上犹县五指峰长苞铁杉林及其群落分析

长苞铁杉是我国特有的珍贵稀有树种,在赣南分布范围较窄,资源稀少。通过对上犹县境内五指峰长苞铁杉林的调查,分析其群落结构特征,对保护和发掘这一古老物种提出建议。     

Sustainable Forest Management at the Local Scale: A Comparative Analysis of Community Forests and Domestic Forests in Cameroon

In Cameroon, community forests are frequently presented as a relevant option to increase the welfare of rural populations and simultaneously improve local governance and forest resources conservation. But apart from community forests, rural livelihoods also depend on forest areas, designated as ‘domestic forests’ in this article, where local users enjoy informal customary rights. The specific contributions of community and domestic forests to the evolution of the prevailing socio-ecological system are assessed through a diachronic study of a village which is located in southern Cameroon. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework is used to compare the progress of this social-ecological system between January 2008 and December 2009. The overall evolution of livelihoods was found to be positive during that period. In this case study, domestic forests and community forests are based on complementary models, which are often observed in southern Cameroon. Domestic forests constitute the basis of socio-economic development, while community forests might offer opportunities for a local-level carbon sequestration payment mechanism.     

湖南马尾松林蜘蛛群落研究初报

为了揭示蜘蛛群落在马尾松林中的地位和作用规律，于1995年4月至1996年6月对湖南新邵、长沙、岳阳3县不同立地条件马尾松林抽样调查90块样地．马尾松林蜘蛛群落计有25科62属107种．在马尾松林垂直分布的4个层次中蜘蛛群落具有明显的分层特征．灌木层的蜘蛛种类最丰富，林冠层次之．这两层蜘蛛对整个蜘蛛群落的稳定和控制害虫危害功能的发挥起决定作用，树干层和地面层蜘蛛处于过渡和补充地位．植被盖度对蜘蛛群落多样性和稳定性有显著影响，林龄的影响则不明显．     

2万个国家森林乡村助力我国乡村绿化美化

记者从12月5日在广西桂林市召开的全国乡村绿化美化现场会上了解到,国家林业和草原局提出,要积极推进乡村绿化美化,以改善农村人居环境和促进农民增收致富为目标,以建设森林乡村为载体,紧紧围绕严格保护乡村自然生态系统的原真性、大面积增加乡村生态资源总量、大幅度提升乡村生态资源质量、大力发展乡村林草产业等重点任务,持续加大乡村绿化美化力度,努力打造生态宜居的美丽乡村。     

鹤山丘陵4种人工林的昆虫群落

鹤山丘陵综合实验站是中国科学院华南植物研究所于1984年建立的.建站十几年来,退化生态系统得到了很好的恢复,植被状况良好,在该实验站生态系统恢复的初期,曾对该生态系统中的昆虫群落进行过研究(李健雄等,1995;谭炳林等,1997).为了更全面地反应目前该生态系统中昆虫群落的状况,更客观地评价该生态系统的功能,2002年对该生态系统中的昆虫群落的多样性进行了调查,曾对2002年10月的单次调查结果进行过报道(刘桂林等,2003;2005a;2005b),并比较了蝗虫、蜻蜓和蝴蝶3类昆虫的变化动态(刘桂林等,2008).本文重点报道了2002年各季节鹤山丘陵实验站4种人工林昆虫群落多样性的现状.     

Forests,discourses, institutions: A discursive-institutional analysis of global forest governance

The leading question of this Forest Policy and Economics special issue is whether, how and to what extent forest governance processes can be better understood by means of discourse analysis and the science-policy interface. This article focuses on discourses only, but it does so from an institutional perspective. The reasons to advocate this so-called discursive-institutional approach are threefold: (1) to acknowledge the relevance of both meanings and rules in policy continuity and change; (2) to emphasize the role of ideas, concepts and narratives in institutional dynamics; and (3) to make a useful distinction between discourses and practices (‘analytical dualism’). As an example of applying this approach, we analyze the case of global forest politics from the early 1980s till today. It shows that new ideas and meanings concerning sustainability, biodiversity and governance have been institutionalized in this field over time, implying policy change and innovation. Compared to more ‘classical’ analyses, for example based on rationalistic or (purely) institutional accounts, the discursive-institutional approach draws another picture of global forest policy.     

特呈岛不同红海榄群落空间结构比较

以广东湛江特呈岛不同红海榄群落为研究对象,运用混交度、健康指数、大小比指数、竞争指数、角度尺和空间密度指数分析和比较了特呈岛不同红海榄群落空间结构。结果表明:群落2是高度混交,群落1和群落3属于中度混交,群落4为纯林;群落4红海榄纯林的胸径大小比最小,群落1红海榄和白骨壤混交群落的树高大小比数最小;林分空间分布格局中,所有群落的平均角尺度都大于0.517,为团状分布;红海榄、木榄混交群落健康状况比纯林群落好;红海榄纯林竞争指数最小,处于优势;群落3的平均空间密度指数比其它群落小,生长情况较好。     

杉木,马尾松,木荷纯林及其不同混交林生长状况的分析

对杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林及其习种不同的混交林分生物量和空间分布状况的调查分析,揭示混交林与生物量间的相互关系,以及生物量的空间分布规律,以便合理利用土壤、防止地力衰退,保持林业永续利用。     

福建柏与香樟不同混交比例造林对比试验结果分析

福建柏与香樟的不同混交比例、不同立地质量等级的造林对比试验结果表明,不同的混交比例,对福建柏、香樟的胸径和单株材积生长以及林分单位面积蓄积均有极显著影响,对福建柏树高生长的影响也达到极显著水平,但对香樟树高生长无明显影响。混交比例与立地质量等级的交互作用明显,应根据不同的立地质量等级选择不同的混交比例,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类地以7柏3樟最好,Ⅲ类地以7樟3柏为佳。     

Measuring Marketing Channel Efficiency and Strategy to Improve Income to Local Communities Dependent on Tropical Forests

Abstract

Quantification of channel efficiency in the marketing of non-timber forest products (NTFP) is essential for developing strategies to improve income to communities dependent on forests at existing harvest levels. A methodology for quantification of marketing channel efficiency is suggested. For illustrative purposes the method has been applied to a small sample of four NTFP gathered in twelve villages and the associated market functionaries in India. The NTFP gatherers' share in the consumer price and profit earned by a manufacturing unit from NTFP has been estimated. An attempt has been made to relate these two estimates to the marketing channel efficiency for the NTFP. An analysis of the marketing channel efficiency formulation shows that the operation cost in an organization is a constraint limiting the gatherers' share in the consumer price.     

南平安曹下杉木林植被分析

通过 2 4 0 0m2 标准地调查 ,研究福建南平溪后安曹下 76年生杉木丰产林的山坡和山洼 2个地段的植物分布 ,结果表明 :老龄杉木林下蕨类植物的比例较天然林大 ,总共有 71科、119属、16 8种维管束植物 ,山坡地段的物种丰富度大大高于山洼地段 ,2个地段的科、属、种共有率分别为 6 3 38%、4 7 90 %、4 2 2 6 % ,说明老龄杉木林都是以热带成分为主 ,其中山洼地段的热带成分比例略高     

Fertilization of Danish Forests: A Review of Experiments

Fertilization experiments in Norway spruce stands on nutrient-poor sites have been practised in Denmark since the eighteenth century. Until 1950, the main aim was to find a nitrogen (N) source that improved the survival of plants in the early growth phase. The N supply could be improved by intercropping with N 2 -fixing plants, and fertilization with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) improved the growth of the N 2 fixers, thereby improving tree growth and survival. Positive responses of P and K in spruce cultures were seen in the 1960s, and in most cases the N response was dependent on the supply of P and K. Fertilization experiments in mature spruce stands began in the 1960s. Despite 20 yrs of experimentation, no trends can be deduced. The results discouraged fertilization aimed at increasing growth in mature stands, and fertilization stopped in 1989. After 1980, fertilizers were used in experiments aimed at clarifying the causes and effects of forest decline. Fertilization and liming counteracted soil acidification and increased needle nutrient concentrations when they were below deficiency levels. However, positive growth responses have only been recorded in some of the experiments where nutrient deficiencies were overcome. The experiments have not resulted in practical revitalization programmes. Future fertilization of Danish forests may be limited to systems where nutrient extraction is in excess of the carrying capacity of the ecosystem, and presumably where spruce plantations are converted to broadleaved forests. Finally, future events of deposition of acidifying compounds may necessitate counteractive measures.     

南平安上杉木林植被分析

通过2400m^2标准地调查，研究福建南平溪后安曹下76年生杉木丰产林的山坡和山洼2个地段的植物分布，结果表明：老龄杉木林下蕨类植物的比例较天然林大，总共有71科，119属，168种维管束植物，山坡地段的物种丰富度大大高于山洼地段，2个地段的科，属，种共有率分别为63.38%,47.90%,42.26%，说明老龄杉木林都是以热带成分为主，其中山洼地段的热带成分比例略高。     

菌用林不同造林模式效益的比较研究

采用随机配置设计 ,对比分析了不同造林模式菌用林的林分生长、经济效益及培肥改土效果。结果表明 ,不同造林模式以火力楠杉木混交林为最佳 ,其次是闽粤栲杉木混交林 ,这 2种造林模式不仅林分生长良好 ,能在短时期内获取一定数量的菌用材 ,取得较好经济效益 ,同时也具有较好的培肥土壤、提高森林水源涵养能力等生态作用 ,可在食用菌产区推广应用。     

城市森林空间范围划分的实证与研究——以长沙市城市森林建设的规划与实践为例

在综合分析国内外城市森林空间范围划分研究的基础上,以长沙市城市森林规划与建设为例,对城市森林空间范围划分中的几个关键问题进行了实证研究.提出了城市森林空间边界范围划分应与城市规划区范围一致;提出了城市森林空间各层次划分和面积计算的方法;提出了不同城市规模的城市森林空间基本单元的确定方法;提出了城市森林飞地的定义、标准和界定方法.     

桉树速生原料林管护模式分析

通过对泰格林纸集团股份有限公司、广西国有高峰林场等桉树经营企业进行管护模式调查,总结出“员工+农户”、委托、承包3种管护模式,并就此作比较分析,提出3种管护模式的适用范围：“员工+农户”管护模式适用于林地矛盾较少、人为活动较少、立地条件较差且已达到成熟的林分;委托管护模式适用于林地矛盾较多且突出、林地规模较大的林分;承包管护模式适用于林地矛盾较少、周边社会环境较好、立地条件较好、营林生产易管控的林分。     

Property Taxes and Forests in West Virginia: A Historical Review

Managed Timberland Tax Incentive Program (Managed Timberland), the program which authorizes preferential property taxation of forest land in West Virginia, was created in anticipation of expected drastic changes in property assessment values when the state ordered a reassessment to correct a long-standing underassessment problem. Since the enactment of Managed Timberland no detailed research has been conducted to determine the benefits of the policy to the state or to private forest landowners. Managed Timberland has low enrollment rates and may be an unfair shift of the tax burden to non-forest owners. A detailed study of Managed Timberland was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the policy. This study employs a historical review to examine the implication of past tax policies and provide a context and direction for future research and policy recommendations. The historical review reveals that in West Virginia, a preferential tax program for forests is desirable, but requires changes due to a history of inefficient and unfairly distributed property taxes and inadequate benefits from Managed Timberland to forest landowners. Simplification of forest tax policies would make these policies more transparent and understandable to landowners and easier for local tax authorities to administer. In addition, landowners may be more inclined to participate in preferential forest tax programs if program outreach and reward systems were more in keeping with known landowner values and beliefs.     

深圳市桉树相思改造乡土阔叶树种混交林林下草本群落特征研究

营造乡土阔叶人工林是华南地区自然保护区桉树、相思林改造的主要措施之一,在提高保护地森林生物多样性和生态系统稳定性发挥了重要作用.为明确乡土阔叶树人工林林下草本群落特征,对深圳田头山和大鹏半岛市级自然保护区乡土阔叶人工林林下草本群落开展调查.结果 表明:深圳市级自然保护区桉树相思改造乡土阔叶树林下草本植物平均高度在0.2...     

酸枣杉木混交林林分生长研究

为解决目前南方林区人工林针叶化引起的系列生态问题,挖掘本地乡土树种,发展阔叶树种造林,通过营造不同混交模式的酸枣杉木混交林,进行不同混交模式酸枣杉木混交林林分生长效应的比较研究,结果表明:不同混交比例的酸枣杉木混交林群落特征和林分生长存在较大差异,不同林分蓄积量大小排序为:酸枣纯林>酸枣×杉木(1∶3)混交林>酸枣×杉木(1∶2)混交林>酸枣×杉木(1∶1)混交林>杉木纯林,其中杉木×酸枣(3∶1)混交林是种间关系较为协调并具较高生产力的混交模式,值得南方林区大力推广。