生物菌肥对设施连作番茄生长及产量和品质的影响

以连作5a的设施番茄地块栽植的番茄为研究对象,研究了生物菌肥对设施连作番茄生长发育及产量和品质的影响,以期明确生物菌肥对缓解设施番茄连作障碍的效果。结果表明:生物菌肥与化肥的合理配施,可显著促进连作番茄的生长发育,并提高果实产量,其中等价格生物菌肥和标准化肥配施效果最优,较对照增产22.27%;同时,增施生物菌肥可显著提高番茄果实中可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、番茄红素含量和可溶性糖含量,显著改善了果实的品质,同时可提高果实糖酸比,改善果实的风味。     

‘深海源硅’对‘艾山红’苹果叶片和果实品质的影响

本试验以‘艾山红’富士苹果品种为试材,研究了新型液体硅肥‘深海源硅’对富士苹果叶片和果实品质的影响。结果表明,对7年生‘艾山红’植株根部灌施硅肥,可有效提高百叶重,改善叶片功能;显著提高果实单果重、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量、维生素C含量,改善果实的风味品质;有效延缓果实贮藏过程中果肉硬度的降低,提高果实的贮藏性。     

氨基酸硒叶面肥在红富士苹果上的应用试验

研究了氨基酸硒叶面肥在苹果上的应用效果。结果表明,连续喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥500倍液6次后,套袋果实和不套袋果实内硒含量均显著增加,分别为0.004 8 mg/kg和0.006 1 mg/kg,同时改善了叶片质量,显著提高了叶片的比叶重、净光合速率等指标,提高了果实的可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量,但对单果重、果实硬度、可滴定酸含量等没有显著影响。     

不同基肥对“大石早生李”土壤养分和果实品质的影响

以"大石早生李"为试材,研究了连续2年农家肥、菌渣、缓释肥处理对土壤养分、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明:农家肥更好地提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾含量,分别比对照提高了60.61%、79.08%、26.00%、41.44%。菌渣提高土壤速效磷含量效果最显著,比对照提高了43.51%。缓释肥将全钾含量提高了10.05%,效果比其它处理显著。农家肥改善果实品质效果最为显著,果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量分别比对照提高了25.98%、16.15%、49.39%、27.42%,可溶性酸含量降低了19.39%,果实钙、镁、锌、铁含量高于其它处理。缓释肥改善果实矿质元素含量的效果不显著。3个处理均提高了果实单果重,其中菌渣效果最好,增重率为27.45%。缓释肥能显著提高李子产量,单株平均产量达到74.86kg,比对照提高了54.83%。     

微生物肥料改善龙冈在梨果实品质的研究

以10 a生龙冈茌梨为试材,研究了不同剂量微生物肥料对龙冈茌梨果实品质的影响。结果表明:微生物肥料能显著的提高龙冈茌梨的单果重,降低果皮厚度,但是低剂量处理对其果皮色泽和光洁度、果锈数量以及口感的改善效果不明显,只有在高浓度时才有稍微改善。微生物肥料能显著提高龙冈茌梨果实的可溶性总糖含量以及可溶性固形物含量,能显著的降低龙冈茌梨果实的可滴定酸含量和石细胞含量,但是对果实硬度的改善并不明显。综合不同浓度微生物肥料对龙冈茌梨果实外观品质和内在品质的影响,认为较高剂量有助于提高龙冈茌梨的品质,以300 mL/棵剂量处理的效果最好。     

氨基酸硒叶面肥对梨果实硒含量及品质的影响

以秋白梨和花盖梨为试材,研究了喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥对梨硒含量及果实品质的影响,以期为富硒梨的生产提供理论依据。结果表明,喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥600倍液极显著提高了秋白梨和花盖梨的果实硒含量,花盖梨的果实硒含量显著高于秋白梨。喷施氨基酸硒叶面肥600倍液显著提高了秋白梨和花盖梨的单果质量及果实纵横径,增大了果个;显著提高了果实的总糖含量、维生素C含量,降低了可滴定酸含量和石细胞含量,改善了果实品质;显著降低了秋白梨和花盖梨的果皮强度、果皮斜率脆性、果皮韧性和果肉平均硬度,显著降低了秋白梨的果皮破裂距离,提高了果肉细度,增加了秋白梨和花盖梨的成熟度及可食性。     

腐植酸有机肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

通过露地栽培方式,进行了施用腐植酸有机肥对番茄产量和品质影响的试验,结果表明:番茄的产量高于对照,增产幅度为5.21%~14.73%;;同时显著改善番茄的品质,显著提高番茄果实中可溶性糖的含量、可溶性固形物的含量、维生素C的含量;显著降低番茄果实中硝酸盐的含量;明显提高番茄果实的糖/酸比。明显提高了番茄果实的商品性和营养性,腐植酸有机肥在番茄上应用的施用量为450~675千克/公顷。     

苍南白沙枇杷套袋处理试验初探

为减少苍南县白沙枇杷裂果及病虫等为害,提高果实质量,进行了套袋试验。结果表明,套单层双色袋和蜡黄色袋对白沙枇杷果实的可溶性固形物含量影响不大,还可有效降低可滴定酸的含量,改善果实品质。     

叶面喷肥对套袋苹果品质的影响

套袋是生产高档无公害苹果的重要途径,能显著提高苹果的外观品质,改善果面光洁度.但套袋也影响了果实的内在品质,降低了果实糖酸含量和Vc含量.试验表明,叶面喷施有机肥可明显改善果实的品质,使果面光洁鲜艳,无锈斑,果点小,糖酸含量明显增加,风味变浓.在施用的3种有机肥中,腐殖酸的综合效果最好.     

套袋对富士苹果果实发育期光合同化物积累的影响

以富士苹果为试材,进行不同时期的果实套袋和摘袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定了果实中重要光合同化物的积累,分析比较了套袋对果实中糖分积累和转化的影响。试验结果表明:套袋提高了果实的单果重,降低了果实早期的淀粉积累速率,缩短了积累持续时间;在发育早期,套袋果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖的含量和变化趋势与不套袋的对照果实基本一致;在果实发育后期,套袋果实中蔗糖和葡萄糖的含量明显降低;合适的摘袋时间有利于提高果实中蔗糖和果糖的含量,改善果实品质,但过早摘袋不利于蔗糖和果糖的积累。反季节套袋也证实了果实后期的遮光处理不利于蔗糖和果糖的积累。     

Flower thinning method affects mineral composition of `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple fruit

Summary

Fruit mineral concentrations measured at harvest can have major effects on apple fruit quality on the tree or during storage. Orchard practices must therefore seek to optimize fruit mineral composition. The purpose of this study was to describe and elucidate the effects of hand thinning on whole trees and individual spurs on apple fruit mineral composition. Two methods of flower and fruitlet thinning were compared with no thinning on `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple trees. Alternate whole flower/fruitlet clusters or all but one flower/fruitlet within every cluster were removed at full bloom or 14±21 d after full bloom. Alternate-cluster thinning reduced final fruit numbers per tree and fruit Ca concentrations by up to 22%, while increasing final fruit size by up to 21%, compared with no thinning. These effects on fruit Ca concentrations were also measured across a range of fruit size classes. Within-cluster thinning at full bloom or up to 21 d after full bloom also reduced fruit numbers per tree but increased fruit size substantially, by up to 65% compared with no thinning, this effect being less for later thinning. However, fruit mineral concentrations were not influenced by this treatment. Some fruiting spurs were singled to one fruit 14 d after full bloom on alternately flower cluster thinned trees and on trees that had not been thinned at bloom, and compared with unthinned spurs on the same trees. Fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit were greater for spurs bearing a single fruit (achieved by thinning manually or through natural abscission) than for multi-fruited spurs on the same trees. Spurs bearing one fruit on unthinned trees had greater fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit, but lower fruit weight than the same spurs on alternate-cluster thinned trees. However, spurs on unthinned and alternate-cluster thinned trees with the same primary leaf areas per fruit had similar final Ca concentrations. Fruit size and crop loads were found not to be important in explaining fruit Ca concentration differences between thinning methods. However our results suggest that thinning method may affect Ca accumulation in apple fruit by altering the relationship between fruit numbers and leaf areas on individual spurs.     

Performance of ‘Discovery’ apple on M.9, M.26 and MM.106 rootstocks at two densities

Summary

The apple rootstocks M.9, M.26, and MM.106 were evaluated for their efficiency in bringing ‘Discovery’ apple trees into production. The experiment, carried out over a ten- year period compared two planting densities at 1666 and 3333 trees per ha. Tree vigour differences between rootstocks were measured in term of trunk growth, tree volume, weight of branches pruned off and final weight of the above-ground parts of the trees. Fruit production is presented both as total yield and as the weight of first class fruit. Fruit colour development is also shown. Cropping efficiency is calculated and presented in relation to the different vigour measurements. The results confirm that ‘Discovery’ is slow to come into production. M.9 was the most productive rootstock, but due to vigour differences MM.106 gave the same yields per tree, although the latter had the lower yield efficiency. M.26 performed poorly; its vigour was similar to M.9 but it produced the lowest yields.     

硅酸盐细菌在苹果上的应用效果

以富士苹果树为试验材料,研究了硅酸盐细菌对苹果生长发育的效果。结果表明,施用硅酸盐细菌后能够增加土壤中速效钾的含量,促进叶片的生长,提高光合作用的强度、果实的着色指数和品质。     

Effects of different crop loads and thinning times on yield,fruit quality,and return bloom in Malus × domestica Borkh. ‘Elstar’

Summary

‘Elstar’ is the latest-maturing commercial apple cultivar grown in Norway, with high fruit quality when properly managed. In May 2006, an experiment with four different crop loads [2, 4 ,6, or 8 flowers or fruitlets cm^–2 trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), respectively] was established at two different stages [first bloom (FB), or 20-mm diameter fruitlets] and compared to unthinned control trees. Fruit growth was measured on individual fruit for each treatment throughout the season at weekly intervals. Thinning at FB gave a significantly lower final percentage fruit set than thinning to the same cropping level at the 20-mm fruitlet stage. However, fruit weights and soluble solids contents (SSC) were significantly higher, and the background fruit colour improved when trees were thinned at FB. The final number of fruit at harvest was less than the amount established at FB, or at the 20-mm fruitlet stage. There were significant differences between treatments in final fruit numbers per TCSA, which reflected the different crop loads. Fruit weights and SSC values were highest with the lowest crop load, and decreased with increasing crop loads. There was also a strong crop-load effect on the extent of return bloom per tree in the subsequent year. Trees thinned at FB had significantly more flower clusters than those thinned at the 20-mm fruitlet stage of. Untreated control trees had the lowest number of flower clusters. The amount of return bloom declined with increasing crop load. Second year crop loads and fruit weights were highest when trees were thinned at FB to two or four apples cm^?2 TCSA in the previous year. Trees with the highest crop load had the lowest crop load in the following year. Fruit quality was generally high for all treatments.     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

Improving productivity of four fruit species by growth regulators applied once in ultra-low doses to the collar

Summary

Two growth retardants: paclobutrazol (P, Cultar) or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) were applied once alone, or in mixtures (in a range of 5 to 20 mg per tree) to the collar of maiden plum, sour and sweet cherries and apple trees, in early spring of the second year after planting. Plum and apple trees were also treated with benzyladenine (BA) at 10 mg per tree a.i. in a mixture with P or TIBA. Sweet and sour cherry trees were treated with natural phenolic substances: phloridzin (Phi) and quercetin (Que) alone, or in mixtures with P and TIBA. A mid-stem treatment with P and shoot bending were also applied to the plum and apple trees for comparison. Measurements of tree growth and fruiting were made within 4 or 5 years. The reaction of the four species to the treatments varied according to the growth regulator applied. Plum trees responded mostly to TIBA and its mixtures with P. A strong suppression of tree growth and increased fruit productivity, as well as improved fruit quality, were observed. The TIBA application and its mixtures with P were also effective in causing growth reduction of the sweet cherry trees. Treatments with P alone, or mixed with TIBA, were effective in growth limitation of sour cherry trees. Some increase in the reproductive processes was observed only after the TIBA treatment in both species. The apple trees responded to application of mixtures of TIBA with benzyladenine (BA), or with P, and to P alone, with effective growth reduction. But only the P + BA treatment increased significantly the fruiting of apple trees, while the other treatments resulted in crops proportional to the diminished tree sizes. The mid-stem treatment did not affect plum trees but increased growth of apple trees. Shoot bending had no effect on the plum trees but increased fruiting of apple trees. The addition of Phi to half the lower P dose or TIBA, magnified growth suppression in the sweet and sour cherry trees. When applied alone Que caused a small growth inhibition but Phi produced some increase in growth of sour cherry trees. Results obtained show the possibilities of practical applications of growth regulators to the collar. Their reduced doses mixed with natural phenolic substances are equally effective in growth suppression and make fruit production safer and more profitable, especially in plum and sour cherry trees.     

稀土对山定子、红富士苹果树体与果实钙含量影响的研究

水培试验表明,稀土有平衡树体钙素营养的作用,在钙浓度低时,稀土能促进果树对钙的吸收,在钙浓度高时,可在一定程度上抑制果树对钙的吸收。田间喷钙可促进果树对氮、钙、锌的吸收,并增加果实中钙的浓度。稀土、钙混合液浸果可使果实中钙浓度增加0.165%,保鲜率比对照增加26%。     

套袋对苹果果皮花青苷合成及着色的影响

套袋是提高苹果果实着色的主要技术措施之一,也是研究苹果果皮花青苷合成和基因表达的重要手段。苹果果皮花青苷的合成经由苯丙烷类代谢途径,编码苹果花青苷合成酶类的基因已得到克隆。套袋后果皮花青苷合成酶类的基因表达受到抑制,因而抑制了花青苷合成;摘袋后果皮花青苷迅速合成,与套袋后果皮光受体浓度增加和叶绿素含量降低从而提高对光的敏感度、迅速启动花青苷合成酶类的基因协同表达有关。果皮色素特别是花青苷和叶绿素的含量、比例和分布决定果实的着色状况,套袋促进果皮花青苷合成的同时大大降低了叶绿素含量,从而使果实着色鲜艳。     

Beschreibung des Feuerbrandbefalls am Institut für Obstzüchtung in Dresden-Pillnitz im Jahr 2003

The orchard of the Institute of Fruit Breeding of the German Federal Centre of Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants in Dresden-Pillnitz was highly affected by fire blight in 2003. Infected pomefruit trees were observed over a period of nearly 3 months. The first symptoms on pear trees were found on May 19th. The pathogen Erwinia amylovora was confirmed officially on May 26, and the last infected apple trees were detected the 11th of August. The infected trees had to be grubbed at the decision of the Phytopathological Authority. In total, 1164 apple and 478 pear trees were grubbed, including the entire pear collection of the gene bank. Of 35 wild species of pear, 49 accessions, eight accessions of six species each, showed infections. The apple collection of the gene bank included 33 wild species, with 365 accessions, and 845 cultivars and clones. Ten accessions of nine wild apple species and 81 cultivars/clones of these collections showed fire blight infection. The source of infection was the pear collection, and the distance from that source was important for the occurrence of infection. Field plots close to the pear collection had tree losses of 10–34%, while more distant plots had losses of 0–6%. Around 80% of the lost apple trees were detected and grubbed from 27th May to 11th June. Some of the cultivars bred in Dresden-Pillnitz, e.g. ‘Pilot’ and ‘Rekarda’, were affected by fire blight in most field plots, whereas most others were affected mainly only in plots adjacent to the infection source. A correlation of r=?0.72 could be calculated for rating in artificial shoot inoculations and percentage of trees of resistant cultivars lost. The cultivars ‘Pirol’, ‘Reanda’, ‘Remo’, ‘Rene’, ‘Renora’, ‘Resi’, and ‘Retina’ showed only a very low numbers of infected trees. No tree of ‘Rewena’ showed symptoms of fire blight. Despite a tendency to postblooming, only 8.9% of ‘Pinova’ trees had to be grubbed.     

Effects of position on canopy and harvest time on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant properties in different apple cultivars

Fruit from Granny Smith, Fyriki, Fuji Kiku 8, and Imperial Double Red Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees planted in single or double rows, were harvested from different positions in the canopy, during the last month before commercial harvest. Fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant capacity, using the radical DPPH, were measured, in skin and flesh tissue. Greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight and serving portion of skin and flesh tissue, were found in Imperial Double Red Delicious and Fyriki apples, compared to Granny Smith and Fuji Kiku 8. The variation among cultivars in antioxidant contents was greater in peeled, compared with unpeeled fruit, highlighting the importance of eating unpeeled fruit. During the last two weeks before commercial harvest the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight increased in skin of Granny Smith (by 24% and 42%, respectively) and Fuji Kiku 8 (by 19% and 27%, respectively). Fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy had usually better red coloration and the effect was more pronounced in Fuji Kiku 8 and Fyriki, followed by Imperial Double Red Delicious and a lower effect was found in Granny Smith. Greater total soluble solid content, but not flesh firmness, were also found in fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy, in all cultivars. The skin of fruit from the upper positions in the canopy had greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars, apart from Fyriki. Antioxidant contents in flesh tissue were also greater in the upper positions of canopy in Fuji Kiku 8 and Imperial Double Red Delicious, and to our knowledge this is the first report on plant canopy effects on apple flesh antioxidant compounds.