A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires

A method combining laser ablation cluster formation and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth was developed for the synthesis of semiconductor nanowires. In this process, laser ablation was used to prepare nanometer-diameter catalyst clusters that define the size of wires produced by VLS growth. This approach was used to prepare bulk quantities of uniform single-crystal silicon and germanium nanowires with diameters of 6 to 20 and 3 to 9 nanometers, respectively, and lengths ranging from 1 to 30 micrometers. Studies carried out with different conditions and catalyst materials confirmed the central details of the growth mechanism and suggest that well-established phase diagrams can be used to predict rationally catalyst materials and growth conditions for the preparation of nanowires.     

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) provides a versatile, gentle, high resolution method for fractionation and physical-chemical characterization of molecules on the basis of size, conformation, and net charge. The polymerization reaction can be rigorously controlled to provide uniform gels of reproducible, measurable pore size over a wide range. This makes it possible to obtain reproducible relative mobility (Rf) values as physical-chemical constants. Application and extension of Ogston's (random fiber) model for a gel allows for calculation of molecular volume, surface area, or radius, free mobility, and valence from RJ measurements at several gel concentrations, to calculate gel concentration for optimal resolution, and to predict behavior of macromolecules on gel gradients by computerized methods. Extension of classical moving boundary theory has been used to generate multiphasic buffer systems (providing selective stacking, unstacking, restacking, and preparative steady-state-stacking) with known operating characteristics for any pH at 0 degrees and 25 degrees C. A general strategy for isolation of macromolecules and for macromolecular mapping has been developed. Preparative scale PAGE is operational for milligram loads and feasible for gram quantities.     

纳米氢氧化锌的制备及相变研究

为找到粒度均匀的氢氧化锌纳米材料,运用以硫酸锌和氢氧化纳为主要原料直接沉淀法和以尿素和氨水为主要材料均匀沉淀法制备了纳米氢氧化锌。通过TG/DTA分析这些纳米材料的热力学性质,发现在200℃左右发生热效应较大的相变过程。通过XRD分析,发现晶体的颗粒大小为2~5 nm,并通过改变条件:如反应物浓度,反应温度,进行对产物的粒径和产率影响的实验,发现在85℃条件下,经过210 min的均匀沉淀,可以得到产率为39%,且粒度均匀的纳米氢氧化锌。     

The silica-alumina system: stable and metastable equilibria at 1.0 atmosphere

Diffusion couples, consisting of sapphire and fused silica, which were annealed in the temperature range from 1678 degrees to 2003 degrees C and analyzed by electron beam microprobe, have provided data on the stable phase equilibrium of the silica-alumina system. Under stable equilibrium conditions, the intermediate compound of this system, mullite (3Al(2)O(3) . 2SiO(2)), melts incongruently at 1828 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends from 70.5 to 74.0 percent (by weight) alumina. The stable phase diagram is a composite of the two binary eutectic diagrams: silica-mullite in the absence of alumina and silica-alumina in the absence of mullite. Under metastable conditions, mullite melts congruently at approximately 1890 degrees +/- 10 degrees C and its solid solution field extends to approximately 83.2 percent (by weight) alumina.     

Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves: preparation, characterization, and applications

A thermally stable 3 x 3 octahedral molecular sieve corresponding to natural todorokite (OMS-1) has been synthesized by autoclaving layer-structure manganese oxides, which are prepared by reactions of MnO(4)(-) and Mn(2+) under markedly alkaline conditions. The nature and thermal stability of products depend strongly on preparation parameters, such as the MnO(4)(-)/Mn(2+) ratio, pH, aging, and autoclave conditions. The purest and the most thermally stable todorokite is obtained at a ratio of 0.30 to 0.40. Autoclave treatments at about 150 degrees to 180 degrees C for more than 2 days yield OMS-1, which is as thermally stable (500 degrees C) as natural todorokite minerals. Adsorption data give a tunnel size of 6.9 angstroms and an increase of cyclohexane or carbon tetrachloride uptake with dehydration temperature up to 500 degrees C. At 600 degrees C, the tunnel structure collapses. Both Lewis and Br?nsted acid sites have been observed in OMS-1. Particular applications of these materials include adsorption, electrochemical sensors, and oxidation catalysis.     

微波快速合成钙锰矿的影响因素

以通O2氧化Mn(OH)2制备的水钠锰矿为前驱物,采用微波加热合成钙锰矿,并探讨微波的功率、反应温度、时间和pH值等条件对钙锰矿形成的影响。结果表明:一定微波条件下可快速合成粒径均一、结晶度较好的钙锰矿。当微波辐照功率大于150 W时,随着微波功率升高,合成钙锰矿所需时间缩短,600 W功率下20min即可快速得到钙锰矿;温度越高合成钙锰矿所需时间也越短,体系温度为100℃时不能生成钙锰矿,但升高到140℃时,20min即可合成出钙锰矿;在酸性条件下合成钙锰矿的转化率低,而中性和碱性条件下钙锰矿的形成速度快、转化率高、结晶度好。     

Liquid water in frozen tissue: study by nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to examine the behavior and extent of liquid water in postrigor-frozen tissue of cod at temperatures below 0 degrees C. A liquid-water phase persists in the tissue down to about -70 degrees C; the extent of the phase decreases rapidly between 0 degrees and -10 degrees C and slowly at lower temperatures. That the NMR absorption peak of the liquid water increases in width, with decreasing temperature, suggests loss of mobility or structuring of the phase. A technique for introducing geometrically uniform cores of muscle into the probe of the high-resolution spectrometer permits quantitative determinations of liquid water.     

Chemical methods for removing radon and radon daughters from air

Liquid bromine trifluoride and the solid complexes ClF(2)SbF(6), BrF(2)SbF(6), BrF(4)Sb(2)F(11), IF(4)(SbF(6))(3) and BrF(2)BiF(6) react spontaneously with radon and radon daughters at 25 degrees C, converting the radioelements to nonvolatile ions and compounds. The reagents can be used in gas-scrubbing units to remove radon and radon daughters from air. The halogen fluoride-antimony pentafluoride complexes may be suitable for purifying air in uranium mines and analyzing radon in air, since they have low dissociation pressures at 25 degrees C and are less hazardous to handle than liquid halogen fluorides.     

榛仁乳的开菲尔粒发酵工艺

以开菲尔粒为发酵剂发酵榛仁乳.选择影响开菲尔品质的4个主要因素糖用量、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间设计单因素和正交试验L9(34),以确定开菲尔榛仁乳发酵的最佳工艺条件.结果表明:糖用量、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对试验结果均有显著影响.最佳发酵条件为糖用量（2％乳糖+5％蔗糖）、接种量5％、发酵温度23℃、发酵时间15...     

The seasons, global temperature, and precession

Analysis of instrumental temperature records beginning in 1659 shows that in much of the world the dominant frequency of the seasons is one cycle per anomalistic year (the time from perihelion to perihelion, 365.25964 days), not one cycle per tropical year (the time from equinox to equinox, 365.24220 days), and that the timing of the annual temperature cycle is controlled by perihelion. The assumption that the seasons were timed by the equinoxes has caused many statistical analyses of climate data to be badly biased. Coherence between changes in the amplitude of the annual cycle and those in the average temperature show that between 1854 and 1922 there were small temperature variations, probably of solar origin. Since 1922, the phase of the Northern Hemisphere coherence between these quantities switched from 0 degrees to 180 degrees and implies that solar variability cannot be the sole cause of the increasing temperature over the last century. About 1940, the phase patterns of the previous 300 years began to change and now appear to be changing at an unprecedented rate. The average change in phase is now coherent with the logarithm of atmospheric CO(2) concentration.     

Kyanite-Andalusite Equilibrium from 700{degrees} to 800{degrees}C

The metastable kyaniteandalusite equilibrium in the Al(2)SiO(5) system has been reversed at 700 degrees , 750 degrees , and 800 degrees C at elevated water pressures, with a variety of natural and synthetic kyanites and andalusites as starting materials. Sillimanite, the stable form of Al(2)SiO(5) under these conditions, did not appear. The value of the transition pressure at 750 degrees C is 6.6 +/- 0.4 kilobars, several kilobars below pressures given by several convergent previous determinations. The Al(2)SiO(5) pressure-temperature triple point now indicated lies far from the points found by others. The revised aluminum silicate phase diagram indicates that many rocks crystallized at lower pressures than formerly thought possible.     

麸酸型有机复混肥对铁观音茶叶产量与品质的影响

进行了麸酸型有机复混肥在铁观音茶叶上的应用效果试验。结果表明,施用麸酸有机复混肥或配施化肥,其夏、暑、秋三季茶青总产较单施化肥增产1.8%~7.0%,其中以50%有机复混肥 50%硫酸钾复合肥处理产量最高,而3季茶青中以暑茶增产效果最好,较单施化肥增产5.7%~17.6%。与单施化肥相比,施用麸酸有机复混肥提高了暑茶氨基酸总量,尤其是谷氨酸与苯丙氨酸含量,且氨基酸总量总体随麸酸有机复混肥施用比重的增加而增加。综合产量、品质与效益分析,麸酸有机复混肥在茶树上的施肥模式以50%有机复混肥 50%化肥配施最佳。     

Baddeleyite-Type High-Pressure Phase of TiO2

A high-pressure phase of TiO(2), which had been observed by shock-wave experiments and remained unresolved, has been studied by in situ x-ray diffraction. The single phase was formed at 20 gigapascals and 770 degrees C with the use of sintered-diamond multianvils; it has the same structure as baddeleyite, the stable phase of ZrO(2) at ambient conditions. The coordination number of Ti increases from six to seven across the rutile to baddeleyite transition, and the volume is reduced by approximately 9 percent.     

Shape transition of germanium nanocrystals on a silicon (001) surface from pyramids to domes

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium onto the silicon (001) surface at atmospheric pressure and 600 degrees Celsius has previously been shown to produce distinct families of smaller (up to 6 nanometers high) and larger (all approximately 15 nanometers high) nanocrystals. Under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, physical vapor deposition at approximately the same substrate temperature and growth rate produced a similar bimodal size distribution. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy revealed that the smaller square-based pyramids transform abruptly during growth to significantly larger multifaceted domes, and that few structures with intermediate size and shape remain. Both nanocrystal shapes have size-dependent energy minima that result from the interplay between strain relaxation at the facets and stress concentration at the edges. A thermodynamic model similar to a phase transition accounts for this abrupt morphology change.     

Composition and structure of the martian atmosphere: preliminary results from viking 1

Results from the aeroshell-mounted neutral mass spectrometer on Viking I indicate that the upper atmosphere of Mars is composed mainly of CO(2) with trace quantities of N(2), Ar, O, O(2), and CO. The mixing ratios by volume relative to CO(2) for N(2), Ar, and O(2) are about 0.06, 0.015, and 0.003, respectively, at an altitude near 135 kilometers. Molecular oxygen (O(2)(+)) is a major component of the ionosphere according to results from the retarding potential analyzer. The atmosphere between 140 and 200 kilometers has an average temperature of about 180 degrees +/- 20 degrees K. Atmospheric pressure at the landing site for Viking 1 was 7.3 millibars at an air temperature of 241 degrees K. The descent data are consistent with the view that CO(2) should be the major constituent of the lower martian atmosphere.     

Evolution of a nitrogen atmosphere on titan

Photochemical calculations indicate that if NH(3) outgassed from Titan it should have been converted to a dense N(2) atmosphere during the lifetime of the satellite. A crucial step in the process involves a gas phase reaction of N(2)H(4) with H. The most favorable conditions for this step would be the intermediate production of a CH(4)-H(2) greenhouse capable of raising the gas temperature to 150 degrees K. Subsequently about 20 bars of N(2) could have evolved. The pressure-induced opacity of 20 bars of N(2) should suffice to explain the recently measured 200 degrees K surface temperature. Unlike the situation on Jupiter, NH(3) is not recycled on Titan by reactions involving N(2) or N(2)H(4). This may explain the failure of recent attempts to detect NH(3) in the upper atmosphere of Titan.     

Identification of widespread pollution in the southern hemisphere deduced from satellite analyses

Vertical profiles of ozone obtained from ozonesondes in Brazzaville, Congo (4 degrees S, 15 degrees E), and Ascension Island (8 degrees S, 15 degrees W) show that large quantities of tropospheric ozone are present over southern Africa and the adjacent eastern tropical South Atlantic Ocean. The origin of this pollution is widespread biomass burning in Africa. These measurements support satellite-derived tropospheric ozone data that demonstrate that ozone originating from this region is transported throughout most of the Southern Hemisphere. Seasonally high levels of carbon monoxide and methane observed at middle- and high-latitude stations in Africa, Australia, and Antarctica likely reflect the effects of this distant biomass burning. These data suggest that even the most remote regions on this planet may be significantly more polluted than previously believed.     

草豆蔻有效成分的半制备型高效液相色谱分离

[目的]建立从草豆蔻中分离纯化4种主要有效成分半制备型高效液相色谱法。[方法]使用C18柱(250 mm×25.4 mm I.D.,10μm),考察了流动相的组成、流速和上样量对分离效果的影响,确定适宜的色谱条件;按制备型色谱条件进行洗脱,根据检测信号在线收集产品流出液,分离所得的馏分经HPLC法进行纯度检测。[结果]适宜的色谱条件是:流动相为甲醇-水梯度洗脱,流速为25 m L/min,上样量为232 mg,检测波长为300 nm。经过一次分离即可得到4种成分,经紫外光谱和核磁共振波谱鉴定4种成分分别为山姜素、松属素、小豆蔻明和桤木酮,经高效液相色谱检测纯度分别为98.7%、99.3%、98.4%和99.1%。[结论]与传统的分离方法相比,该方法具有高效、简便、快速的特点,适用于草豆蔻中主要有效成分的快速制备。     

Large quasi-circular features beneath frost on triton

Specially processed Voyager 2 images of Neptune's largest moon, Triton, reveal three large quasi-circular features ranging in diameter from 280 to 935 kilometers within Triton's equatorial region. The largest of these features contains a central, irregularly shaped area of comparatively low albedo about 380 kilometers in diameter, surrounded by crudely concentric annuli of higher albedo materials. None of the features exhibit significant topographic expression, and all appear to be primarily albedo markings. The features are located within a broad equatorial band of anomalously transparent frost that renders them nearly invisible at the large phase angles (alpha > 90 degrees ) at which Voyager obtained its highest resolution coverage of Triton. The features can be discerned at smaller phase angles (alpha = 66 degrees ) at which the frost only partially masks underlying albedo contrasts. The origin of the features is uncertain but may have involved regional cryovolcanic activity.     

利用DH和IF_2两个群体进行小麦粒重、粒型和硬度的QTL分析

【目的】检测控制小麦粒重、粒型和硬度加性和显性QTL,解释控制这些性状的分子遗传基础。【方法】以小麦品种花培3号、豫麦57构建的包含168个株系的DH群体和由其构建的包含168个株系的IF2群体为材料,结合含有368个位点的分子遗传图谱,对5个环境的DH群体以及2个环境的IF2群体的千粒重、粒型和硬度数据进行QTL分析。【结果】共检测到控制千粒重、粒长、粒径和硬度的35个加性效应和18对上位效应QTL,包括控制千粒重的8个加性效应位点以及5对上位性位点,控制粒长的10个加性效应位点以及6对上位性位点,控制粒径的10个加性效应位点以及6对上位性位点,控制硬度的7个加性效应位点以及1对上位性位点。其中,控制粒重的Qtkw6A在DH和IF2群体中都能检测到,而且既有加性效应又有显性效应,加性效应的贡献率在2个群体内分别为9.39%和11.75%,显性效应的贡献率为1.37%。控制粒径的Qgd6A也在DH和IF2群体中检测到,加性效应贡献率分别为15.02%和15.03%,而且与控制粒长的Qgl6A为同一基因位点,在DH和IF2群体中对粒长的加性效应贡献率分别为14.96%和15.10%。【结论】小麦的千粒重和粒型的遗传主要受加性效应控制,同时也受上位效应影响。硬度主要受位于5D染色体短臂上一个主效基因控制,同时受其它微效基因以及上位性影响。本研究检测到的一些重要QTL可用于相关性状的分子标记辅助选择育种,用IF2群体检测到的显性效应QTL及具有显性×加性、加性×显性及显性×显性效应的QTL可为有关性状杂种优势的研究提供参考。