Catalytic coal gasification: an emerging technology

Catalytic coal gasification is being developed as a more efficient and less costly approach to producing methane from coal. With a potassium catalyst all the reactions can take place at one temperature, so that endothermic and exothermic reactions can be integrated in a single reactor. A key aspect of the concept involves continuous recycling of product carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the gasifier following separation of methane. Development of the process has advanced steadily since the basic concept was proposed in 1971. A 23-day demonstration run was recently completed in a process development unit with a coal feed rate of 1 ton per day. The next major step in the program will be to design and construct a large pilot plant to bring the technology to commercial readiness in the late 1980's.     

Liquid fuels from coal: from R & d to an industry

On the basis of current U.S. oil imports, room now exists for a U.S. coal liquids industry. Unfortunately, technology is not available which can produce coal liquids at a price competitive with imported oil. Direct liquefaction technology is under development, but the prospects are that the technology will not be economic at the time the pioneer commercial plant should be constructed to provide the foundation for a possible coal liquids industry in the 1990's. Government support of coal liquefaction R & D has created the conditions that make possible the development of the technology, and probably government incentives for pioneer plants will be needed. With the proper incentives pioneer plants will lead to lower costs, and this, plus rising prices, will create the conditions necessary to develop a multiplant industry.     

Recent progress in the direct liquefaction of coal

Interest in direct coal liquefaction steadily decreased during the 1980s as the price of crude oil dropped; there is now only one integrated coal liquefaction pilot plant active full time in the United States. The economics derived early in the decade established the price of transportation fuels from coal at $80 per barrel or higher. However, there have been dramatic improvements in the technology since 1983 that have not been widely appreciated. Recent designs and cost estimates show that a 60 percent decrease in the cost of liquid fuels from coal to an equivalent of $35 per barrel for crude oil. Although this cost is not low enough to justify immediate commercialization, additional improvements have been identified that could make direct liquefaction an attractive way to produce gasoline and other conventional fuels.     

低碳经济背景下的产业结构调整和金融支持

低碳经济是指在可持续发展的理念指导下,通过技术创新、制度创新、产品转型、新能源开发等手段,尽可能地减少煤碳、石油等高碳能源消耗,减少温室气体排放,达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态。发展低碳经济的关键是技术创新和产业结构调整,在这一过程中,金融机构大有作为。     

通辽地区玉米“吨粮田”建设与施肥商榷

通辽地区玉米"吨粮田"建设,在施有机肥或秸秆还田的基础上,培肥地力,要保持农田土壤和玉米生长发育的生态平衡,采取对土壤、植株测试监控施肥技术,合理调控化肥的施用。建议利用霍林河风化煤生产腐植酸配方肥。     

植保静电喷雾技术研究进展

作为现代农业先进的植保技术,农药静电喷雾技术相对于传统喷药技术,在雾滴沉积率、药液有效利用率等方面具有较好的喷施效果,在未来农业生产中能够实现节能减药、增加效率等作用。叙述了静电喷雾技术的原理及其特点,详细梳理了国内外对静电喷雾技术的研究进展,并介绍了静电喷雾技术的应用现状,探讨了目前静电喷雾技术所存在的问题和发展前景,以期为植保机械研发奠定基础。     

煤矸石对矿区农业可持续发展影响及治理途径

首先分析了煤矸石堆积对矿区可持续发展的影响,指出煤矸石堆积严重阻碍了矿区生态和经济的可持续发展;然后从煤矸石治理给矿区带来的环境效益、经济效益、社会效益3个方面,阐述了煤矸石治理对矿区农业可持续发展的战略意义;最后从管理、经济、技术3个方面提出促进矿区农业经济可持续发展的煤矸石治理途径。     

Process innovation and changes in industrial energy use

American industry in the 19th century switched from wood to coal as its primary energy resource. The history of this switch is reviewed, along with the history of preceding similar trends in Europe and later trends in the switch from coal to oil and gas. Important conceptual advances in the technology of such basic processes as glassmaking, cementmaking, and steelmaking emerged as the switch from wood to coal proceeded in the United States. These advances may have been more important than the relative prices of wood and coal in motivating the conversion of American industry to the use of coal. The historical role of process advances in determining the choice of energy resources suggests that the physics and chemistry of industrial processes may be as important an area of energy research as the various technologies of energy conversion.     

河北省太行山区植物资源系统开发

利用现代计算机和数据库开发技术来代替传统的人工处理,建立一个太行山植物资源管理系统。技术核心以Visual Basic6．0作为程序的开发工具,使用Access2003为后台数据库开发工具,建立一个可以提供植物数据的收集、整理和搜索等管理和应用功能的数据库,建立河北省太行山区电子植物志。     

Cool water: demonstration of a clean and efficient new coal technology

Cool Water, the world's first commercial-scale, integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plant, has been operating successfully since May 1984 near Barstow, California. The 100-megawatt plant, which was completed ahead of schedule and under budget, is probably the cleanest coal-fired power generating facility now in commercial operation. An ongoing demonstration program at Cool Water shows that future baseload power plants that use this technology can be built modularly in increments of a few hundred megawatts and compete economically with much larger, conventional coal-fired power plants equipped for flue gas desulfurization.     

液氨丝光废水中高氨氮对生化工艺影响及其去除工艺技术的研究

印染加工工艺中,由于液氨丝光整理过程使用大量纯氨水,使得过量的高浓度氨氮排入废水中,造成污水处理厂微生物中毒死亡,生化处理工艺瘫痪,出水水质不达标。在此结合某工业园区集中式印染污水处理厂的相关情况,阐述液氨丝光废水对微生物及生化工艺的影响,分别介绍了当前国内外高浓度氨氮废水的去除技术,并分析了高浓度氨氮废水处理工艺的发展趋势。     

基因编辑CRISPR技术在海洋生物遗传育种的应用进展

基因编辑(geneediting)是生命科学领域目前应用最广泛的技术之一,以其对生物内源基因改变的精确性极大地推动着生命科学的研究进程,而CRISPR技术则是目前适应范围最广、可靠性最高的一类基因编辑技术,与其他技术相比,该技术具有高效、简单等优点.CRISPR等基因编辑技术已在动植物遗传育种、生物医疗等领域广泛应用,...     

Coal and the Present Energy Situation: Abundant coal reserves can be used to alleviate the oil and gas shortage

To summarize, we must make greater use of coal, an energy resource that the nation has in great abundance, if we are to approach our former position of self-sufficiency in energy production. The first step is to move immediately to replace the oil and gas used in electric generating plants with coal and to require that coal be used in fossil fuel electric plants planned or under construction in the next few years. The technology to remove sulfur and particulates from the stack gases is at hand, and therefore environmental regulations can be met. Producing and transporting the required increased tonnages of coal are problems that can be met with appropriate incentives to the coal and transportation industries. Improved mining technology would be helpful but is not a requiremlent. Oil and gas from coal should be in significant commercial production in about a decade. Underground, or in situ, gasification of coal, now in field tests, looks promising as a practical process for recovering the energy from coal, especially in deep or thick beds that cannot be mined efficiently. Recoverable methane occurs in coal beds in the United States in an amount approximately equal to the total reserves of natural gas-about 260 trillion cubic feet. This large reserve of natural gas should be exploited as quickly as possible. Only minor investments in exploration and modest advances in technology are required. Finally, as coal production is expanded. adequate planning and the most modern technology should be used to ensure that coal is extracted with maximum recovery and with minimum damage to the environment.     

关于浆体的管道输送

浆体的管道输送，因流体力学问题较复杂而不同于气态物质或液态物质的输送，即浆体的流动性，沉积性，磨损性和敷管坡度受限性等特点与常规的油气管道输送工艺明显不同。为此对浆体管道输送的特点和若干技术问题作了详细介绍，包括浆体管道输送技术的主要研究领域及浆体输送的应用研究，同时介绍了我国已建和规划设计中的几条输煤与铁精矿浆输送管道，并展望了我国２１世纪的矿浆与煤浆管道的发展前景。     

煤发电厂大地网接地电阻测量方法及影响因素分析

接地电阻值是大型接地系统的一项重要技术指标,是衡量大地网有效性和安全性的重要参数之一。准确测量大地网接地电阻值,对大型接地网安全性评价具有非常重要的意义。论文介绍了煤发电厂大型接地网的重要性与设计方法,重点讨论了接地电阻测试方法、步骤。以宿州市某煤发电厂为例进行接地电阻的测试,分析了影响大地网接地电阻测试的因素,给出了测试过程中的注意事项,其测试分析方法对煤发电厂大地网接地电阻检测工作具有一定的技术指导作用。     

植物细胞的全能性及应用

生活着的每个细胞都含有产生一个完整机体的全套基因,在适宜条件下能够形成一个新个体的潜在能力。这种潜能就是植物细胞的全能性。根据植物细胞具有全能性的原理,植物学上发展了一项新的技术即植物组织培养技术。目前,该技术已被广泛应用于实践中,为国民经济的发展做出重大的贡献。     

寒地半干旱地区膜上精播技术对玉米生长发育的影响

为了提高玉米产量,解决寒地积温不足的问题,以玉米品种先玉335为试材,通过田间试验研究了膜上精播技术对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明:膜上精播技术在株高、叶面积指数、可见叶片数、单株干物质积累和籽实含水量等性状指标上要高于常规覆膜处理。应用膜上精播技术能促进玉米生长发育,加速生育进程,提高产量和商品品质。     

陕北沙区煤矸石废弃地的植被恢复技术研究

以陕北沙区大柳塔镇的石圪台矿煤矸石废弃地为试验对象,在调查分析矿区煤矸石废弃地的现状和植被恢复存在的困难的基础上,通过基质改良、优良植物种选择、配置模式和保水防渗漏造林技术等方面的研究,选出6种优良灌木树种和3种草本植物;树种成活率在80%以上,植被覆盖度达到了50%以上,土壤养分明显提高;采用在栽植穴底垫厚度10cm以上黄土或喷液态地膜可起到明显防渗漏保水效果,可显著提高植物的生长量。在实践中探索出一套在沙区煤矸石废弃地恶劣环境条件下植被恢复的适用技术,为沙区煤矸石废弃地的植被恢复提供了科学依据和示范样板。     

山西沁新煤矿周边植被资源生态特征研究

采用典型取样法,对山西沁新煤焦股份有限公司沁新煤矿周边植被资源现状进行调查,共取样方30个,记录了71个物种,说明矿区周边植被种类还比较丰富。采用TWINSPAN等级分类的方法,划分为5个群丛,并描述了各群丛的特征。调查表明矿产资源的开发和利用会对其周边环境产生一些不利影响,尤其对植被的破坏比较明显。资源型区域生态恢复是一个漫长的过程,需要从多方面进行考虑,真正做到矿产资源开发与生态保护的协调发展,实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益统筹兼顾的最优化方案,走可持续发展的道路。     

Environmental impact of a geothermal power plant

The Wairakei plant discharges approximately 6.5 times as much heat, 5.5 times as much water vapor, and 0.5 times as much sulfur, per unit of power produced, as would a modern coal plant in New Zealand. It also contaminates the Waikato River with H(2)S, CO(2), arsenic, and mercury at concentrations that have adverse but not calamitous effects. Designed and built at a time when environmental sensibilities were less acute and geothermal technology was less developed, Wairakei produces an overall environmental impact that would be neither acceptable nor necessary in a new plant. Despite its imperfections, however, the Wairakei plant has been under development or in operation for more than 20 years without presenting any serious environmental problems for the local population. Reinjection of the hot waste water, an as yet unproven procedure for liquid-dominated fields, would reduce the plant's environmental impact sharply. Ground subsidence is not a severe problem at Wairakei but may prove to be one at the nearby Broadlands field. There are several environmental characteristics that are unique to geothermal power: (i) pollutant formation may be independent of the power productionc rate; (ii) effluent pathways may change abruptly; (iii) preoperational testing and wild bores contribute significantly to the overall impact; and (iv) waste water may be discharged at temperatures high enough so that utilization of the waste heat becomes both practical and imperative.