江苏与云南稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构多样性比较

利用10对SRAP引物对来自江苏和云南的共82个稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)菌株构成的试验群体进行了遗传结构分析,并进一步分别对2省的群体遗传结构进行详细的比较研究。试验结果表明,82个供试菌株在相似性系数为0.83时共被划出28个遗传宗谱;其中江苏群体分布于其中的13个宗谱,其宗谱频率和遗传多样性指数分别为31%和0.74。云南群体则分布于其余的15个宗谱,其宗谱频率和遗传多样性指数依次为37.5%和0.89。由此可见,江苏群体的遗传多样性远不及云南群体的丰富。值得关注的是,在28个宗谱中并没有一个宗谱是由2个群体共同组成的。由此推测,江苏与云南2个群体之间存在显著的遗传特异性或异质性。换言之,从两个群体的进化的角度来说,它们是2个相互独立进化而来的群体。这就意味着,在两省之间开展抗性育种以及品种交流等具有很大的潜力。     

湖南桃江病圃丽江新团黑谷上稻瘟病菌遗传多样性分析

选用13对SSR引物对2012年从湖南桃江水稻抗稻瘟病鉴定中心病圃中丽江新团黑谷(广谱高感稻瘟病品种)上分离的100个稻瘟病菌单孢菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。聚类分析表明,在0.76的相似水平上100个菌株被划分成24个宗谱,其中L04和L16为优势宗谱,分别含有13个和10个菌株,各占总菌株数的13%和10%;有5个宗谱分别含菌株6⁸个,共占总菌株数的35%;另17个宗谱分别含菌株18个,共占总菌株数的35%;另17个宗谱分别含菌株1⁴个,共占总菌株数的42%。说明该病圃中的稻瘟病菌群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

四川省稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构分析

由稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)侵染引起的稻瘟病是全球水稻生产上最严重的病害之一。利用6对SSR荧光标记对采自四川绵阳、营山、雅安、北川和武胜地区的5个稻瘟病菌群体的遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,在124个稻瘟病菌中检测出43个等位基因,平均每个位点的观测等位基因数为7.2,有效等位基因数为3.1,所有位点均显著偏离HardyWeinberg平衡。5个群体的平均观测杂合度(0.374)低于期望杂合度(0.502),暗示群体内存在因近交而导致的杂合子缺失。AMOVA分析显示,绝大多数遗传变异(81.17%)存在于群体内个体间,仅有18.83%的变异来自于群体间的差异。5个地理群体间呈现高水平的遗传分化(遗传分化系数为0.057~0.528)。Mantel检验表明,群体间的遗传距离与地理距离相关未达显著水平,说明稻瘟病菌的遗传变异呈现随机分布的空间模式。群体遗传学数据分析表明5个群体间存在不同程度的基因流(基因流水平为0.472~4.347),基于贝叶斯聚类法的Structure分析也证实了这一结果。     

南繁区稻瘟病菌遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的AFLP分析

【目的】为了明确南繁区稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)的遗传分化情况,【方法】采用AFLP分子标记技术对南繁核心区(三亚、乐东和保亭)和非核心区(琼中、屯昌和定安)共60个稻瘟病菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体遗传结构进行了比较分析。【结果】聚类分析表明,几乎所有菌株都聚在同一个谱系里,并且该谱系没有明显的亚群;群体遗传结构分析表明,核心区群体的多态性位点百分率、Shannon信息指数和基因流分别为87.89%、0.2738和4.2897,高于非核心区群体的81.37%、0.2703和3.5892;然而,核心区群体的Nei基因多样性指数和基因分化系数分别为0.1657和0.1044,低于非核心区群体的0.1662和0.1223。【结论】这些结果表明核心区和非核心区菌株都存在丰富的遗传多样性,不同群体间均存在较多的基因交流,但遗传变异均主要来自群体内;相比之下,核心区菌株的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度较高。     

湖南稻瘟病菌群体遗传多样性与病菌致病型的关系

用8对SSR引物对230个稻瘟病菌菌株进行遗传多样性分析。经UPGMA聚类分析,在相异系数为0.23水平上,供试菌株划分为7个遗传宗谱,其中Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ宗谱为优势宗谱,所占比例分别为23.9%、23.5%和23.0%,Ⅳ和Ⅶ宗谱中分别只有1个和5个菌株,其所占比例仅为0.43%和2.17%。用7个全国统一鉴别品种对从230个菌株中选出的77个菌株进行致病型鉴定,结果表明湖南稻瘟病菌分属ZA、ZB、ZC、ZD、ZE、ZF、ZG等共7群30个致病型。其中 ZA、ZB、ZC 3个种群的分化较强,分别含6、10、7个致病型,其中ZG1为优势致病型,出现频率为26.5%。SSR标记的遗传多样性分析结果以及以不同鉴别品种表型来划分的致病型结果表明,菌株遗传宗谱与致病型不存在一一对应关系。     

湖南烟溪病圃稻瘟病菌的有性态及微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

 用2对稻瘟病菌的两性能育菌株（交配型1.1和交配型1.2）测定了来自湖南烟溪病圃上的4年124个稻瘟病菌株的交配型，用微卫星分子标记分析其中105个菌株的遗传多样性及其亲缘关系。 124个菌株中， 28个为交配型1.1, 39个为交配型1.2， 57个不育, 分别占供试菌株的22.58%、31.45%和45.97%；在0.67相似性的基础上，7对微卫星引物扩增出的标记可将105个菌株区分为6个系谱群。     

利用水稻品种抗性遗传多样性持续控制稻瘟病研究进展

利用作物品种抗性的遗传多样性持续控制作物病害是当今植物病害防治研究与应用的热点。对利用水稻品种抗性遗传多样性持续控制稻瘟病研究的原理、现有研究状况和防病机理进行了较系统的评述。     

云南粳稻区水稻品种多样性田间稻瘟病菌群体的遗传结构

利用稻瘟病菌的一段倒位重复序列Pot2设计的一对引物,采用rep PCR分子指纹技术对来自云南省弥勒县粳稻种植区的水稻品种（净栽合系41、净栽黄壳糯、混栽合系41和黄壳糯）多样性田间242个稻瘟病单孢分离菌株的DNA进行扩增。结果显示所有供试菌株均扩增出2~28条谱带,扩增片段大小为400 bp~23 kb,但80%左右的片段集中在0.4~6.0 kb。将供试菌株扩增谱带进行聚类分析,比较了混栽与净栽田间病菌群体遗传结构的组成差异。结果表明,在粳稻种植区,水稻品种多样性种植有利于对稻瘟病菌的稳定性选择,在不同的遗传相似水平, 菌株遗传宗群复杂度与栽培方式有一定的相关性。混栽田间病菌遗传宗群较净栽田间复杂。在80％的相似水平上,净栽糯稻田间的稻瘟病菌被划为13个宗群,而混栽粳稻和黄壳糯田间由糯稻品种上分离的稻瘟病菌群体被划为20个宗群;净栽粳稻田间的稻瘟病菌可划为9个宗群,而混栽粳稻和糯稻田间由粳稻品种上分离的稻瘟病菌群体可划为15个宗群。     

抗稻瘟病水稻品种Dacca6与部分杂交水稻亲本遗传多样性分析

为筛选新的抗稻瘟病种质资源,选取水稻染色体上68对SSR引物,对Dacca6抗稻瘟病材料与其它27个杂交水稻之间的遗传差异进行分析.结果表明,68对引物在28份供试材料中共扩增出251条条带,63对引物具有多态性,多态性位点百分率为92.6％.每对引物扩增出条带的变幅为2～9,平均每对引物扩增出条带数为3.9.在遗传相似系数0.44处可将28份材料聚类为2类,Dacca6与这些材料的遗传差异较大,单独归为一亚类.Dacca6与各材料之间的遗传相似系数在0.330～0.517之间,平均相似系数为0.402.因此,Dacca6可被用来与其它遗传差异较大的亲本或抗源杂交,进行抗病新品种的选育.     

我国稻瘟病菌群体多样性研究

利用Pot2-rep-PCR技术对收集自我国14个省水稻产区的324个稻瘟病菌株进行了DNA指纹分析。稻瘟病菌在DNA水平上的变异比较高,具有很丰富的多态性;在20%的遗传距离水平上,170个单型被划分成20个遗传系谱,其中CL20是绝对优势系谱;对病菌系谱的地区分布分析发现,不同地区之间稻瘟菌的群体结构差异是明显的,但是也有部分菌株属于相同的系谱甚至是同一单型;14个省稻区的菌株指纹图谱可以分为明显的两类,江浙、北方等省稻区菌株的DNA指纹相似程度比较高,南方9省稻区菌株DNA指纹相似程度比较高,这可能与两类地区的主栽品种类型不同有关。     

Pathogenic and Genetic Diversity of Magneporthe oryzae Populations from Sri Lanka

The present study was undertaken to determine the pathogenic and the genetic diversity of the isolates of M.oryzae collected from the wet,intermediate and dry zones of Sri Lanka with a view to develop rice varieties conferring durable resistance to rice blast.No significant morphological or growth variations existed amongst the isolates studied.The genetic diversity of isolates determined by carrying out Pot2 transposable element based on repetitive-PCR revealed that the majority of isolates (92%) clustered into a single group with 45.4% similarity.The existence of nine pathotypes was identified by observing the reaction type of isolates on 16 different rice lines.Pathotype 1 which was distributed in all zones affected only one differential line.Pathotype 2 which was able to infect six lines was restricted only to the dry zone of Sri Lanka.Of the 16 rice lines,seven lines,K3 (Pik-h),C101A51 (Piz5),K1 (Pita),C105TTP2L9 (Pita),K59 (Pit),Shin (Pish) and WHD-1S-75-1-127 (Pi9) had highly effective blast resistance.None of the isolates of the fungus showed any virulence against the seven lines.These seven blast resistant lines can be used in the breeding programmes in Sri Lanka for development of lines conferring durable resistance to rice blast.     

Genetic Transformation of Rice with Pi-d2 Gene Enhances Resistance to Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

The gene Pi-d2, conferring gene-for-gene resistance to the Chinese blast strain ZB15, was isolated from a rice variety (Digu) by the map-based cloning strategy. Here, we constructed a control plasmid pZH01-pi-d2tp309 (pZH01-tp309) and three different expression constructs, pCB-Pi-d25.3kb (pCB5.3kb), pCB-Pi-d26.3kb (pCB6.3kb) and pZH01-Pi-d22.72kb (pZH01-2.72kb) of Pi-d2, driven by Pi-d2 gene's own promoter or CaMV35S promoter. These constructs were separately introduced into japonica rice varieties Lijiangxintuanhegu, Taipei 309, Nipponbare and Zhonghua 9 through Agrobacterium- mediated transformation. A total of 150 transgenic rice plants were obtained from the regenerated calli selected on hygromycin. PCR, RT-PCR and Southern-blotting assay showed that the gene of interest had been integrated into rice genome and stably inherited. Thirty-five transgenic lines independently derived from T1 progeny were inoculated with the rice blast strain ZB15. Transformants exhibited resistance to rice blast at various levels. The lesions on the transgenic plant leaves were less severe than those on the controls and the resistance level of transgenic plants harboring the gene of interest from three vectors had no difference. The own promoter of Pi-d2, about 2.2 kb or 3.2 kb, had the similar promoter function as CaMV35S. Field evaluation for three successive years supported the results of artificial trial, and some lines with high resistance to rice leaf blast and neck blast were obtained.     

我国长江以南地区水稻白叶枯病原菌遗传多样性分析

用IS-PCR和rep-PCR法结合传统病理学分析了128个主要采自我国华中、华南和西南地区的水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）的群体遗传多样性。用4个专化引物J3、ERIC、REP和BOX对114个菌系基因组DNA进行PCR扩增反应,4个引物分别呈现20、12、6和5种谱型,遗传多样性值分别为0.82、0.49、0.35和0.30。以彼此间带位相似率达70%为界,用UPGMA聚类分析法,可将114个病原菌分为6簇（J3）和5簇（ERIC）。引物J3的簇1中包括0~Ⅴ、Ⅶ 7个病原型,ERIC引物的簇1中包括0~Ⅶ 和新型9个病原型。将128个病原菌在我国5个鉴别品种上测定以进行病原型分群,参试菌系多数属于Ⅳ型、Ⅱ型和0型,并出现了一群系列反应型不同于所有病原型的新类型。     

利用微卫星标记分析浙江省近年来主要水稻品种的遗传多样性

 利用12个DNA微卫星标记分析了浙江省近年来主要的44个常规水稻品种和54个杂交水稻组合,共检测到等位基因68个,每个标记2~10个;带型数共127种,每个标记3~18种;平均多态性频率0.752,变幅为0.567~0905。常规品种和杂交组合均表现为亚种间遗传差异明显、亚种内遗传差异较小,籼型遗传多样性高于粳型。平均遗传相似系数,常规品种籼型为0.672,粳型为0.711,籼粳间为0.103,杂交组合籼型为0.636,粳型为0.669,籼粳间为0.343。聚类分析显示,以遗传相似系数0.618为阈值将常规品种分成6类,以0.601为阈值将杂交组合分成7类,且多数同类型品种或组合聚为同一类。     

Osa-mi R439 Negatively Regulates Rice Immunity Against Magnaporthe oryzae

Osa-miR439 is a rice-specific microRNA family. Here we showed that Osa-miR439 acted as anegative regulator in rice immunity against blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Osa-miR439 differentiallyresponded to M. oryzae between susceptible and resistant rice accessions. The accumulation ofOsa-miR439 was constitutively more in the susceptible accession than in the resistant one. Transgeniclines overexpressing Osa-miR439a (OX439a) showed higher susceptibility associating with lower inductionof defense-related genes and less hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation at the infection sites than thecontrol plants. In contrast, transgenic lines expressing a target mimic of Osa-miR439 (MIM439) displayedcompromised susceptibility associating with increased H2O2 accumulation. Furthermore, we found thatthe expression of three predicted target genes was decreased in OX439a but increased in MIM439 incomparison to control plants, and this expression was differential in susceptible and resistant accessionsupon M. oryzae infection, indicating that Osa-miR439a may regulate rice blast resistance via these genes.Our results unveiled the role of Osa-miR439a in rice blast resistance and provided the potentiality toimprove the blast resistance via miRNA.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Rice Germplasm in Tripura State of Northeast India Using Drought and Blast Linked Markers

We genotyped 74 rice germplasms including Tripura's local landraces, improved varieties, cultivars and breeding lines and other rice varieties using molecular markers for genetic diversity, drought QTLs, and blast resistance genes. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 5 with an average of 2.9. The polymorphic information content value per locus ranged from 0.059 (RM537) to 0.755 (RM252) with an average of 0.475. Cluster analysis based on 30 simple sequence repeat markers revealed 5 clusters and also indicated the presence of variability within the rice accessions. The drought QTL qDTY2.1 was found in 56.0% of germplasms and qDTY1.1 was detected in only 6.8% of the germplasms. Out of seven rice blast resistance genes screened, only two rice varieties, RCPL-1-82 and Buh Vubuk (Lubuk), were positive for four blast resistance genes while only Releng possessed two blast resistance genes. Among 74 rice germplasms, only three accessions, Releng, RCPL1-82 and Buh Vubuk (Lubuk), possessed both drought-related QTLs and blast resistance genes. Overall, the 74 indigenous rice genotypes showed low level of genetic diversity, which is in contrast to high level of genetic diversity among rice varieties in northeast India, where highlights the good farming practice, conservation of germplasms and the limitation of molecular markers employed in this study. The presence of both drought related QTLs and blast resistance genes in some of the germplasms can be useful in future breeding programmes.     

Genetic Diversity of Wild Rice Species in Yunnan Province of China

Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide.Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice.Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice.However,many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years.Therefore,the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization.Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons.Fortunately,one population of Oryza rufipogon,three of O.officinalis and ten of O.granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites,which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker analysis in this study.ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich.The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution,morphological traits,nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.