黔苦4号苦荞秋播高产栽培数学模型研究

采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计方法，在黔西北温和气候区以苦荞籽粒产量为目标，播种量及N，P，K肥施用量为试验因素，研究秋播黔苦4号籽粒产量与播种量及N，P，K施用量间的关系，建立了籽粒产量与主要农艺措施的数学模型，通过对模型解析和模拟寻优分析，提出了黔苦4号籽粒产量2550kg／hm。以上的优化栽培技术方案：播种量35．14～44．36kg／hm2，施N量52．56～67．44kg／hm2，施P2O5量168．48～221．52kg／hm2，施K2O量53．52～64．08kg／hm2。试验4因素对苦荞籽粒产量影响的大小顺序为播种量〉施K：O量〉施N量〉施P2O5量。     

我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥研究 Ⅱ．红壤区稻田双低油菜中双7号高产施肥

江西红壤稻田三熟制条件下，双低油菜新品种中双7号合理配施氮磷钾复混肥（纯N240kg/hm2 P2O5 60kg/hm2,K2O90kg/hm2和硼砂15kg/hm2)，有利于提高植株养分含量，保持养分平均，增加生物学产量，菜籽产量达到2437.5kg/hm2，与NK，NP和N等施肥处理比较，差异达极显著水平。     

施氮量和氮肥底追比例对济麦20产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为给小麦高产、优质、高效栽培提供合理的氮肥运筹技术和理论依据,以强筋小麦品种济麦20为材料,应用15N示踪技术研究了高产麦田中施氮量和氮肥底施与拔节期追施的比例对小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,不同施氮处理之间植株氮素积累量无显著差异,小麦植株对追肥氮的利用率显著高于对底肥氮的利用率,适当增加追施氮肥的比例可提高氮肥利用率,其中以N2处理(施氮量为168 kg·hm-2,底追比例为1:2)最高.适量施氮并增加追施氮肥的比例可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量,改善籽粒加工品质,N2、N5(施氮量为240 kg·hm-4,底追比例为1:2)和N6(施氮量为240 kg·hm-2,全部追施)处理效果均较好.在本试验条件下,施氮量为168 kg·hm-2及底追比例为1:2的处理是兼顾产量、品质、效益和生态的合理氮肥运筹方式.     

直播冬油菜钙、镁、硫养分吸收规律

在直播密度为10万株/hm2的甘蓝型油菜华双5号田间定期取样,测定各器官钙、镁、硫的含量,同时计算养分积累量,研究大田直播冬油菜三元素吸收和分配的时空特征。结果表明,油菜活体的钙、镁含量在苗期最高,其后随植株的生长逐渐下降,活体硫含量先增加后降低,在蕾薹期达最大值。根、茎的钙含量随植株生长缓慢降低,镁含量在0~100d（苗期）大幅下降,100~150d（苗后期至蕾薹期）较稳定,150d（蕾薹期）后缓慢下降,硫含量先升高后降低,均在蕾薹期达最大值。绿叶、落叶的钙含量在出苗至花期较稳定,花期后迅速增加,镁含量在花期前缓慢下降,花期后快速增加,硫含量在苗期较稳定,蕾薹期后迅速增加。油菜三元素的总积累量均在角果期达到最大值,分别为247.0、35.8和138.8kg/hm2,而后均有不同程度的下降。根、茎、绿叶的各中量元素积累量均呈先升后降的变化,各养分在根、茎、绿叶中积累达最大值的时期分别为花期、角果期、蕾薹期,三元素规律一致。落叶钙、镁、硫的积累量在收获时达最大值,分别为107.4、9.7、28.0kg/hm2。每生产100kg籽粒钙、镁、硫的最大需求量分别为5.8、0.9、3.2kg。钙、镁、硫各元素苗期主要分配在绿叶中,成熟期则分别主要分配在落叶、籽粒、角壳中。     

施氮时期对夏花生产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

采用大田试验,研究了施氮时期对夏花生产量、植株地上部氮素积累运转及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同时期累计施氮N120kg/hm~2显著增加了荚果产量,其中以基施N40kg/hm~2+苗期和花针期分别追N40kg/hm~2处理最高,但与基施N60kg/hm~2+花针期追N60kg/hm~2、基施N60kg/hm~2+苗期追N60kg/hm~2处理差异不显著。与不施氮相比,施氮提高了植株地上部氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量。植株地上部氮素吸收主要集中在开花下针至荚果膨大阶段,以基施N40kg/hm~2+苗期和花针期分别追N40kg/hm~2处理吸收氮最多,氮肥利用率最高,与其它4个施氮处理相比,氮肥利用率分别增加了19.41、8.83、10.66和13.25个百分点。     

机条播油菜的生育特性及配套技术研究

机条播油菜播期、密度、薹肥施用水平及不同播栽方式对比试验结果表明:(1)机条播油菜可以获得与常规育苗移栽相近的产量,适宜种植密度为30.0×104～37.5×104株/hm2,播种期以9月20日至10月10日为宜,抽薹期适宜施N量为70.5～105.7kg/hm2.(2)与育苗移栽相比,机条播油菜生育期缩短,个体生长量较小,单株角果数较少,但单位面积总结角数相近,每角粒数和千粒重变化不大.(3)机条播油菜降本增效作用明显,成本降低592.5元/hm2,经济效益增加973.5元/hm2.     

施钾对直播油菜产量及钾钙镁养分吸收的影响

直播冬油菜由于个体植株小、抗病性差等特点对钾、钙、镁养分的缺乏尤为敏感。通过研究不同施钾水平对直播油菜钾、钙、镁的吸收和积累的影响,为直播油菜平衡施肥提供科学依据。2011/2012年在湖北蕲春开展田间试验,分析施钾量对直播油菜产量及各部位生物量,钾、钙、镁养分含量和积累量的影响。结果表明,施钾显著提高油菜籽粒产量、各部分生物量以及油菜根、茎、叶钾素含量和积累量,但是K120(施钾120kg/hm2K2O)和K160(施钾160kg/hm2K2O)处理间差异均不显著。施钾尤其是高量施钾降低了叶片和茎秆钙、镁的含量,而对油菜根的钙和籽粒的钙、镁含量影响较小。施钾能够显著提高油菜钾、钙、镁总积累量。从整株油菜养分平衡的角度分析,越冬期施钾(尤其是高量施钾)显著增加了油菜对钾的吸收而抑制了钙、镁的吸收。为了能实现钾、钙、镁三种养分的吸收平衡,建议当前生产条件下最佳钾肥施用量为120kg/hm2。     

钾肥用量对油菜产量及钾素利用效率的影响

通过11个大田试验研究了钾肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,施钾（K2O）60、120和180kg/hm2与不施钾相比平均籽粒产量分别增加16.8%、21.6%和19.8%,籽粒含钾量增加2.9%、9.1%和7.8%,植株地上部钾素总累积量提高42.9%、63.0%和82.2%。说明施钾能提高油菜籽产量、提高油菜对钾素吸收和累积。油菜钾肥农学利用率、偏生产力、表观利用率和生理利用率均随钾肥用量的增加而显著下降,100kg籽粒需钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增加。综合结果表明,湖北省油菜钾肥高产高效生产的适宜推荐范围为60~120kg K2O/hm2。     

秸秆还田耦合施氮水平对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响

在田间定位试验条件下,研究了4个秸秆还田量水平[0kg/hm2(S0)、4000kg/hm2(S4)、6000kg/hm2(S6)、8000kg/hm2(S8)]耦合4个施氮水平[0kg/hm2(N0)、90kg/hm2(N90)、180kg/hm2(N180)、270kg/hm2(N270)]对水稻茎蘖动态、生育后期光合特性、干物质积累特征、氮素吸收和产量形成的影响。结果表明:1)不施氮条件下,秸秆还田明显抑制水稻生育前期茎蘖的发生和茎蘖高峰的形成,促进水稻后期的干物质积累、氮素吸收,提高剑叶光合速率,稻谷产量增加2.22%~4.44%。2)氮肥单施条件下,随着施氮量的增加水稻茎蘖数和最高苗数显著增加,分蘖高峰提前7~14d;施氮显著增加水稻各生育期干物质积累量、氮素吸收量和稻谷产量,明显延缓水稻生育后期剑叶光合速率的下降。3)同等施氮条件下,与S0相比,秸秆还田S4、S6处理促进水稻茎蘖发生,成熟期植株吸氮量显著增加,以S6处理增幅最大,平均增加36.58%,生育后期剑叶光合速率维持在较高水平;S8处理则对水稻茎蘖发生、光合作用和氮素吸收表现出负面影响。4)秸秆还田耦合施氮量显著影响单位面积有效穗数和稻谷产量,与N0S0相比,两者配施水稻显著增产9.59%~23.51%,以N180S6处理产量最高,达10.56t/hm2。适宜的秸秆还田量耦合施氮量可促进水稻茎蘖发生和有效穗形成,增加氮素和光合同化物积累,从而增加稻谷产量。     

磷钾肥配合施用对油菜产量及养分积累的影响

利用大田试验研究了磷肥、钾肥及其配合施用对油菜生长、产量及养分积累的影响。结果表明，在土壤既缺磷又缺钾条件下，在施用氮、硼肥基础上配施磷、钾肥，显著地促进油菜生长，油菜籽产量提高4．71倍，收获期油菜茎秆和籽粒对N、P、K养分的积累总量分别提高3.54倍、9．64倍和5．43倍。施N、B基础上单施磷肥或钾肥，其增产效果有限，甚至出现减产的现象。磷钾肥配合施用对油菜生长和产量具有明显的正交互作用，籽粒产量正交互作用达 936kg／hm^2。     

播期对饲用油菜鲜草产量和品质的调控研究

为确定华北平原饲用油菜高产优质的适宜播期，选用甘蓝型油菜品种4个，设置4个播期，研究不同播期下温度对饲用油菜鲜草产量和饲用品质的调控效应。结果表明，随播期推迟，饲用油菜生育期内日均温与有效积温升高，花前生育期天数缩短但花后生育期延长，总生育期天数缩短2～7 d。饲用油菜鲜草产量随播期推迟呈降低趋势，3月28日前播种超过35 t/hm2；品种间华油杂62鲜草产量显著高于其它品种（P<0.01）。饲用油菜鲜草产量和饲用品质与纤维含量显著负相关，中性洗涤纤维含量与苗期的有效积温量极显著负相关，与营养生长和花后有效积温量显著正相关。因此，在华北平原春播饲用油菜可选用华油杂62，播期以3月8日-3月18日为最佳，鲜草产量稳定在50 t/hm2以上，具有较高的粗蛋白、淀粉、水溶性碳水化合物和总可消化养分含量，可实现华北平原饲用油菜的高产优质生产。     

苗期渍水对直播冬油菜产量和农学利用率的影响及油菜在不同氮肥施用下的响应

在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用 对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量（0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm2）、氮 肥类型（油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素）和水分处理（苗期渍水和正常排水）,测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率, 明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜 对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm2时不再增加。油菜专用 控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60～180 kg N/hm2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240～300 kg N/hm2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水 导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%～41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0～60 kg N/hm2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低（降幅达29.4%~45.0%）,单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm2时, 渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm2时,收获密度和单 株角果数降幅减小（降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%）。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用, 分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿 素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%～51.9%,施氮充 足（240～300 kg N/hm2）时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理（120～180 kg N/hm2）,油菜专用控释尿素一 次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅（36.5%）高于普通尿素分次施用（17.3%）。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控 释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓 解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。     

氮肥和磷肥用量对油菜开花性状的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、75、150、225kg/hm^2)与施磷量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm^2)对油菜花期、阶段性开花数、单花大小、单花开花持续时间的影响,为合理施肥推动油菜花经济提供依据。结果表明,增施氮肥能使油菜始花期提前和延长终花期,各施氮比不施氮处理延长花期23.2%～31.8%,且随着氮肥用量的提高有花期延长的趋势。施氮增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数131.6%～276.4%;增加花瓣长9.53%～15.96%,提高单花重1.07%～5.87%;延长单花开花持续时间1.96%～4.79%;除油菜整个生育期开花数在施氮225kg/hm^2时达到最大值外,以上开花性状均在施氮150kg/hm^2效果最好。增施磷肥能使油菜初花期提前并延长油菜终花期,随着磷肥用量的提高,各施磷比不施磷处理延长花期27.8%～50.4%;施磷增加单株油菜整个生育期开花数377.4%～736.7%;增加花瓣长8.01%～17.05%,提高单花重11.15%～31.82%;延长单花开花持续时间0.23%～2.15%;除施磷120kg/hm^2处理花期最长,整个生育期开花数最多外,以上开花性状均以施磷90kg/hm^2处理效果最好。在本试验条件下,施氮150kg/hm^2对延长油菜花期,提高单花性状效果最佳;施磷90kg/hm^2对增加油菜开花数,提高单花性状效果最佳。     

Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes

Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.     

Yield and oil variability in modern varieties of high-erucic winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) under reduced agricultural inputs

Increasing interest in vegetable oils for use in green chemistry has stimulated research into high-erucic Brassicaceae species such as winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). The objective of this study was to determine the yield response of recently released cultivars of these species under high and low production inputs. The varieties Maplus and Hearty of B. napus, and BRK1 of B. carinata were cultivated with autumn sowing in a large-scale field trial at the experimental farm of the University of Padova in Legnaro (NE Italy, 45°21′N). The genotypes were compared under high and low input management systems: high input was characterised by conventional soil tillage, chemical weed control, and high N–P–K fertilization, and low input by minimum tillage, mechanical weed control, and limited N–P–K fertilization.Oilseed rape varieties had greater seed yield than BRK1, and interactions with input level and cultivation year were significant. Maplus yielded most at high input (3.78 vs. 3.31 t ha⁻¹ DM at low; average of two years), whereas Hearty showed no significant differences between inputs (3.49 t ha⁻¹; average of years and inputs), indicating its better adaptability to extensive agricultural management. Yield performance of BRK1 B. carinata was very stable at varying agricultural managements, but not very high (2.73 t ha⁻¹ on average) – a fact that may limit its competitiveness with oilseed rape in autumn sowing, especially at higher latitudes. B. carinata was also more variable across the years than oilseed rape in terms of seed yield, oil content, and percentage of erucic acid. This was mainly due to the particular climatic conditions of the second year of the experiment (mild winter; hot, dry spring) which led to considerable winter elongation and pre-flowering, and later to incomplete seed filling. In these conditions, BRK1 had both lower oil seed content (36.7% vs. 47.1%) and erucic acid (41.3% vs. 49.1%) than oilseed rapes.In general, with few exceptions, the reduction in inputs did not affect either seed oil content or the amount of erucic acid, regardless of variety and year, but seed crude proteins were reduced mainly because of N shortage.     

氮磷钾肥施用对甘蓝型春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响

利用大田试验研究了氮、磷、钾肥对青海省互助县种植的甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,氮肥和磷肥对春油菜(甘蓝型杂交油菜青杂2号)籽粒产量的提高有显著作用,钾肥的影响相对较小;与不施肥对照相比,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可显著促进成熟期春油菜地上部N、P、K素累积量(P<0.05);不同肥料的春油菜农学利用率分别为5.3kg/kg N、5.6kg/kg P2O5和1.7kg/kg K2O;肥料表观利用率分别为N 33.6%、P2O5 7.8%和K2O 52.0%, N、P、K肥对油菜籽产量的偏生产力分别为28.0kg/kg N、46.7kg/kg P2O5和26kg/kg K2O。青海省互助县种植条件下,当春油菜产量水平在3 504kg/hm2时,NPK配施条件下每生产100kg籽粒需要吸收N、P2O5、K2O量分别为4.6kg、2.0kg和5.6kg,氮磷钾比为1:0.43:1.21。油菜生产实践中实现高产目标需同时关注地力培肥和平衡施肥两方面。     

花生－油菜轮作模式下硼肥及其后效对作物产量的影响

通过田间试验研究硼砂（B,Na2B4O7?10H2O）、Ulexite granular（UB,NaCaB5O9?8H2O）、Etibor-48（EB, Na2B4O7?5H2O）和Colemanite（CB, Ca2B6O11?5H2O）四种硼肥在花生-油菜轮作中的肥效及其后效对作物产量的影响。结果表明,按正常施硼量（纯硼用量1.70 kg/hm2）基施硼砂、UB、EB和CB四种硼肥,花生和油菜产量均有不同程度的提高;两倍施硼量（纯硼用量3.40 kg/hm2）与正常施硼量相比,不同硼肥处理作物增产率均有不同程度降低,其中土壤有效硼含量0.49 mg/kg时,作物增产率并不随施硼量的继续增加而升高。基施四种硼肥,三季作物收获后土壤有效硼含量均高于0.5 mg/kg,秸秆硼含量与作物产量也显著高于不施硼处理。基施硼肥可以改善土壤有效硼状况,具有较强缓释性的硼肥UB和CB在第二季和第三季具有较好的增产效果。在农业生产上可以根据土壤有效硼状况和硼肥本身的缓效性作为基施长效硼肥合理推广利用。     

New winter oilseed rape varieties – seed quality and morphological traits depending on sowing date and rate

Many studies have focused on research about impact of time and density of sowing on the agronomic characteristics of different crops. However, the number of studies investigating such a response on the qualitative composition of different types of winter oilseed rape varieties is still limited. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of sowing date and density on yield, protein and oil content and quality of winter oilseed rape varieties: open-pollinated, a typical hybrid of traditional type of growth and a new semi-dwarf hybrid, which biology and yielding have not been thoroughly established. This experiment was conducted applying four sowing dates (August 14, August 25, September 4, September 15), three winter oilseed rape cultivars (PR45D03 -semi-dwarf hybrid, PR46W31 – hybrid, Californium – open-pollinated) and four sowing rates (30, 40, 50, 60 seeds/m²). Among the compared sowing dates, August 25 proved to be optimal for yielding of the tested winter oilseed rape cultivars. Semi-dwarf variety contained less protein and glucosinolate in seeds, but more oil in comparison to other studied varieties (hybrid and open-pollinated). The yields did not differ significantly within a density of 40, 50, 60 seeds/m², so it is important result, especially for the agricultural practice.     

Bacillus megaterium A6 suppresses Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on oilseed rape in the field and promotes oilseed rape growth

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious yield losses in oilseed rape and other crops worldwide. Field trials were conducted at two locations to evaluate two formulations of oilseed rape seed containing the plant-growth promoting bacterium Bacillus megaterium A6 for suppression of this pathogen. Treatments containing strain A6 in pellet and in wrap formulations resulted in oilseed rape seed yields that were similar to the chemical control and significantly greater than the untreated seed control at both locations. Treatments containing A6 in pellet and wrap formulations also resulted in an incidence of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum that was similar to the chemical control. Both of these treatments significantly decreased disease incidence relative to the untreated seed control and to the respective formulated seed controls (that did not contain strain A6) at both locations. Strain A6 applied to oilseed rape seed in these two formulations promoted growth in greenhouse pot studies conducted with autoclaved soil. In two experiments, these treatments resulted in significant increases in mean shoot dry weight per pot and mean % total N per plant relative to their respective controls containing formulated oilseed rape seed without strain A6 and to the untreated seed control. Both formulations provided stable B. megaterium A6 (≥10⁶ CFU) and seed germination (>85%) over a six month period at room temperature. Experiments reported here indicate the commercial potential of these formulations of B. megaterium A6 for suppression of S. sclerotiorum on oilseed rape.     

氮素营养对油菜成熟期生物产量的调控

通过不同Ｎ肥处理的田间试验,研究Ｎ素营养对油菜成熟期地上部各部位生物产量的调节作用。结果表明,主茎的生物产量随施Ｎ量的增加而明显增加;分枝、果序和果壳重以及籽粒产量随施Ｎ量的增加先增后减。在生物产量中,果壳重与籽粒产量的关系最为密切,生产上保证前期主茎和要枝有一定生长量的基础上,通过合理施Ｎ以促进后期角果的生长,提高果壳的重量可提高籽粒产量。