Aromatic cross-links in insect cuticle: detection by solid-state 13C and 15N NMR

Cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to determine insect cuticle composition and cross-link structure during sclerotization or tanning. Unsclerotized cuticle from newly ecdysed pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L., had a high protein content with lesser amounts of lipid and chitin. Concentrations of chitin, protein, and catechol increased substantially as dehydration and sclerotization progressed. Analysis of intact cuticle specifically labeled with carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 revealed direct covalent linkages between ring nitrogens of protein histidyl residues and ring carbons derived from the catecholamine dopamine. This carbon-nitrogen adduct was present in chitin isolated from cuticle by alkaline extraction and is probably bound covalently to chitin. These data support the hypothesis that the stiffening of insect cuticle during sclerotization results primarily from the deposition of protein and chitin polymers and their crosslinking by quinonoid derivatives of catecholamines.     

Inhibition of cellular proliferation of imaginal epidermal cells by diflubenzuron in pupae of the stable fly

A second mode of action has been found for the inhibition of chitin synthesis by diflubenzuron. This compound blocks synthesis of the imaginal cuticle by preventing formation of the adult epidermis in the pupal stage of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.).     

Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes

Metarhizium anisopliae infects mosquitoes through the cuticle and proliferates in the hemolymph. To allow M. anisopliae to combat malaria in mosquitoes with advanced malaria infections, we produced recombinant strains expressing molecules that target sporozoites as they travel through the hemolymph to the salivary glands. Eleven days after a Plasmodium-infected blood meal, mosquitoes were treated with M. anisopliae expressing salivary gland and midgut peptide 1 (SM1), which blocks attachment of sporozoites to salivary glands; a single-chain antibody that agglutinates sporozoites; or scorpine, which is an antimicrobial toxin. These reduced sporozoite counts by 71%, 85%, and 90%, respectively. M. anisopliae expressing scorpine and an [SM1](8):scorpine fusion protein reduced sporozoite counts by 98%, suggesting that Metarhizium-mediated inhibition of Plasmodium development could be a powerful weapon for combating malaria.     

Male-killing bacteria in a parasitic wasp

A rod-shaped bacterium has been isolated that kills male eggs of the wasp Nasonia vitripennis, a pupal parasite of flies. Only some wasps of this species express this son-killer trait, and these wasps have bacterial infections in various organs. The bacterium was isolated from son-killer wasp tissue and from the hemolymph of fly pupae parasitized by wasps expressing the son-killer trait. Bacteria are apparently transferred to parasitized fly pupae during wasp oviposition, and developing wasp offspring are subsequently infected perorally. Sex-ratio distortion by microorganisms is found in a variety of plants and animals. The infectious peroral transmission of this trait variety of plants and animals. The infectious peroral transmission of this trait is in contrast to the typical pattern of cytoplasmic inheritance of sex-ratio distortion in these other systems.     

蜜蜂发育相关基因研究

蜜蜂是一种重要的授粉昆虫,也是研究人类疾病及社会行为的模式生物之一。由其基因组测序可知,蜜蜂基因组中(A+T)及CpG含量较高,其昼夜节律、RNAi和DNA甲基化基因更类似脊椎动物。先天免疫、表皮蛋白和味觉受体基因较少,气味受体基因较多。蜜蜂早期发育途径中的一些基因与果蝇的相似,功能却显著不同。本文综述了蜜蜂卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫期发育相关基因及其研究进展。     

一种纹理分析方法在皮革图像分类中的应用

提出了一种将位平面技术和统计几何特征相结合的纹理分析方法,并使用Fisher线性分类器和LVQ神经网络对铬鞣和植鞣皮革进行分类试验对比。结果表明,该方法计算代价低,更适合表征鞣制皮革的纹理,能对铬鞣和植鞣皮革进行高效识别。     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂卵黄原蛋白合成与摄取及卵黄磷蛋白降解的时间动态

采用ELISA测定法检测了蝇类蛹期外寄生蜂-丽蝇蛹集金小蜂卵黄原蛋白合成与摄取,及卵黄磷蛋白降解的时间动态.结果表明:该蜂卵黄原蛋白的合成与摄取分别起始于寄生后的第10 d和第13 d,即正处于该蜂的蛹初期和隐成虫期;胚胎内的卵黄磷蛋白随其发育过程而降解,寄生后第3 d,即胚胎发育结束时则全部降解完毕.此外,还探讨了卵黄蛋白合成、摄取和降解过程中,血淋巴、卵巢或卵内可溶性蛋白含量的的时间动态变化.     

珍贵绢丝昆虫天蚕FXPRLamide家族神经肽的免疫组织化学鉴定

 利用Zooblotting、酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和免疫组织化学等方法，对天蚕的DH、PBAN等FXPRLamide家族神经肽进行鉴定。结果表明，标记的蓖麻蚕的DH-PBAN cDNA片断能够与天蚕、樟蚕、柳蚕和棉铃虫的基因组DNA结合。这证明了天蚕可能存在FXPRLamide家族神经肽中的DH－PBAN基因；天蚕的咽下神经节中FXPRLamide神经肽含量最高，咽下神经节有三簇细胞合成FXPRLamide神经肽，在胸神经节和腹神经节也有明显的阳性细胞；天蚕5龄幼虫的血淋巴中FXPRLamide神经肽含量比较稳定，化蛹前含量升高，蛹期含量降低。上述结果证明天蚕含有DH、PBAN等FXPRLamide家族神经肽，其对天蚕的滞育和性信息素合成等的调控还需要进一步研究。     

延安蔷薇科鞣料植物野生资源调查

通过对延安地区蔷薇科野生鞣料植物资源状况进行野外调查,初步统计出该地区现有鞣料植物9属10种,对其利用部位、分布地区、生境等方面进行了归纳,并提出了开发利用蔷薇科野生鞣料植物资源的建议,旨在为其开发利用提供理论基础,以促进当地经济的发展。     

制革下脚料酶解物对菠菜生长及品质的影响

[目的]研究制革下脚料酶解物对菠菜生长及品质的影响。[方法]以菠菜品种"先锋388"为试材,施用不同量的制革下脚料酶解物,评价其对菠菜形态学性状、产量和品质的影响。[结果]酶解物最佳施用量为6.00 kg/m~2,施用制革下脚酶解物处理的菠菜形态学性状和产量与施用同类型有机肥相比较无显著性差异,其可溶性总糖和维生素C含量显著提高。[结论]施用制革下脚料酶解物,在保证菠菜产量的同时可以显著提高菠菜的品质。     

铬—铝结合改良法鞣制陈年兔皮工艺

作者在传统工艺的基础上,探讨了鞣制陈年兔皮的工艺,提出了铬—铝结合改良法。结果提示:放置7年以内的兔皮,采用该法可获得较好的鞣制效果,其关键性环节有两个:一是浸水揭里,3年兔皮以浸水5～12小时揭里为佳,7年兔皮以12～18小时为佳;二是浸酸鞣制,多次加联合酸较一次加单一酸可获得更为满意的效果。     

基于XPS的苹果表皮残留农药界面层的氩刻分析

针对果皮表面残留农药进行微观深度探测及分析。结果表明,苹果表皮氧乐果及敌敌畏随施药浓度及施药时间的残留沿纵向深度变化呈现非线性规律性,主要残留部位为果实表皮的角质层区距表面8μm,氧乐果残留分布的规律性强于敌敌畏。     

苯乙烯—马来酸酐树脂的研究

苯乙烯—马来酸共聚物的钠盐或铵盐是一种优良的树脂鞣剂。用该鞣剂鞣制皮革，所有成品革理化性能都能达到轻工部规定的质量标准；并且使用该鞣剂能增加皮革对铬盐的吸收，降低制革废液中铬的含量，减少制革工业废液对环境的污染。     

基于GC-MS代谢组学解析阿苯达唑治疗家蚕微粒子病的作用机制

【目的】利用GC-MS代谢组学技术研究阿苯达唑对患微粒子病家蚕血淋巴代谢物的影响,从代谢组学角度阐明阿苯达唑的作用机制,为以阿苯达唑为主剂研发新的家蚕微粒子病治疗药物提供理论依据。【方法】对五龄起蚕接种家蚕微孢子虫（Nosema bombycis,N.b）建立家蚕微粒子病模型,分别于攻毒后12、24、48、72和96 h开始饲喂阿苯达唑混悬液处理桑叶直至上蔟结茧,以未攻毒未给药的家蚕为对照,待化蛹后逐头镜检调查家蚕感染率,以评价阿苯达唑的治疗效果;同时采用GC-MS代谢组学技术进行非靶向代谢组学研究,筛选患微粒子病蚕体血淋巴中的差异代谢物,并通过MetaboAnalyst 4.0进行代谢通路分析。【结果】阿苯达唑对家蚕微粒子病具有显著的治疗效果,药物作用的关键时间是攻毒后24~48 h。与对照组家蚕血淋巴相比,从模型组家蚕血淋巴中共筛选并定性获得47种差异代谢物,其中27种代谢物呈下降趋势、20种代谢物呈上升趋势。对模型组与阿苯达唑给药组的家蚕血淋巴样本进行比较分析,结果发现除木酮糖、D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸、肌醇、泛酸、甲基丁二酸和油酸外,阿苯达唑对多数与家蚕微粒子病相关的代谢物具有干预调节作用。通过MetaboAnalyst 4.0进行通路分析,发现家蚕感染N.b后有6条主要的代谢通路发生明显变化,分别为:①淀粉和蔗糖代谢;②苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成;③苯丙氨酸代谢;④甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢;⑤谷胱甘肽代谢;⑥磷酸肌醇代谢。家蚕添食阿苯达唑混悬液处理桑叶后能有效减轻上述代谢通路的改变,从而促使患微粒子病家蚕处于较正常的生理状态。【结论】阿苯达唑对家蚕微粒子病具有显著的治疗效果,药物作用的关键时间在N.b感染后24~48 h,结合N.b的生活史,可全面揭示阿苯达唑治疗家蚕微粒子病的作用机制,即阿苯达唑通过抑制N.b在蚕体内的裂殖体增殖,有效降低N.b感染对家蚕氨基酸代谢和能量代谢的破坏作用,维持家蚕的正常生理状态,而达到治疗效果。     

虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶的抑制作用

【目的】研究证实虫酰肼是否对甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)酚氧化酶活性具有抑制作用。【方法】采用生物化学方法,分别测定虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫离体酚氧化酶的作用特点和用虫酰肼浸泡饲料饲喂5龄幼虫后,虫酰肼对幼虫头部、血淋巴及表皮组织酚氧化酶活性的抑制作用。【结果】随着虫酰肼浓度增大,酚氧化酶活力呈逐渐下降趋势,虫酰肼对酚氧化酶的抑制中浓度(IC50)为5.43μmol·L-1。虫酰肼对酚氧化酶的抑制作用表现为混合型抑制,游离酶抑制常数(K i)和酶-底物络合物抑制常数(K is)分别为11.223μmol·L-1和34.036μmol·L-1。通过研究金属铜离子和酶液对虫酰肼吸收峰的影响,推测虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶的抑制作用不是与该酶活性中心的铜离子结合,而可能是与酚氧化酶蛋白结合发生作用有关。用28.41μmol·L-1和85.23μmol·L-1亚致死剂量浓度的虫酰肼分别处理甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫24、48和72h后,测定其头部、血淋巴和表皮酚氧化酶的活性。结果表明,随着用虫酰肼处理时间延长,两个剂量的虫酰肼对幼虫头部、血淋巴和表皮酚氧化酶的抑制作用基本呈逐渐增大趋势;处理后相同时间,高剂量的虫酰肼对酚氧化酶活性的抑制率基本上高于低剂量的抑制率;虫酰肼对头部酚氧化酶的抑制率最高,血淋巴次之,表皮最低。【结论】虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾酚氧化酶具有明显的抑制作用,幼虫新表皮形成过程受到阻碍可能与虫酰肼抑制酚氧化酶的活性有关。     

5种寄主植物对台湾稻螟生长发育的影响

[目的]明确不同寄主植物对台湾稻螟生长发育的影响,为台湾稻螟的预测预报和综合防治提供理论依据.[方法]在温度27.5℃、相对湿度80%、光照L:D=12 h:12 h的条件下,用水稻、薏苡、甘蔗、玉米和茭白5种寄主植物分别饲养台湾稻螟幼虫100头,记录幼虫的死亡数、雌雄蛹数、蛹重、蛹长、蛹存活率和雌雄性比;每种寄主植物单头饲养幼虫25头,每天定时观察记录不同寄主植物上每头台湾稻螟幼虫各龄历期和蛹期.[结果]台湾稻螟在水稻、薏苡、甘蔗、玉米和茭白上取食,2龄幼虫至蛹的发育历期依次为10.12、13.00、9.52、14.69和14.96 d,幼虫存活率依次为51.00%、30.00%、27.00%、26.00%和59.00%,蛹存活率依次为68.63%、83.33%、74.07%、53.85%和88.13%,雌雄蛹重分别为4.9、4.1、4.4、4.8、5.0和3.1、2.9、3.6、3.6、3.1 mg/头,雌雄蛹长分别为12.29、11.59、11.75、11.67、11.98和10.71、10.21、10.39、11.37、10.40 mm/头,雌雄虫性比依次为2.00、1.14、0.42、1.60和0.72.[结论]水稻最有利于台湾稻螟生长发育,茭白次之.     

Identification of FXPRLamide Family Neuropeptides from the Japanese Oak Silkworm, Antheraea yamamai Using Immunocytochemistry Methods

In the present study, zooblooting, ELISA, and whole-mount immunocytochemistry methods were used to identify the FXPRLamide family neuropeptides from the Japanese oak silkworm, Antheraea yamamai. The results showed that the genomic DNA from A. yamamai showed positive bands after being hybridized with the fragment of DH-PBAN cDNA from Samia cynthia ricini, which was labeled with [α-32p]-dCTP. The SG showed highest FXPRLamide peptides titer in neural organs. Using an antiserum against Helicoverpa armigera PBAN, PBAN-like immunoreactivity was detected in the SG and TG of A. yamamai by whole-mount immunocytochemistry, and there were three cluster cells in the SG which shows positive PBAN-like immunoreactivity. The titers of FXPRLamide peptides immunoreactivity in the hemolymph were kept at a steady level. During pupation, the titer was increased promptly, but then decreased to a low level after the early pupal stage. The above-mentioned results demonstrate the existence of FXPRLamide family peptides in A. yamamai, but its function needs to be further investigated in the future.     

铬革废弃物的饲用脱铬研究进展

随着我国皮革市场的发展,在生产皮革服装过程中产生较多的的废弃物,在饲料生产中这些皮革废弃物可以作为部分蛋白质饲料,但在普通传统皮革鞣制中铬鞣在皮革生产中占有很大一部分,铬鞣过程中大量的铬离子进入蛋白纤维中发生交联作用,皮革废弃物中过量的铬离子以及被氧化的铬离子对饲养动物有剧烈的生物毒性。文章研究了去除皮革中的铬离子,生产安全的皮革蛋白粉的方法。     

Immunological response of male cockroaches to injection of Tetrahymena pyriformis

After injection of living tetrahymena into the hemocoels of male cockroaches, recovered hemolymph immobilizes washed ciliates. The immobilizing material is sensitive to heat and acid, and can be separated with ammonium sulfate. Hemolymph from immune animals confers protection in another animal into which it is injected. Immobilizing activity of the hemolymph from immune animals is associated with a nonreactive, normal protein component present in hemolymph from nonimmunized insects.     

寄生对越冬代菜粉蝶蛹血淋巴中蛋白质和糖类代谢的影响

越冬代菜粉蝶Pierisrapae蛹被蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromaluspuparum寄生后,其血淋巴中可溶性蛋白含量在寄生后0.5～2d逐日上升,此后则逐日下降.雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中可溶性蛋白含量在寄生后1～4d显著高于同期未寄生蛹,寄生后5d则略低于同期未寄生蛹;寄生蛹血淋巴中总糖和海藻糖含量的变化趋势与可溶性蛋白相同,也是寄生后0.5～2d升高,寄生后3～5d降低.寄生后0.5～2d,雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中总糖和海藻糖含量显著高于同期未寄生蛹,寄生后3～5d则恰好相反.寄生蛹血淋巴中还原糖含量在寄生后0.5～3d日渐升高,寄生后4d维持在较高水平,而寄生后5d则急剧下降.越冬代菜粉蝶蛹血淋巴中海藻糖酶无活力,而雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中海藻糖酶的活力在寄生后0.5d开始显现,此后逐日升高,至寄生后5d已达43.24～44.27μg葡萄糖·mg-1蛋白·min-1.