农林复合生态系统防尘效应初探

通过对农林复合生态系统的防尘效应初步研究表明：在沙质土壤类型区，农林复合生态系统具有较高的防尘效应，它能够有效地减少尘埃的输送量，能够减少降尘量１７．２％～６４．０％；动力速度，防风效能，风速、土壤湿度是决定降尘量大小的主要因子；农林复合生态系统的建立，使沙尘基本上得到控制，为农作物提供了良好的生长发育条件。     

中南丘陵区两类农林复合生态系统对农药残留物的净化作用

以我国中南地区湖南省汩罗市桃林林场典型丘陵农林复合生态系统为例,研究了农林复合生态系统对农药污染物的消除效应及机制。研究表明,对于七种常用的农药,丘陵农林复合系统稻田土壤农药残留量比对照平原稻田系统平均降低29.8%,其中降幅较高者如百菌清、三唑酮分别降低42.4%、35.8%,降幅较低者如草甘膦也降达13.8%。农林复合系统稻田土壤农药污染物的消除通过以下方式来促成的。第一,农林复合系统中稻田土壤芳香度较低的有机质含量较高,这使土壤微生物生命活动处于较高水平,从而进入稻田土壤的有机农药容易降解,减少土壤农药的残留量。第二,农林复合系统周围被森林屏蔽,阻隔了农业病虫通过气流进入复合系统内,从而减少农药施用量,降低了农药残留污染的风险。     

农林（草）复合种植阻控坡地水土流失研究进展

农林草复合种植系统对生态环境修复以及农林业的可持续发展具有重要意义,农林间作是现代农林复合系统研究的核心内容之一,林草复合系统属于农林复合系统的一大类。该文在明确农林草复合种植系统的概念与内涵的基础上,重点分析了农林草复合生态系统在阻控坡地水土流失方面的研究成果及对土壤理化性质的影响,提出应把农林草复合种植系统做为一个多层次的整体,综合考量其各层次的耦合机制及防蚀效应。     

农林复合生态系统建立技术的研究

阐述了在沿海防护林体系建设工程中建立农林复合生态系统的作用和意义,提出了海岸带建立农林复合生态系统的配套技术。     

农林复合经营技术──一、我国农林复合经营的兴起

一、我国农林复合经营的兴起南京林业大学姜志林1什么叫农林复合经营农林复合经营又称混农林业、农用林业、林农间作等。农林复合经营是将林业和农业或牧业或渔业等结合在一起进行复合经营的一种传统的土地利用方式。而不是单一经营林业或农业或牧业等。由于农林复合经营的对象是把林业与农业结合在一起，组成一个生态系统，故又称农林复合生态系统。农林复合经营是一个很广泛的概念，各家理解不一。现在为多数人接受的是国际农林复合经营研究委员会（ICRAF）下的定义：“农林复合经营是在同一土地经营单元上，将在生态和经济上存在相互联…     

海岸带农林复合生态系统建立技术

本文阐述了沿海防护林体系建设工程中进行农林复合经营的作用和建立农林复合生态系统的方法，对农林复合试验区的建立、林网树种选择、防护林带营造、模式结构和配置方式等方面作了探讨，提出海岸带农林复合生态系统的建立技术。     

三峡库区农林复合生态系统植物物种多样性指数

三峡库区农林复合生态系统物种多样性simpson指数为1．02～11．2,shannonwiener指数为0．10～3．87,物种丰富度S为6～23,海拔及坡向对物种多样性有一定的影响;坡度变化对物种多样性影响不大;农林复合经营结构对生物多样性有着较大的影响,柑桔种植类型通过复合经营物种丰富度S提高1～2．2倍,simpson指数提高72．5％～150％,shannon－wiener指数提高1．3～2．3倍;生物地埂、生物带对物种多样性影响显著,生物多样性的提高,增强了防止土壤侵蚀的效能,提高了土地生产力。     

印度东北部南梅加拉亚邦摈榔复合农林生态系统植物多样性(英文)

在南梅加拉亚邦摈榔复合农林生态系统内,农民种有多种具有重要经济价值的植物。调查了摈榔复合农林生态系统内植物组成情况,共发现160种植物,其中木本植物83种,灌木22种,草本41种,攀缘植物14种。研究表明,摈榔复合农林生态系统为当地农民带来了经济收入,提供医药、木材、燃材和食用品以及外售。这些复合农林生态系统有利于保护重要经济价值的植物物种、保持生物多样性,并在结构组成和生态经济功能上模拟自然森林。     

农林复合生态系统机理研究文献综述

一、农林复合生态系统概述关于农林复合生态系统(Agroforestry)的定义,1978年国际农林复合生态系统研究委员会的第一任主席King在一篇有关Agroforestry的文章中,把其定义为:"在同一土地单元内将农作物生产与林业和畜牧业生产结合起来,使土地总生产力得以提高的持续性土地经营体系"(杨修、贾渝彬等1995-1996)。1982     

基于流场分析的不同规格防护林防风效能研究

为揭示不同带距防护林对风速分布及防风效能的影响,选取3种带距防护林网模型,对其防风效能进行了风洞模拟试验。结果表明：在同一风速下,3种带距林网平均防护效能排序为200 m带距>300 m带距>150 m带距;风速对林网内防风效能的影响比较复杂,并不是单一的随着风速的增大而增大或减小。基于增加农作物种植面积,减少林带占地,提高经济效益考虑,在绿洲内部配置300 m带距防护林综合效应最佳,既能发挥较好的防风效能,又能兼顾农业效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.