异长叶烯酮磺酸的合成及其催化性能北大核心CSCD

以异长叶烯酮为原料,以浓硫酸为磺化剂,合成异长叶烯酮磺酸(IFSA),并以二丙二醇甲醚(DPM)和乙酸(HAc)的酯化反应为模板,探索了IFSA对酯化反应的催化性能。采用GC、GCMS、FT-IR、HPLC、~1H NMR、^(13)C NMR、X射线单晶衍射等分析手段对合成产物进行了定性和定量分析,对产物的结构也进行了表征。异长叶烯酮磺化反应过程中,研究了加料顺序、浓硫酸用量、反应温度、乙酸酐用量等对磺化反应的影响,异长叶烯酮适宜的磺化条件为:n(异长叶烯酮)∶n(浓硫酸)为1∶1.4,以乙酸酐为溶剂,m(异长叶烯酮)∶m(乙酸酐)为1∶2.0,反应温度40℃。在此条件下反应40 min异长叶烯酮磺酸得率为82.36%。以DPM与HAc酯化反应为模板,实验结果表明IFSA的催化效果优于其他催化剂;研究了IFSA用量、反应温度、反应时间、环己烷用量等对酯化反应的影响,确定了适宜的酯化工艺条件:以0.1 mol的二丙二醇甲醚为基准,当n(DPM)∶n(HAc)为1∶1.5,m(IFSA)∶m(DPM)为0.045∶1,环己烷用量24 L,反应温度90℃,反应时间6 h。在此反应条件下,二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(DPMA)得率为96.69%,催化剂IFSA重复利用3次时,DPMA得率还能达到90.07%。     

异长叶烯酮肟的合成及其与金属离子的配位特性

以异长叶烯酮为原料,经肟化反应合成了异长叶烯酮肟。分别采用单因素法及正交试验法考察了工艺条件对反应产率的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件为:反应时间6 h,反应温度76℃,以醋酸钠为催化剂,n(异长叶烯酮)∶n(盐酸羟胺)∶n(催化剂)1∶1.3∶0.55。在此条件下,异长叶烯酮肟的产率>99%。采用FT-IR、~1H NMR、GC-MS和单晶X衍射等分析手段对化合物的结构进行了表征,研究了异长叶烯酮肟对几种金属离子的络合性能,结果表明:异长叶烯酮肟与Cu²⁺的作用明显强于与Co²⁺、Cd²⁺、La³⁺、Pb²⁺、Ag^+等金属离子的作用;异长叶烯酮肟与Cu²⁺主要是通过分子中氮原子和氧原子与Cu²⁺的配位作用进行络合。     

手性α-溴代异长叶烯酮的合成研究

研究了以(2R,4aS)-异长叶烯酮为原料合成α-溴代异长叶烯酮的溴代反应。采用乙酸乙酯为溶剂,异长叶烯酮与溴化铜进行溴代反应得到两种同分异构体,经制备液相色谱分离纯化后,用~1H NMR,FT-IR,GC-MS,比旋光度和X射线单晶衍射等分析手段,确定其结构分别为(2R,4aR,6R)-(+)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮液体([α]_D~(25)+81°)和(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮晶体([α]_D~(25)-58°);探讨了制备工艺条件对溴代产物的影响。结果表明:在以乙醇为溶剂、溴化铜为溴代试剂的反应体系中,异长叶烯酮能选择性溴代生成(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮,且最佳制备工艺条件为异长叶烯酮6.54 g(0.03 mol),溴化铜与异长叶烯酮的物质的量之比为3∶1,溶剂乙醇用量60 m L,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为3 h。在此条件下,异长烯酮转化率为95.72%,(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮的得率为88.39%。     

异长叶烯的空气催化氧化反应

比较和分析了在不同介质和催化剂体系中异长叶烯空气氧化反应的产物组成，提出异长叶烯空气催化氧化反应的历程，筛选出适合工业化生产异长叶烯酮的反应体系     

固体超强酸催化长叶烯制备异长叶烯的研究

研究了SO2-4/TiO2-ZrO2型固体超强酸催化剂的制备及其催化长叶烯的异构反应,通过GC、GC-MS和标样分析,确定其主产物为异长叶烯.结果表明,该催化剂对长叶烯的异构化反应有很高的催化活性和较好的选择性.考察了其催化性能的影响因素.结果表明,适宜的催化剂制备条件是:n(钛)∶n(锆)为3∶1,焙烧温度550 ℃.长叶烯异构优化的工艺条件:反应时间4 h、反应温度165 ℃、催化剂用量4 %.该条件下长叶烯转化率99.1 %,异长叶烯得率97.2 %.同时考察了催化剂放置时间对异构产物的影响和催化剂重复使用情况.     

C─乙酰化反应合成乙酰基异长叶烯研究

以异长叶烯和醋酐为原料，经乙酰化反应合成乙酰基异长叶烯。选择了较理想易得的催化剂，考察了不同物料配比，不同的反应温度、时间、投料顺序等因素对产物得率和香气质量的影响，确定了适宜的工艺条件，为乙酰基异长叶烯生产实验提供了可靠的依据。     

长叶烯异构化反应的研究

以重级松节油中提取的长叶烯为原料，探讨长叶烯异构化反应合成异长叶烯的工艺，选出了更为理想的催化剂。考察了不同的反应温度、时间及不同的催化剂配比对异构反应的影响，确定了适宜的工艺条件，同时对反应机理作了初步的探讨，为工业化生产异长叶烯提供可靠的依据。     

异长叶烷酮的制备和立体化学

在冰醋酸中以硫酸为催化剂,长叶烯可以异构成异长叶烯,不经分离,加入H_2O_2,主要产物是饱和的异长叶烷酮3α。本文探讨了氧化反应的历程和产物的立体化学。     

异长叶烷酮与水合肼的合成反应

以异长叶烷酮为原料,与水合肼合成异长叶烷基席夫碱,采用单因试验和正交试验考察了不同条件对反应的影响。结果表明,以异长叶烷基席夫碱的得率为考察指标,其合成的最佳工艺条件为:以无水乙醇为反应溶剂,催化剂浓硫酸的用量0.6%(以总物料的体积为基准),反应温度78℃,反应时间24 h,n(异长叶烷酮)∶n(水合肼)为1∶5,此条件下的得率为87.84%。采用GC-MS、FT-IR和1H NMR等手段对所得产物进行了分析与表征,证明合成了异长叶烷基席夫碱。     

异长叶烯酮磺酸的合成及其催化性能

以异长叶烯酮为原料,以浓硫酸为磺化剂,合成异长叶烯酮磺酸(IFSA),并以二丙二醇甲醚(DPM)和乙酸(HAc)的酯化反应为模板,探索了IFSA对酯化反应的催化性能。采用GC、GCMS、FT-IR、HPLC、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR、X射线单晶衍射等分析手段对合成产物进行了定性和定量分析,对产物的结构也进行了表征。异长叶烯酮磺化反应过程中,研究了加料顺序、浓硫酸用量、反应温度、乙酸酐用量等对磺化反应的影响,异长叶烯酮适宜的磺化条件为:n(异长叶烯酮)∶n(浓硫酸)为1∶1.4,以乙酸酐为溶剂,m(异长叶烯酮)∶m(乙酸酐)为1∶2.0,反应温度40℃。在此条件下反应40 min异长叶烯酮磺酸得率为82.36%。以DPM与HAc酯化反应为模板,实验结果表明IFSA的催化效果优于其他催化剂;研究了IFSA用量、反应温度、反应时间、环己烷用量等对酯化反应的影响,确定了适宜的酯化工艺条件:以0.1 mol的二丙二醇甲醚为基准,当n(DPM)∶n(HAc)为1∶1.5,m(IFSA)∶m(DPM)为0.045∶1,环己烷用量24 L,反应温度90℃,反应时间6 h。在此反应条件下,二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(DPMA)得率为96.69%,催化剂IFSA重复利用3次时,DPMA得率还能达到90.07%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.