Stimulus generalization of a positive conditioned reinforcer

Stimulus generalization has been observed for discriminative, eliciting, and emotional functions of stimuli. In our study, in order to investigate the generalization of the reinforcing function of stimuli, pigeons were trained in a Skinner box to peck at an unlighted key to obtain aperiodic, brief exposures of light at a wavelength of 550 mmicro, the positive conditioned reinforcer, which was immediately followed by food reward. Testing in extinction, we obtained generalization gradients for the number of responses and the time the pigeons expended to produce exposures on the unlighted key of 550 mmicro, 530 mmicro) 510 mmicro, or no light. This finding suggests that stimulus generalization occurs with all functions of stimuli.     

Characterization of compounds that induce symbiosis between sea anemone and anemone fish

The species-specific partnership between the sea anemone and anemone fish in many parts of the Indo-Pacific region is a well-known phenomenon. Chemicals secreted by the sea anemone to elicit symbiotic behavior of the fish have been studied for two host-guest pairs, Radianthus kuekenthali (sea anemone)-Amphiprion perideraion (anemone fish) and Stoichactis kenti-A. ocellaris. A new pyridinium compound, amphikuemin, which induces characteristic attracted swimming (toward the chemical stimulus) in A. perideraion, has been isolated from R. kuekenthali and characterized. Several other chemicals that elicit characteristic symbiotic movements have also been identified.     

原油储罐清洗方法

介绍了油罐清洗的作业步骤,指出了在油罐清洗过程中应注意的事项和操作要点.认为采用蒸汽熏蒸与干洗相结合的清洗方法对油罐进行清洗,可彻底清除罐内油污,减少原油的损耗,并可缩短施工工期,降低油罐清洗成本,为今后类似油罐清洗工作提供了借鉴.     

Lyso-phosphatidylcholine is a signal in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis represents the most widely distributed mutualistic root symbiosis. We report that root extracts of mycorrhizal plants contain a lipophilic signal capable of inducing the phosphate transporter genes StPT3 and StPT4 of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), genes that are specifically induced in roots colonized by AM fungi. The same signal caused rapid extracellular alkalinization in suspension-cultured tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cells and induction of the mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporter gene LePT4 in these cells. The active principle was characterized as the lysolipid lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a combination of gene expression studies, alkalinization assays in cell cultures, and chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. Our results highlight the importance of lysophospholipids as signals in plants and in particular in the AM symbiosis.     

热媒炉积炭的化学清洗工艺

在管道输送原油的间接加热过程中，热媒的导热油由于长期在高温下使用，会劣化变质，形成积炭，影响热媒炉的传热效率，讨论了热媒炉积炭的成因，形态及化学清洗条件，在介绍了水基复合清洗剂和酸性清洗剂清除积炭化学原理的基础上，给出了清除积炭的施工工艺和注意事项。     

网箱养殖水下清洗装置设计

针对深远海网箱养殖需求,基于高压水射流技术设计了网箱水下自动清洗装置。对清洗装置进行了结构设计,分析了装置的工作原理。根据要求对装置主要参数进行选配分析,设计装置相关性能参数为流量15 L/min、工作压力20 MPa,该清洗装置清洗效率高,综合性能能够满足设计要求。     

气泡对蔬菜的清洗作用及清洗参数模型的建立

气泡溃灭和回弹再生时产生巨大的瞬时压强、气蚀作用和高速微射流以及气流引起水的翻滚、漩涡等复杂的扰动冲击蔬菜时可以有效地清除蔬菜表面的污染物。通过叶类蔬菜清洗试验,确定了蔬菜洗净率y和气流量x1与清洗时间x2的二元线性回归模型y=28.98+1.21x1+8.23x2。验证试验结果表明:当气泡强度在5~25m3/h、清洗时间在1~4m in范围时,试验值和模型值之间的相对误差率在8%以内。     

LysM-type mycorrhizal receptor recruited for rhizobium symbiosis in nonlegume Parasponia

Rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis is generally considered to be unique for legumes. However, there is one exception, and that is Parasponia. In this nonlegume, the rhizobial nodule symbiosis evolved independently and is, as in legumes, induced by rhizobium Nod factors. We used Parasponia andersonii to identify genetic constraints underlying evolution of Nod factor signaling. Part of the signaling cascade, downstream of Nod factor perception, has been recruited from the more-ancient arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis. However, legume Nod factor receptors that activate this common signaling pathway are not essential for arbuscular endomycorrhizae. Here, we show that in Parasponia a single Nod factor-like receptor is indispensable for both symbiotic interactions. Therefore, we conclude that the Nod factor perception mechanism also is recruited from the widespread endomycorrhizal symbiosis.     

Developmental biology of a plant-prokaryote symbiosis: the legume root nodule

The development of nitrogen fixing root nodules on the roots of leguminous plants is induced by soil bacteria (for example, from the genus Rhizobium). The formation of this plant organ involves specific activation of genes in both plant and bacterium. Analysis of these genes gives insight into the way in which plant and bacterium succeed in coordinating plant development.     

油库清罐作业中事故的成因及预防

清罐作业是油库一项经常性的工作,具有较大的危险性.分析了清罐作业中存在的危险因素,提出了清罐作业中预防事故发生的防范措施.     

单胞藻浓缩液制备中超滤膜清洗方法的研究

研究了浓缩单细胞藻后超滤膜的几种清洗方法,探讨了物理法清洗的持续时间,比较了3种清洗剂(5.0 mL/L HCl、5.0 g/L NaOH和5.0 g/L NaClO溶液)的清洗效果,以及水温对5.0 mL/L HCl和5.0 g/LNaClO溶液清洗效果的影响。结果表明:过滤单细胞藻后,污染超滤膜的几种清洗方法的最佳清洗时间分别为,用物理法反冲洗30 min,用5.0 mL/L HCl溶液冲洗10 min,用5.0 g/L NaClO冲洗10 min。水温小于30℃时,采用5.0 g/L NaClO溶液清洗效果较好,膜恢复率为95.1%;大于30℃时,采用5.0 mL/LHCl溶液清洗效果较好,最高恢复率为95.9%。     

淡水鱼加工技术研究

在分析淡水鱼加工特性的基础上,开发出鱼糜制品和熏烤制品两类鱼产品,并对其工艺过程、加工条件进行了较为深入的技术研究。     

压缩机组润滑油系统的冲洗方法

以兰银管道银川压气站离心式压缩机组为例,介绍了压缩机润滑油系统的冲洗原理和技术方法,提出了油冲洗法的冲洗要求与检测方法,总结了冲洗步骤。实践证明,该冲洗法不仅可以保证润滑油的质量,而且可以缩短油路冲洗时间,是确保压缩机组安全运行的实用方法。     

Mount agung eruption provides test of a global climatic perturbation

The Mount Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 provides the best-documented global radiative perturbation to the earth's atmosphere currently available. Data on stratospheric aerosols produced by this eruption have been used as input to a model for the atmospheric thermal structure. The computed magnitude, sign, and phase lag of the temperature changes in both the stratosphere and the troposphere are in good agreement with observations, providing evidence that the climatic response to a global radiative perturbation is significant, as well as support for the use of theoretical models to predict climatic effects.     

昆嵛山空气净化植物资源

我国空气污染日益恶化,越来越受到人们的广泛关注。在众多的空气净化的措施之中,植物空气净化是最为经济有效的措施,因此对植物多样性丰富的山东省昆嵛山进行了调查研究,筛选出具有较好空气净化效果植物23科、40属、65种,将其用于改善城市空气质量和生活环境,同时为园林植物配置提供参考资料。     

烤机物料输送网带自动清洁装置

叶片复烤是整个打叶复烤过程的最后一道工序,是决定复烤成品质量的关键环节.为提升叶片复烤质量,在更换叶片烤机物料输送网带的前提下,开发出一种烤机物料输送网带自动清洁装置,旨在通过降低网带堵塞率来提高输送网带透气效率,达到复烤片烟均质化加工的目的.经过方案的改进与验证,网带透气效率(η)由78％提升至97％.