马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅱ不同时期栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验在海拔 190 0m处的自然条件下 ,将鄂马铃薯 3号脱毒试管苗直接进入大田土床培育、切顶扦插繁殖 ,以同一密度 ,不同时期将土培扦插苗移栽到试验区内 ,生产种薯。试验结果表明 ,从 5月 2 8日至 6月 2 6日移栽的土培扦插苗 ,5 g以上块茎重量占 94 %以上 ,其中 ,10 0～ 15 0 g块茎重量占 17 6 7%～ 19 5 5 % ,产量达 14 4 5～ 180 3kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,处理间差异极显著。 6月 6日移栽的单株结薯数平均 4 0 5个 /株 ,尔后随移栽时期的延迟 ,单株结薯个数呈缓慢下降趋势。     

不同氯化钾施用量对陇中地区马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为了确定陇中地区马铃薯生产中氯化钾的合理用量,于2010年在甘肃兰州和定西两地进行了不同氯化钾施用量试验,测定了马铃薯单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率、烂薯率和薯块产量,分析了不同用量下马铃薯品质。结果表明,在施N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2的基础上,K2O用量在0~84 kg/hm2的范围内,随着钾肥施入量的增加,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉和还原糖含量不断提高,而烂薯率明显减小,维生素C含量不断下降;且在钾肥施入量为84 kg/hm2时,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉含量最高,而烂薯率最低。因此,甘肃马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程中,在施纯N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2条件下,氯化钾适宜用量为K2O 36~84 kg/hm2。     

马铃薯源的供应能力与库容量的关系

马铃薯茎叶和块茎增长过程有两个平衡期 :鲜重平衡期和干重平衡期。二者出现的早或迟、平衡值的高或低受密度和施肥调控 ,从时间和空间上反映了源库是否协调 ,也反映了源库间相互制约、相互促进的关系 ;薯数 /m2 叶和薯重 /m2 叶可用来表示单位叶面积上负荷量和有效生产量的大小 ,在一定程度上反映了源的数量与质量、库对源的调运能力、反馈及流的畅通程度 ;不同密度和施肥处理下 ,马铃薯产量随群体库容量和源供应量的增加而增加 ,在一定范围内随库 /源比值的提高而提高。试验结果表明 :库 /源比值以 0 4 2 8为宜 ,此时 ,马铃薯品种底西芮的经济产量可达到 30 0 0kg/6 6 7m2 以上     

种植密度与大薯留种对‘宣薯2号’产量的影响

以‘宣薯2号’为试验材料,探索了以大薯留种不同种植密度对其产量和结薯率的影响。结果表明:宣薯2号大薯留种以密度2.70万株/hm2为最佳,平均单产达34 654 kg/hm2,比常规种薯6万株/hm2和大薯留种2.25、3.15和3.75万株/hm2都增产增收,结薯率从适宜的种植密度2.7万株/hm2开始,随密度的增加单株结薯数变少和单株块茎重变轻,大中薯率有变化,但不成规律。‘宣薯2号’在宣威市大薯留种以密度2.7万株/hm2种植既能获得高产,又能获得较好的经济效益。     

磷素对甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡的影响

通过2年盆栽试验研究不施磷P₀（P₂O₅ 0 g/kg）、适量施磷P_0.04（P₂O₅ 0.04 g/kg）和过量施磷P_0.08（P₂O₅ 0.08 g/kg）对鲜食型甘薯‘烟薯25’和‘普薯32’生长前期（栽后0~40 d）根系活力、根系形态分化、潜在块根重量、结薯数、薯块重量、根生物量、叶面积、茎叶生物量、根干物质分配比例、茎叶干物质分配比例及根冠比的影响。结果表明,在块根形成期（栽后0~30 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷显著提高了甘薯总根条数、根尖数、总根长、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根系体积和总根鲜重,并显著提高了根系活力,提高了潜在块根鲜重;显著提高叶面积、叶鲜重、茎鲜重、地上部总鲜重;显著提高甘薯茎叶干重、根干重和植株干重,显著增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,为块根形成提供良好的物质基础。而过量施磷抑制干物质在根中的分配比例,导致根冠比降低,不利于块根的形成。在封垄期（栽后40 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷可以显著增加单株结薯数（主要提高直径5 mm以上的块根数量）、单薯重和单株薯重,若继续增加施磷量将导致单株结薯数和单薯重显著降低。因此,适量施磷可以促进甘薯根系和茎叶发育,增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,增加甘薯单株结薯数和单薯重,提高单株薯重,促进甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡,为甘薯丰产奠定基础。     

密度和肥料对马铃薯‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响

利用L9(34)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料因素对‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响,得出高产栽培最佳模型,为品种推广提供依据。结果表明,‘渝马铃薯3号’正交试验各处理在主茎数、单株块茎数、商品薯数比和商品薯重比4个性状间无明显差异,在株高和单株块茎重间差异明显;密度间、施氮量间株高差异显著或极显著,施磷量和施钾量间株高无显著差异;密度越大,株高越低,氮肥用量越高,株高越高。单株块茎重除密度间差异显著外,氮磷钾因素间均达极显著水平;密度4 000株/667m~2和氮肥用量10 kg/667m~2时的单株块茎重最高;单株块茎重随磷肥用量增加而增加;钾肥用量11 kg/667m~2时单株块茎重最高。‘渝马铃薯3号’高产栽培最佳组合为T5处理,即密度4 000株/667m~2、施氮量10 kg/667m~2、施磷量6 kg/667m~2、施钾量为11 kg/667m~2时,‘渝马铃薯3号’鲜薯产量可达2 508 kg/667m~2。     

马铃薯脱毒种薯标准化生产技术研究——Ⅰ.不同密度栽培对块茎大小、单株结薯及产量的影响

试验利用高海拔地区的气候特点和土壤肥沃疏松条件 ,将“鄂马铃薯 3号”脱毒试管苗直接进入田间土床培育 ,在高密植栽培条件下 ,生产标准种薯。经 9个处理的试验结果表明 :随着种植密度的增加 ,单位面积上的块茎数、无效薯增加 ,大薯率降低。3～ 5 0 g结薯率最佳处理是F、H和C ,分别占83 5 0 %、83 81%和 84 5 0 % ;10 ～ 30 g结薯率最佳处理是E和F ,分别占总数的 4 3 96 %和 4 6 86 % ,产量最佳处理是E和F ,分别为 15 0 0kg/ 6 6 7m2 和 15 83kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,各处理间差异达极显著水平。单位面积结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著正相关 ,y =196 6 6 + 0 98x(r=0 98 ) ;单株结薯数与单位面积移栽株数呈极显著负相关 ,y=2 89- 0 0 0 2 2x(r =- 0 81 )。     

种植密度与马铃薯块茎大小的分布 Ⅰ.密度与块茎生长的关系

种植密度是影响马铃薯块茎生长发育的主要因素之一。主栽品种 Mira 和783-1各3种密度的试验结果表明,随着单位面积播种密度的增加,单位面积上的主茎数及块茎数目均增加,而块茎的平均重量及大中薯率则减少。单位面积上的光能截获量与植株干重、块茎干重和块茎的平均重量均呈极显著的直线相关。Mira 和783-1的光能转化系数分别为1.444克干重/兆焦和1.106克干重/兆焦。分配到块茎的干物质比率随着块茎的生长而增加,最终两品种的干物质转化率均为85%左右。而密度对各品种的光能转化率及块茎干重分配率均无显著影响。因此,种植密度主要是通过对单位面积上块茎数量的控制来影响块茎所获得的屯合产物的数量及块茎的生长发育。     

不同密度和肥料对彩色马铃薯‘红美’主要性状和产量的影响

彩色马铃薯新品种‘红美’品质优良,市场潜力巨大,为品种推广提供依据。利用L_9(3~4)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料对于彩色马铃薯品种‘红美’主要性状及产量的影响,得出最佳高产模式。结果表明,不同的密度和氮磷钾肥对‘红美’单株块茎重和商品薯率的影响极显著,对单株块茎数的影响不显著。密度、磷钾肥均以中间水平时单株块茎重最高,单株块茎重随着氮肥用量增加而增加,商品薯率随着磷肥增加而增加,施氮量和施钾量均处于中间水平时商品薯率最高。‘红美’最佳高产组合为T9组合,即密度5 000株/667m~2,施氮量15 kg/667m~2,施钾量10 kg/667m~2,施磷量5 kg/667m~2时,‘红美’鲜薯产量可达2 149 kg/667m~2。     

云南马铃薯贮存损失的调查和评价

调查了云南马铃薯主产区 17个农户家庭贮存马铃薯的现状和损失。作为商品薯贮存失去商品价值的损失率达到 4 7 4 % ,其中发芽薯占 35 4 % ,损失最大 ,贮存时间 12 0d块茎发芽率仅1 5 % ,但 15 0d迅速增加到 5 6 88% ;破损块茎占 7 2 % ;病害烂薯占 4 8%。马铃薯种薯与商品薯同仓混贮 ,在同样无光照的条件下 ,造成种薯过早发芽 ,而且芽细弱 ,降低了种薯的质量。马铃薯疮痂病 (S .scabies)发生普遍 ,在一些地方发病率高达 10 0 % ,应当引起重视。讨论了马铃薯贮存中存在的问题 ,提出了马铃薯贮存技术发展的意见。     

马铃薯测土配方3414肥效田间试验

通过马铃薯测土配方施肥肥效田间试验,以便提高马铃薯的单产,增加经济效益。试验采用"3414"完全试验设计。结果表明,在当地条件下,最佳经济施肥量N 6.04 kg/667 m2、P2O52.53 kg/667m2、K2O 9.26 kg/667 m2,最高产量为1 929 kg/667 m2。三要素比例1:0.420:1.533,肥料投入81.61/667 m2元,鲜薯产值1 735元/667 m2,施肥利润为291元/667 m2,投入产出比1:4.57。采用测土配方施肥能增加马铃薯产量,降低施肥成本,提高肥料当季利用率。氮磷钾肥合理配施,有利于增加薯重和结薯个数,增施钾肥能增加大中薯比例,提高马铃薯商品薯率。     

氮磷钾不同配比对冬作马铃薯产量、效益和肥料利用率的影响

在每667 m2施用500 kg有机肥基础上,3 F(每667 m2 13 kg N,N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.93:2.41)、3 E(每667 m2 13 kg N,1:0.56:1.95)和3 G(每667 m2 13 kg N,1:0.74:2.01)处理组合的马铃薯总产量和合格薯产量显著高于9 A(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.47:1.47),但三者之间及其与其它化肥处理组合总产量和合格薯产量之间差异没有达到0.05的显著水平。3 G、3 E处理组合的平均经济效益显著高于处理9 D(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.75:1.75)、9 B(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:1.17:2.17)、6 B(每667 m216 kg N,1:1.17:2.17)、9 C(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.70:2.65)、9 F(每667 m2 19 kg N,1:0.93:2.41)和9 A,但与其它化肥+有机肥处理组合的平均效益之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。每667 m213 kg氮肥处理中3 E处理组合氮磷钾肥当季利用率显著高于每667 m2 16 kg(处理6 F除外,每667 m2 16 kg N,1:0.93:2.41),和每667 m2 19 kg的施肥处理组合(P<0.05)。综合试验结果表明,每667 m2施纯氮13 kg,N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.56:1.95是适宜的氮磷钾施肥方案,可以获得较高的产量效益和氮磷钾肥料养分当季利用率。     

马铃薯脱毒试管苗在不同扦插密度条件下的产量性状和经济参数的分析

为了探讨马铃薯脱毒试管苗在温室条件下的适宜扦插密度问题,利用早熟品种荷兰15号、中熟品种尤金和中晚熟品种克新13号的脱毒试管苗为试验材料,种植并生产原原种。采用单因素随机设计,设密度分别为每平方米154株、182株、222株、286株、400株和667株共6个处理,用方差分析探讨了扦插密度与结薯个数(单位面积上的商品薯数、单株商品薯数、单位面积上的结薯总个数、单株结薯总个数)、产量参数(单位面积上的商品薯产量、单株商品薯产量、单位面积上的总产量、单株产量)和经济参数(利润和经济效益)的关系。研究结果表明:荷兰15号、尤金和克新13号的脱毒试管苗扦插密度每平方米在154～667株之间时,随着扦插密度的增大,其结薯总个数均逐渐增多,单株商品薯产量和单株产量均逐渐变低;这3个品种在每平方米上的商品薯产量、总产量、利润和经济效益的变化趋势不同;通过结薯个数和经济参数的综合评价,得出荷兰15号和尤金的适宜扦插密度每平方米为400株,克新13号的适宜扦插密度为286株。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Time on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Chinese Potato Variety KX 13

Application time of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can significantly influence the yield and quality of potato tubers. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of N application time on dry matter accumulation in foliage and tubers, as well as on marketable tuber ratio, dry matter concentration, and specific gravity of the Chinese cultivar KX 13. The four treatments were as follows: all the 150 kg?N?ha^?1 applied at planting (T1); 100 kg N ha^?1 applied at planting and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber initiation (20 days after emergence, DAE) (T2); 100 kg N ha^?1 applied at planting and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T3); and 100 kg?N?ha^?1 applied at emergence and 50 kg N ha^?1 applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T4). For all treatments, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 ((NH₄)₂HPO₄) and 150 kg K₂O ha^?1 (K₂SO₄) were applied at planting. Thirty tons per hectare of marketable tuber yield was achieved with T3, while 23 t ha^?1 marketable yield was achieved by applying all 150 kg N ha^?1 at planting (T1). Relative to treatment T1, T3 also significantly increased harvest index (HI) from 0.76 to 0.86 and marketable tuber ratio from 64.8% to 79.2%. Applying N at planting in conjunction with dressing at 20 DAE (T2) gave a high marketable tuber ratio (74%) and HI (0.86), but the lower total tuber yield led to a lower marketable tuber yield. Without N application at planting (T4), N dressing did not increase the yield and HI. Treatments with N dressing had no significant effect on specific gravity or dry matter concentration of tubers.     

Tuber initiation and development in irrigated and non-irrigated potatoes

Tuber initiation and development are processes basic to potato production and are particularly critical in areas with short growing seasons. It is important to know how and to what extent management decisions affect these processes in order to maximize the yield of marketable tubers. A two-year field study, conducted in southcentral Alaska, examined top growth, tuber initiation, and tuber development in eight potato cultivars grown with and without irrigation. Plants of the cultivars Allagash Russet, Bake-King, Green Mountain, Kennebec, Lemhi Russet, Russet Burbank, Shepody, and Superior were harvested weekly throughout the growing season, and top dry weight, numbers of tubers, and individual tuber fresh weights were recorded. Top dry weight was reduced by moisture stress shortly after emergence in 1993, and about one month following emergence in 1994, when early-season soil moisture was greater. The weight of tubers was similarly affected within approximately 5 wk of emergence in 1993 and 6 weeks in 1994. Tuber weight at harvest was increased two-to three-fold by irrigation in all cultivars. The number of tubers each plant set was affected by irrigation in most, but not all, cultivars. Some varieties (Lemhi Russet in 1994, Allagash Russet both years) set more tubers than were maintained through the growing season. Tuber remnants found during sample collection indicated that tuber reabsorption had occurred. Irrigated Green Mountain had more than one tuber initiation period during the season, whereas other varieties such as Shepody maintained a relatively constant number of tubers following initial tuber set. Tuber size distribution at the end of the growing season showed that larger tubers were favored by irrigation.     

Hill to hill variations in tuber yield of potatoes in Alberta

The hill to hill variation in tuber yield and mainstem number was studied on 18 potato farms. There were up to 14-fold differences in the tuber yield per hill among plants of Norland, Russet Burbank, Norchip, Carlton and Alaska Red. The mainstem number was more variable than tuber weight per hill in Norland, Russet Burbank and Alaska Red. However, the opposite was true in Norchip and Carlton. In nearly all comparisons, the number of tubers per hill was less variable than tuber weight and mainstem number per hill. The total variation in tuber weight found in about 50% of the samples could be explained by the variance of hills within rows. Even in samples where an added variance component due to differences among rows was present, relatively more variation occurred within than among rows. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and tuber weight per hill were positive but significant (P&< 0.05) only in Norland and Norchip. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and number of tubers per hill were also positive but slightly higher and significant (P<0.01) in all 5 cultivars. The coefficient of determination values indicated that variation in cut seed piece weight explained only about 10% of the total variation in tuber weight harvested per hill. At a spacing of 30 cm within the row, a major proportion of hill to hill variation in tuber yield had to be explained by factors other than the seed piece weight.     

马铃薯平衡施肥及钾肥效应研究

在甘肃高海拔干旱区采用马铃薯高产栽培技术和平衡施肥技术,马铃薯产量为35 350 kg.hm-2,超过当地平均产量1.2倍,配施钾肥马铃薯可增产16.7～2 916.7 kg.hm-2,增幅0.1%～9.0%,每千克K2O可增收马铃薯0.2～19.4 kg,增产增收效益好。施钾后马铃薯薯块数增加29.3%,薯块重增加7.7%,增产以增加穴薯为主,其次是增加薯块重,同时马铃薯品质也有较大改善。试验表明,在施入适量有机肥和氮磷基础上,高产高效的K2O用量为150 kg.hm-2。     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on yield components and specific gravity of potatoes

Netted Gem potatoes were grown at four levels of N, three of P, and two of K fertilizer in metal lysimeters protected from rain by an automatic shelter. The first two increments of N fertilizer, 200 and 400lb/acre (224 and 448 kg/ha), successively increased yields by increasing the number of tubers produced. The first increment also increased the average tuber weight. With 800 lb N/acre (896 kg N/ha), tuber yield and grade of potatoes were reduced from those of the 400-lb/acre (448-kg/ha) treatment becuase the average weight per tuber was reduced. P fertilizer increased yield by increasing the average tuber weight. The increased yield due to N and P fertilizers was almost entirely in the form of Canada No. 1 potatoes. K fertilizer did not affect number or weight of tubers in this high-K soil.     

陇中半干旱区旱地马铃薯品种比较试验

在陇中半干旱区旱地进行了10个马铃薯品种的比较试验,结果表明:L9901-10和L0032-19的产量高,薯块以中薯为主,而且平均穴薯数超过5个,穴薯重超过560 g,商品率较高,综合表现良好,适合在陇中半干旱区旱地大面积推广种植,但其他品种还有待于进一步试验。     

不同密度和种薯大小对产量及主要农艺性状的影响

为了明确在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生态条件下，不同种植密度和不同种薯大小对马铃薯产量及主要农艺性状的影响，以密度为主处理，种薯大小为副处理进行了二因素裂区试验。供试材料为品种东农303。不同密度间，块茎数和总产有显著差异，两性状随密度的增加而增加。不同种善大小间，除净产量只达0．05显著水平外，其它性状均达0．01显著水平。株高、主茎数／每穴、块茎数随种薯大小的增大星线性增长，而总产、商品薯块茎数、商品薯产量、净产量随种薯大小的变化规律则只能用二次多项式来描述。采用新复极差法对各性状在不同密度及不同种薯大小下的表现作了多重比较。要想获得较高的商品薯产量及净产量，并考虑节约用种，提高繁殖倍数，在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生态条件下，东农303的株行距应为30cm×70cm，种薯大小应为50～80g。