental results, although some numerical problems were encountered in strain-softening conditions. This demonstrates the versatility of the critical-state model for predicting fairly general stress and, deformation conditions in unsaturated soils using only five material-property constants. It also demonstrates that common laboratory strength and compression tests are adequate to measure the material properties.     

Räumliche Spannungsmessungen mit dem Stress State Transducer (SST) in ungesättigten aggregierten Böden - theoretische Betrachtungen und erste Ergebnisse

Stress measurements in undisturbed unsaturated soils with a Stress State Transducer (SST) - theory and first results A method to quantify the spatial stress distribution will be introduced and first results will be discussed. This method allows the detailed analysis of principal and shear stresses as well as the determination of the direction angle of principal stresses and the octahedral shear stress angle. The described Stress State Transducer (SST) is composed of six single strain gage sensors that enable the accurate and reproducable recording of stresses in six directions in a wide load range. Their data form the base for calculation of spatial stress distribution. Some first results show that in a luvisol derived from loess wheeling at a wheel load of 4.0 Mg induces high shear stresses in a depth of 30 cm. This probably causes plastic soil deformation.     

Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content

This paper proposes a new method to measure the soil strength parameters at soil surface in order to explain the processes of soil erosion and sealing formation. To simulate the interlocks between aggregates or particles within top 2 mm of the soil, a piece of sandpaper (30 particles cm⁻²) was stuck on the bottom face of a plastic box of diameter of 6.8 cm with stiffening glue and used as shear media. The soil strength for the soils from sandy loam to clayey loam was measured with penetrometer and the new shear device at soil surface at different bulk density and soil water content. The normal stresses of 2, 5, 8, 10 and 20 hPa were applied for the new shear device. The results indicated that significant effect of bulk density on soil strength was detected in most cases though the difference in bulk density was small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g cm⁻³. It was also indicated that the measurement with the new shear device at soil surface was reproducible. The changes in soil shear strength parameters due to changes in bulk density and soil moisture were explainable with the Mohr–Coulomb’s failure equation and the principles of the effective stress for the unsaturated soils. The implications of the method were later discussed.     

风蚀过程中翻耕农田土壤抗剪强度变化

为探究土壤风蚀过程中土壤抗剪强度的变化,以河北坝上干扰破坏地表及未干扰破坏地表的典型翻耕农田为研究对象,采用土壤抗剪强度野外原位直剪试验测定了土壤抗剪强度在风蚀事件前后及风蚀季的变化,结合室内试验分析了土壤抗剪强度与土壤干团聚体粒度的关系。结果表明：未受到干扰破坏及受到干扰破坏2种类型农田地表土壤抗剪切强度与作用在土壤表面的法向应力呈正相关关系,土壤抗剪强度随法向应力的增大而增大;土壤抗剪强度变化与风蚀事件的发生密切相关,除2021年4月27,28日风蚀事件后表层土壤受含水率影响外,其余2次风蚀事件后土壤抗剪强度均发生明显增大,整个风蚀季的土壤抗剪强度变化也呈现出先增大再减小最后略增大的趋势;在风蚀过程中,受到干扰破坏农田地表对于土壤风蚀过程的响应更为敏感,其抗剪强度变化较未受干扰破坏地表抗剪强度变化更为剧烈;土壤抗剪强度随土壤干团聚体平均重量直径增大而增大。为减少坝上地区风蚀的危害,应合理采用保护性耕作措施,在风蚀季减少对农田表层的干扰。     

集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测模型构建与验证

传统的土壤压实风险评估方法是基于土壤的先期固结压力理论,以机械的接地压力与土壤先期固结压力间关系作为判断依据,缺少针对集约化稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的土壤结构破坏程度的评价方法和依据。为研究适合中国稻作特色,可以定量预测机械压实危害程度的压实容重预测模型,该研究基于土壤的回弹指数和压缩指数推导出土壤压实容重预测模型,以适用于集约化生产条件下稻田土壤机械压实预测。采用调控原状土含水率的单轴压缩试验法分别构建了土壤初始容重、初始含水率与弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力之间的传递函数,然后基于典型机型的田间原位平板下陷试验验证所建模型的可靠性和实用性。结果表明,基于单轴压缩试验法构建的各传递函数拟合决定系数大于0.95。将各传递函数模型所得的弹性压缩模量、塑性压缩模量和先期固结压力输入土壤压实容重模型预测的压实后的土壤容重与实测值的相对误差小于5%。可见,该研究设计的土壤压实预测模型能够准确量化受机械压实情况下土壤容重的变化量,而土壤传递函数法能为构建和应用区域性农业土壤的压实模型提供便利。研究可为集约化生产条件下稻作“湿耕烂种”等生产场景中由定量机械压实造成的土壤结构破坏程度评价提供可靠方法和依据。