Cloning and expression of the M5 RNA segment encoding outer capsid VP5 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Japan serotype 2, Ibaraki virus

The complete nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone representing the M5 RNA segment of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus Japan serotype 2 (EHDV-2), Ibaraki virus, was determined. The M5 segment is 1641 base pairs long with the single open reading frame which predicts a polypeptide of 527 amino acids. The comparison of the amino acid sequence of the VP5 with those of EHDV-1, bluetongue virus serotype 10, and African horse sickness virus serotype 4 revealed that the protein shared 67%, 57% and 42% homologies, respectively. In addition, the VP5 protein was expressed in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus, which could be recognized by the mouse anti-EHDV-2 sera at a position of the expected 59 kDa on immunoblot analysis.     

African horse sickness virus structure

African horse sickness virus (AHSV), of which there are nine serotypes (AHSV-1, -2, etc.), is a member of Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family. Both in morphology and molecular constituents AHSV particles are comparable to those of bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype virus of the genus. The two viruses have seven structural proteins (VP1–7) organized in two layered capsid. The outer capsid is composed of VP2 and VP5. The inner capsid, or core, is composed of two major proteins, VP3 and VP7, and three minor proteins, VP1, VP4 and VP6. Within the core is the virus genome. This genome consists of 10 double-stranded (ds)RNA segments of different sizes, three large, designated L1–L3, three medium, M4–M6, and four small, S7–S10. In addition to the seven stuctural proteins that are coded by seven of the RNA species, four non-structural proteins, NS1, NS2, NS3 and NS3A, are coded by three RNA segments, M5, S8 and S10. The two smallest proteins (NS3 and NS3A) are synthesized by the S10 RNA segment, probably from different in-frame translation initiation codons. Nucleotide sequences of eight RNA segments (L2, L3, M4, M5, M6, S7, S8 and S10) and the predicted amino acid sequences of the encoded gene products are also available, mainly representing one serotype, AHSV-4. In this review the properties of the AHSV genes and gene products are discussed. The sequence and hybridization analyses of the different AHSV dsRNA segments indicate that the segments that code for the core proteins, as well as those that code for NS1 and NS2 proteins, are highly conserved between the different virus serotypes. However, the RNA encoding NS3 and NS3A, and the two segments encoding the outer capsid proteins, are more variable between the AHSV serotypes. A close phylogenetic relationship between AHSV, BTV and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), three Culicoides-transmitted orbiviruses, has been revealed when the equivalent sequences of genes and gene products are compared. Recently, the four major AHSV capsid proteins have been expressed using recombinant baculoviruses. Biochemically and antigenically these proteins are similar to the authentic proteins. Since the AHSV VP7 protein is highly conserved among the different serotypes, it has been utilized as a diagnostic reagent. The expressed VP7 protein has also been purified to homogeneity and crystallized for three-dimensional X-ray analysis. The expressed outer capsid proteins, VP2 and VP5, have been purified and used to raise antisera in rabbits. The VP2 antisera neutralize virus infections in vitro indicating the importance of this protein for vaccine development.     

蓝舌病病毒衣壳蛋白VP2、VP5、VP7酵母双杂交诱饵质粒的构建及鉴定

蓝舌病病毒(bluetongue virus,BTV)的结构主要由3层衣壳蛋白组成,其中VP2、VP5蛋白构成了BTV的外层衣壳,VP7蛋白构成了BTV的中间衣壳,最内层衣壳则由VP3蛋白构成。VP2、VP5及VP7蛋白在BTV侵染宿主细胞的过程中起着非常重要的作用。为了研究BTV与宿主细胞相互作用的分子机制,本研究将BTV的VP 2、VP 5、VP 7基因分别克隆到pGBKT7载体中,成功构建了pGBKT7-VP2、pGBKT7-VP5与pGBKT7-VP73个诱饵质粒,且通过自激活和毒性验证,证明所构建的3个质粒均无自激活作用,对酵母细胞无毒性作用。本研究为今后利用酵母双杂交筛选VP2、VP5、VP7蛋白中与宿主细胞相互作用的蛋白做好了铺垫,为深入研究BTV与宿主细胞的相互作用奠定了基础。     

Construction and Identification of Yeast Two-hybrid Bait Plasmids of Capsid Proteins VP2, VP5 and VP7 of Bluetongue Virus

The structure of bluetongue virus(BTV) was consisted of three layers of capsid proteins, VP2 and VP5 proteins consisted the outer capsid of BTV, VP7 protein consisted the middle capsid of BTV, VP3 consisted the inner capsid of BTV.When BTV infected host cells, VP2, VP5 and VP7 proteins of BTV played important roles in the process of infecting host cells.In order to study the molecular mechanism of interaction between BTV and host cells, we cloned VP 2, VP 5 and VP 7 genes into pGBKT7 vector, three recombinant bait plasmids pGBKT7-VP2, pGBKT7-VP5 and pGBKT7-VP7 were successfully constructed, and then the self-activation and toxicity of the bait plasmids were tested.The results showed that three bait plasmids all had no self-activation and toxicity to yeast cells.This research made a steppingstone for the screening of host-cell protein interacting with VP2, VP5 and VP7 proteins using yeast two-hybrid system, and laid a foundation for investigating the interaction between BTV and its host cells.     

Diagnostic complementary DNA probes for genome segments 2 and 3 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1

Potential diagnostic complementary DNA (cDNA) clones of gene segments 2 and 3 from epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (EHDV-1) have been produced. Individual segments of EHDV-1 were isolated, denatured with methylmercury hydroxide, and polyadenylated. The polyadenylated RNA was reverse-transcribed and self-hybridized into duplex structures, and the incomplete ends were repaired. The resulting product was then cloned into the plasmid vector pBR322, using the complementary tailing method. Two clones, 1 from segment 2 (E1-2-10) and 1 from segment 3 (E1-3-16) were isolated, colony-purified, and characterized by cDNA/RNA blot hybridization and endonuclease restriction analysis. The cDNA clones of RNA segment 3 of EHDV-1 cross hybridized with the corresponding segment of EHDV serotype 2 by results of cDNA/RNA blot hybridization, but not with RNA of bluetongue virus serotypes isolated in the United States. After cDNA/RNA dot-blot hybridization analysis of 17 EHDV field strains, the segment-2 clone was found to be serotype-specific, whereas the segment-3 clone was serogroup-specific.     

The requirement of environmental acidification for Ibaraki virus infection to host cells

The effect of environmental acidification on Ibaraki virus (IBAV) infection was tested using endosomal inhibitory chemicals and low pH treatment. Treatment of target cells with endosomal inhibitors significantly decreased the progeny virus production. IBAV outer capsid proteins, VP5 and VP2, were removed from virion when purified IBAV was exposed to low pH environment. Further experiment showed that the exposure to low pH buffer facilitated IBAV infection when the cellular endosomal pathway was impaired by bafilomycin A1. Results obtained in this study suggest that acidic environment is essential to initiate IBAV infection.     

Physical and genomic characteristics identify chicken proventricular necrosis virus (R11/3 virus) as a novel birnavirus

Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), isolate R11/3, previously was isolated from transmissible viral proventriculitis-affected chickens and was determined to be the likely etiology of this disease. CPNV was identified as a birnavirus on the basis of virion size and morphology (icosahedral, approximately 75 nm in diameter, nonenveloped); buoyant density in cesium chloride (1.32 g/ml); a genome comprising bisegmented, double-stranded RNA (approximately 3.8 and 3.4 kilobase pairs); and nucleotide sequence analyses. Nucleotide sequencing of CPNV RNA, segment B, identified a single large open reading frame that encodes a 903-amino acid protein. The 903-amino acid protein was identified as the putative VP1, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), on the basis of sequence homologies with other birnavirus VP1 proteins. The CPNV VP1 possessed the unique permuted RdRp sequence motif arrangement characteristic of birnaviruses; however, phylogenetic analyses based on VP1 demonstrated that CPNV is deeply divergent from other birnaviruses.     

鹅细小病毒VP1-VP3非重叠区基因的克隆与序列分析

通过克隆鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)分离株VP1-V3非重叠区基因,并对其进行序列分析,为鹅细小病毒感染与疫苗免疫的鉴别诊断奠定理论基础.进行鹅胚病毒增殖,收集尿囊液,提取基因组,参考发表的B株序列,设计合成一对引物,经PCR扩增,克隆VP1-VP3基因,筛选阳性克隆,对其进行序列测定及同源性分析.结果表明,克隆的基因片段为901 bp,VP1-VP3基因共594 bp,编码198个氨基酸;弱毒株之间亲缘关系很近,核苷酸同源性99.5％～100％,氨基酸同源性98.5％～100％;强毒株与B株亲缘关系较近,核苷酸同源性96.6％,氨基酸同源性97.5％;弱毒株与强毒株亲缘关系较远,核苷酸同源性92％～93％,氨基酸同源性96％～97.5％;弱毒株与B株亲缘关系最远,核苷酸同源性92.5％～93％,氨基酸同源性93.9％～95.5％.说明强毒株与弱毒株之间核苷酸序列存在差异.     

Molecular and genetic comparisons of two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus

The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA of 2 serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) was evaluated by use of coelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide and agarose gel systems. The molecular weights of virion RNA segments were 0.32 to 2.57 X 10(6) for EHDV-1 and 0.33 to 2.54 X 10(6) for EHDV-2. Seven of 10 double-stranded RNA segments of the 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities in the polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis system. Although the individual RNA segments of each serotype contained unique RNA sequences determined on the basis of 2-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis of oligonucleotides, the corresponding segments of the 2 serotypes were found to be comparable and at least 1 pair of RNA segment was almost identical. Virus-specific polypeptides for the 2 serotypes were compared by use of gel electrophoresis. Eleven polypeptides were detected for EHDV-1 and 10 for EHDV-2. Six corresponding polypeptides of these 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities, indicating that these corresponding polypeptides differ in their molecular weights. A genetic relationship was not determined between the 2 EHDV serogroups and the blue-tongue serogroup viruses, using oligonucleotides mapping.     

蓝舌病病毒基因产物及其生物学功能

蓝舌病病毒(bluetongue disease virus,BTV)是呼肠孤病毒科环状病毒属的双股RNA病毒,其核酸由3个大片段(L1～L3)、3个中片段(M4～M6)和4个小片段(S7～S10)等10个节段组成,分别编码7种结构多肽(VP1～VP7)和4种非结构多肽(NS1、NS2、NS3a、NS3b)。通过dsRNA基因组进行体外翻译,再根据各基因与所编码蛋白的关系,查明了各基因编码的蛋白质及其分子质量和功能。     

水貂肠炎细小病毒的分离鉴定及其VP2基因的序列分析

本试验从疑似细小病毒感染的病死水貂中分离到1株病毒。经PCR鉴定、细胞培养、蛋白质电泳鉴定最终确定为水貂肠炎细小病毒(MEV),命名为MEV-WFD。对该分离病毒的衣壳蛋白VP2基因进行克隆测序分析,结果表明此病毒VP2基因3处碱基发生点突变,其中一处的突变导致第328处氨基酸残基由疏水性丙氨酸(Ala)变为亲水性苏氨酸(Thr)。将此株病毒VP2基因与GenBank上公布的所有MEV的VP2基因碱基序列进行同源性比较及进化树分析,结果表明该病毒与ZYL-1、MEV/LN/-10和Manzhouli的VP2基因同源率最高,为99.8%;进化树构建结果表明,该病毒与6株已公布的病毒属于同一进化分支。     

Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of VP2 Gene of Canine Parvovirus in Guiyang Area

This study was aimed to investigate popular genotype and phylogenesis of VP2 gene of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Guiyang area. Ten strains of viruses were isolated from Guiyang and the VP2 gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Results showed that the isolate virus grew could produce typical CPE in F81 cells, seven strains of CPV were CPV type 2a and others were CPV type 2c, named as GY-1 to GY-10. The nucleotide homologies of the isolated strains compared with 3 vaccine strains were 98.4% to 99.4%, with others reference strains nucleotide homologies within 97.7% to 99.9%.This research firstly reported the prevalence of CPV genotype was CPV type 2a in Guiyang area with such CPV type 2c, this was very important for monitoring the trend of CPV genetic variation and the development of vaccine.     

贵阳地区犬细小病毒VP2基因的克隆及遗传进化分析

为研究贵阳地区犬细小病毒（canine parvovirus,CPV）的流行基因型及其遗传进化情况,本试验对从贵阳市分离的10株CPV的VP2基因进行PCR扩增和克隆并进行序列分析。结果显示,分离的病毒能使F81猫肾细胞产生明显的细胞病变（CPE）,分离的10株病毒中,7株为CPV-2a亚型,3株为CPV-2c亚型,命名为GY-1~GY-10。10株CPV分离株与疫苗株VP2基因的同源性98.4%~99.4%,与其他国内外参考株的同源性为97.7%~99.9%。本试验首次报道贵阳市CPV的流行基因型为CPV-2a亚型并伴随CPV-2c亚型存在,对监测CPV遗传变异趋势及疫苗的研制具有重要意义。     

Direct evidence of reassortment and mutant spectrum analysis of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus

The complete genomic sequence of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) Gx strain was determined, including the sequences of segment A, encoding the precursor polyprotein, and segment B, encoding the viral RNA polymerase (VP1) and 5'- and 3'-untranslating regions. Alignment of segment A of Gx with the sequences of 12 other vvIBDV strains showed 97.5% to 99.0% amino acid identity, whereas alignment of segment B of Gx with nine other vvIBDV strains revealed high sequence divergence, ranging from 10.3% to 11%. Phylogenetic analysis of segments A and B showed that they were in different branches, indicating that the reassortment occurred in this strain and that segment A and segment B derived from different pathotype strains. The mutant spectrum analysis of quasispecies virus demonstrated that the mean minimum mutation frequency in VP1 was 8.78-fold higher than in the polyprotein. The most frequent mutations were in the first 1986 nucleotides (nonsynonymous mutations) and the last 660 nucleotides (synonymous mutations), indicating that the 219 amino acid residues in the C-terminal of the VP1 form a functional region.     

The complete nucleotide sequence of segment L2 of Ibaraki virus encoding for the antigen recognized by neutralizing antibodies

The complete nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones representing the L2 dsRNA from Japan isolate of epizootic hemorrhagic disease serotype 2 (EHDV-2JPN) was determined. The EHDV-2JPN L2 gene is 3002 base pairs long with a single open reading frame of 2949 bp which predicts a polypeptide of 982 amino acid residues. Comparison of VP2 sequence between Japan and North American Isolates of EHDV-2 showed a 72% homology in spite of the same serotype, although those among the North American isolates showed a high genetic identity (>97%).     

非洲马瘟病毒VP7基因拼接、表达及重组ELISA方法的建立与初步应用

采用人工拼接的方式拼接了非洲马瘟病毒（AHSV）含有绝大多数线性抗原表位的VP7编码基因片段,克隆于pET-30a构建重组质粒pET-30a-VP7,将pET-30a—VP7转化BL21（DE3）,经1．0mmol／LIPTG诱导,外源基因以包涵体的形式获得高效表达。通过Dot-EuSA以及ELISA试验证明表达产物具有良好的反应原性。以纯化后表达产物作为诊断抗原包被酶标板建立了检测AHSV抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果表明,抗原的最佳包被浓度为0．25μg／mL,血清的最佳稀释度为1：40,待检血清阳性临界值初步定为0．25。用此方法和商品化ELISA试剂盒检测了184份血清样品,结果完全符合。     

猪轮状病毒L1株VP7基因克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank已发表的猪轮状病毒VP7基因保守序列,设计特异性引物扩增猪轮状病毒L1株VP 7全基因序列并进行序列测定及分析。结果显示, L1株猪轮状病毒VP 7基因全长为1062 bp,包含一个982 bp的开放阅读框,编码326个氨基酸,与G5型参考毒株核苷酸同源性和推导的氨基酸同源性分别为88．8％～93．7％和93．3％～94．2％,系统进化树分析结果亦显示L1株与G5型参考毒株处于同一个群,由此确定L1株为G5型。与我国近几年流行的G9型毒株NMTL进行抗原表位分析结果显示,两个毒株在 aa25～aa29、aa86～aa102、aa142～aa152、aa211～aa226、aa263～aa286等区域存在明显差异,可能对其免疫保护性存在一定的影响。     

猪A组轮状病毒VP7基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为了研究猪A组轮状病毒VP7基因功能,根据GenBank中猪轮状病毒VP7基因DNA序列设计引物,以实验室轮状病毒上海分离株SH-1为模板,进行PCR扩增,将VP7基因克隆到pMD-18T载体后,进行序列测定及分析。结果表明:此序列编码326个氨基酸,其相对分子量为37.38 Ku,理论等电点(PI)为4.77。VP7蛋白以α螺旋为主,主要有13个抗原表位区域。系统进化树分析显示分离株SH-1与KM230930.1株亲缘关系最近,基因型分析结果是G10型,属于人兽共患病毒株。