全株玉米青贮饲养肉牛最佳日粮组合模式研究

对肉牛常用饲料进行营养价值评定,并选择36头6～24月龄西杂肉牛分4组分别采食不同组合日粮,试验期63～68 d.结果表明,不同饲料之间蛋白含量、有效降解率和有效能含量存在较大的差异.肉牛代谢体重干物质采食量与日粮粗蛋白含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,日增重随代谢体重采食量的增加呈直线增加,经济效益随肉牛日增重的增加而增加.以青贮 秸秆 0.5 kg肉牛浓缩料、青贮 秸秆 2 kg肉牛精料补充料、青贮 牧草 0.5 kg肉牛浓缩料、青贮 牧草 2 kg肉牛精料补充料日粮组合分别饲养西杂肉牛,日增重(ADG)分别为0.66 kg、0.90 kg、0.92 kg、1.08 kg;体况评分(BCS)分别增加0.33分、0.42分、0.56分、0.69分;日盈利分别为3.44元、4.22元、4.70元、4.41元.说明,以全株玉米青贮 优质牧草粗饲料组合饲养肉牛,再补饲含高蛋白和能促进肉牛生长及提高纤维饲料消化率的瘤胃微生物所必须矿物质的肉牛浓缩料或肉牛精料补充料,可使肉牛达到较好的增重,并获得较高的收益.     

养猪模式与日粮配合

我国的养猪模式分为两种:一是传统的分散的农户养猪;另是正在兴起的“规模效益、快进快出”的集约化养猪。 一、农村养猪特点及其日粮配合方法: 农村养猪分散在千家万户,以饲养外来品种作父本、地方品种作母本的杂交商品猪为主。此种模式养猪,最大的优势是充分利用农民手中的零散饲料资源,如米糠、红薯、南瓜、青绿饲料、淘米水,甚至树叶等。从营养学上说,农村养猪可以自给全部的能量饲料和部分维生素物质,所缺的是蛋白质和矿物质。同时,因为其饲养环境差,针对性添加预防拉痢及呼吸道疾病的药物。农村养猪模式这种营养需求特点,决定了浓缩料这一产品的产生及其在市场上的长盛     

农村常见饲料饲喂方法

甘薯:不宜单喂或生喂,应煮熟后与配合料、糠麸、青料、粗料等合喂。米糠:营养丰富,营养价值高,喂量不宜过多,喂多了易引起便秘,米糠只占日粮的15%～20%,最好是与青料、甘薯合喂。麸皮:不仅含纤维率高,还有轻泻作用,麸皮不能单喂或久喂,要与精、粗、青料配合,只占日粮的15%。豆渣:营养单一,喂量不宜过多,也不能单独饲喂或生喂,要煮熟后与配合料、青粗料搭配饲喂,日喂量不超过日粮的30%,发霉变质的不能用作饲料。酒糟:酒糟中含有一定量的酒精,在用作饲料前要加水磨细或晒干粉碎,与精料、青料、甘薯、土豆合喂,鲜酒糟不超过日粮的30%。土豆:不…     

农家喂猪应注意的几个方面

随着农村经济的全面发展,饲料来源日益丰富,过去“以青粗料为主,适当搭配精料”的养猪原则已经基本改变。当前,农村养猪正朝着科学饲养的方向发展。采用科学的饲喂方法,能够合理地利用饲料,提高饲料转化率,使猪多长肉,快出栏。因而,养猪户在饲喂过程中应注意以下几个方面。 1.生喂与熟喂 在农村,许多养猪户有饲喂熟食的习惯,认为熟喂可以缩小饲料体积,软化粗纤维,猪可以多吃,又可以提高消化率。据试验,饲料的类型不同,生喂与熟喂有所区别,青、粗料类型日粮熟喂比生喂好,干物质和碳水化合物的消化率也是熟料组高,蛋白质和粗纤维的消化率二者无显著差别。精料类型日粮中,豆科籽实熟喂比生喂好。但多数精料类型日粮,生喂比熟喂     

浓缩饲料在畜禽生产使用中应注意的事项

浓缩料是指在全价配合饲料中除去玉米、麦麸等能量饲料之外的部分,在日粮中所占的比例在1/4左右。主要成分是优质豆粕、鱼粉、骨粉、氨基酸、微量元素、维生素、诱食剂、防病药物（有的也添加中草药）等。由于浓缩料在畜禽饲养中,使用简单,     

904仔猪浓缩料饲养试验报告

当前我国的养猪生产,农家副业养猪和规模较小的专业户养猪占很大比重。在这种条件下,对仔猪采用全价配合饲料是比较困难的,而养好仔猪是肉猪生产的基础。吉林正大有限责任公司生产的正大351仔猪全价饲料饲喂仔猪,60日龄体重可达18千克以上,增重和饲料效率较好,但成本较高(1.48元/千克,不含运费)。为此,我们在以往研究的基础上,于1990年4月至10月开展了904仔猪浓缩料的研制试验,研制出能保证仔猪饲粮营养水平和全价性、增重效果好、成本低的浓缩料。现将饲养试验情况报告如下。     

川中丘陵区养羊场青饲料轮供技术研究

本研究是利用饲料地在夏秋季种植玉米、高丹草和甜高粱青饲或调制青贮料,在冬春季单作多花黑麦草或多花黑麦草与毛苕子混作;利用山坡地和林地建立牛鞭草人工草地,于夏季收获牛鞭草,冬季套种多花黑麦草;利用农田多花黑麦草—甘薯藤或玉米轮作方式,冬季青刈多花黑麦草,夏季获得甘薯藤或玉米青秸秆用于调制青贮饲料。结果表明,川中丘陵区多元化的饲草种植模式,完全能够满足山羊舍饲饲养混合日粮中青饲料的需求,保证青饲料的常年均衡供给。     

利用玉米自配饲料养畜模式

充分利用玉米、稻谷及其秸秆等饲料资源,添加适量的浓缩料,自行配制日粮,以降低养畜成本,提高养畜效益。现介绍几种利用玉米及其秸秆自配饲料养畜模式,供广大农户参考。　　(一)玉米养猪模式　　1.“玉米+菜饼+浓缩料”模式。 (1)饲料组成:按养1头肉猪计算,用玉米190千克、统糠45千克(或者统糠30千克、花生秧或草粉15千克)、菜籽饼(或花生饼)30千克、浓缩料22.5千克、食盐1千克、石粉2.5千克,合计291千克,该配方适用于三元杂种猪。(2)用法用量:将玉米、花生秧(晒干)、菜籽饼(或花生饼)粉碎后,按比例加上其他料混匀。喂前加适量水,拌成半…     

獭兔饲养的技术要领

(一)青料为主精料为辅 根据獭兔的生理特性,饲养中应以青粗料为主,营养不足部分,再补精料,这样,既能降低饲料成本,又可避免因精料过多而影响獭兔的健康.养殖獭兔是为利用其毛皮,所以要保证獭免日粮中蛋白质的含量,根据具体生长情况,可添加一些氯基酸等,给獭兔提供全价的营养饲料,以提高毛皮的质量.     

农村常见饲料饲喂方法

甘薯　不宜单喂或生喂 ,应煮熟后与配合料、糠麸、青料、粗料等合喂。米糠　营养丰富 ,营养价值高 ,喂量不宜过多 ,喂多了易引起便秘 ,米糠只占日粮的 15 %～2 0 % ,最好是与青料、甘薯合喂。麸皮　不仅含纤维率高 ,还有轻泻作用 ,麸皮不能单喂或久喂 ,要与精、粗、青料配合 ,只占日粮的15 %。豆渣　营养单一 ,喂量不宜过多 ,也不能单独饲喂或生喂 ,,要煮熟后与配合料、青粗料配搭饲喂 ,日喂量不超过日粮的 30 % ,发霉变质的还不能用作饲料。酒糟　酒糟中含有一定量的酒精 ,在用作饲料前要加水磨细或晒干粉碎 ,与精料、青料、甘薯、土豆合喂…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -