小型活体水产运输箱电解水增氧装置设计与试验

水产长距离运输保证鲜活需要保持水产原生存环境的压力、水质、溶氧度等条件,其中溶氧度直接关系水产的存活,因此增氧装置的设计成为活体水产运输的关键技术之一。为了解决电解水增氧方式能耗大、难以小型化的问题,该研究设计了适用于小型水产运输箱的电解水增氧装置。首先根据计算流体力学软件仿真计算结果设计了装置中可在正负电极间产生恒稳均匀流场的整流结构参数;然后通过试验探索水溶氧和装置总能耗在电解电压与水交换流量影响下的关系。试验结果表明:在容积为8×10^-3 m³的箱体内,采用直流电解,当电解电压为37V、水交换流量为6.97×10^-5m³/s时,总能耗最低为39.39 kJ。该装置设计和试验结果可为电解水增氧方法在水产运输和养殖中的实际应用提供了依据。     

IFWA优化的BLSTM与transformer融合构建海水水质三维预测模型

为了精准揭示不同水层各个时间序列的海域养殖水质参数含量在三维空间的变化规律,该研究首先在海水水质数据处理方面提出了将主成分分析算法（principal component analysis,PCA）与互信息算法（mutual information,MI）相融合的数据处理算法（MIPCA）;其次将双向长短期记忆（bidirectional long short-term memory,BLSTM）与transformer 2个网络融合提出了新模型,即首先利用改进烟花算法（improved fireworks algorithm,IFWA）优化了双向长短期记忆神经网络中超参数;再利用transformer中注意力机制关注重要水质特征,最后将两个网络集成提出了混合模型MIPCA-BLSTM-transformer-IFWA。试验结果表明,该模型在MAPE(mean absolute percentage error)、RMSE(root mean square error)、R(coefficient of correlation)和D(willmott index of agreemen...     

基于间歇非稳态方法的溶氧装置增氧能力检测

针对常用溶氧装置增氧能力试验操作随意性和试验误差较大的缺点,通过试验研究,提出了一种基于间歇非稳态法的试验方法。从所需设施、设备,试验过程和计算方法几个方面进行了具体的说明。使用该方法对DP18-Y型多腔喷淋式溶氧装置进行了验证试验：在气液比（G/L）1︰100和1.5︰100两种条件下,系统稳定运行约130和220 min,池内的平均溶解氧质量浓度达到17 mg/L（接近理论饱和溶解氧浓度）,3个测量点示值误差在±0.78 mg/L范围内;在两种气液比条件下重复进行3次试验,增氧能力计算结果分别为(20     

移动式太阳能增氧机的研制

为提高池塘养殖的机械增氧效率,应用Solidworks软件设计了移动式太阳能能增氧机,该设备由太阳能动力组件、水面行走机构、增氧装置和运动控制系统等组成。移动式太阳能增氧机可在水面自主行走,产生波浪和实现上下水层交换。性能测试表明,移动式太阳能增氧机的光照启动强度为17 000 lx,空载噪声为75.3 d B,水面行走机构的行走速度在0.027~0.041 m/s之间波动,无线遥控距离为44.2 m,在增氧装置位置的最大浪高为0.44 m。随着光照强度的增强,增氧装置增氧效率和扰动水体能力增强,最大机械增氧能力为1.24 kg/h,动力效率2.59 kg/(k W·h);最大扰动水体1 254.4 m3/h,扰水动力效率2 613.3 m3/(k W·h)。移动式太阳能增氧机利用太阳能作为能源,在池塘水体中运行面积大、运行时间长,强化了池塘自身的自净能力,具有生态调控的功能,有利于池塘物质循环和水质改善。     

日本的农业环境保护

本文根据1978年-83年发表的183篇文献写成。分为水质污浊,土壤污染及大气污染三个部分。一、水质污浊近年来,日本的陆、海水的水质从整体来说,比前一时期有所改善。但在封闭性湖泊中,富营养化现象仍然很严重。为此,对琵琶湖和霞浦单独制定了富营养化防治条例,并开展了净化工作。河川     

温度对有水保活石斑鱼代谢与鱼肉品质的影响

为探讨温度对有水保活珍珠龙胆石斑鱼代谢与肌肉品质的影响,该文对不同温度有水保活珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的存活率、保活前后的水质变化、血液生化指标与肌肉理化性质等进行了测定。将体质量为(503?31)g的石斑鱼暂养48 h后,以平均1~2℃/h的速度程序降温至13~14℃,分别在15,20,25℃的条件下保活。结果显示:珍珠龙胆石斑鱼在15、20和25℃下保活96 h后的存活率分别为100%,75%和17%。低温保活显著降低水体中代谢产物含量,15组与25℃组相比,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼在24~96 h内的总氨氮产量降低量在38.12%~57.76%。表明低温通过降低鱼体的呼吸代谢,减少水体中总氨氮与非离子氨氮的浓度而减缓水质恶化。休眠后鱼体受到低温应激作用血清皮质醇与血糖水平均显著上升(P0.05)。保活72 h后,与25℃组相比,15℃处理组鱼体血清皮质醇含量显著降低,但血糖水平显著增加(P0.05),表明低温能降低鱼体在保活过程中的应激反应,同时出现显著的高血糖症状。与新鲜的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼相比,保活72 h后,15℃处理组血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和肌酸激酶活性均无显著性变化(P0.05),乳酸脱氢酶活性、尿素氮、尿酸、总蛋白含量均显著上升(P0.05);而甘油三酯含量显著下降(P0.05);且肌肉中糖原与粗脂肪质量分数分别下降32.50%和36.32%,水分、粗蛋白、乳酸含量、以及持水力和p H值均无显著变化(P0.05),总体优于25℃处理组。表明25℃保活条件下珍珠龙胆石斑鱼通过增强机体代谢酶活性,增加能量物质代谢,而导致肌肉品质下降;而在15℃保活鱼体能维持较低的代谢水平,生存能力提高,保活72 h后肌肉品质无显著变化。因此15℃适合珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的长途保活运输。该研究结果为珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的有水保活运输提供参考。     

莱州湾海涂海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应的研究

在连续3年莱州湾海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2003年就不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋的磷肥效应进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在海水灌溉下,磷肥对菊芋的增加产量与增产幅度均高于淡水灌溉,在50%海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加磷肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以50%浓度海水灌溉磷肥增产效应最大;海水灌溉下,施磷肥能显著促进菊芋对K+、Ca2+和Mg2+等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK,Na,而抑制菊芋对Na+及Cl-等有害离子的吸收;在75%的海水浓度范围内,灌溉的海水浓度越高,磷肥对上述离子的影响强度越大;海水灌溉下,施用磷肥明显促进菊芋根部氮的含量,P3(P2O560kg/hm2)与P1(P2O50kg/hm2)处理相比较,在淡水、25%海水、50%海水、75%海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含氮量增加0.43、0.64、0.64、0.51个百分点。     

大型海藻江蓠对养殖池塘水质污染修复的研究

通过对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)与南美白对虾(Penacus vannamei)、青石斑鱼(Epinephelusawoara)混养池塘水质的跟踪监测,研究了不同养殖模式下江蓠对池塘水质的修复效果。结果表明:江蓠对水中无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)有较好的净化作用,能使养殖池中水体保持很低的IN、IP浓度和较高的溶解氧(DO)浓度,维持良好的水质状况;江蓠与虾或鱼混养,对水质均有改善作用。大型海藻江蓠易调控、无二次污染、有较好的经济价值,同时其对水质调节作用优于微藻等。利用江蓠进行生态养殖,可减少药物投放量,提高产品的质量和市场竞争力,促进海水养殖业的可持续发展。     

鱼类循环水养殖系统中细菌群落结构研究进展

微生物是鱼类循环水养殖系统(Recirculating aquaculture system,RAS)的重要组成部分,与循环系统的水质情况及养殖动物的健康状况密切相关.为分析和研究循环水系统中细菌群落与养殖动物健康之间的关系,总结了现有报道中关于海水鱼循环水养殖系统的细菌群落结构研究进展,主要分析不同系统中养殖动物、生...     

半干旱区海涂海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的研究

在连续3年半干旱区海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2 0 0 3年在莱州湾海涂进行了不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的田间试验。结果表明:①在海水灌溉下氮肥对菊芋的增产与增幅均大大高于淡水灌溉,在5 0 %海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加氮肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以5 0 %浓度海水灌溉氮肥增产效应最大。②海水灌溉下,施用氮肥能显著促进菊芋对K ,Ca2 和Mg2 等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK ,Na　(根/茎)与SK ,Na　(茎叶) ,而抑制菊芋对Na 及Cl-等有害离子的吸收。③海水灌溉下,施用氮肥明显促进菊芋根部磷的含量,以N3 (15 0kg/hm2 )水平与N1(不施氮)水平相比较,在用淡水、2 5 %海水、5 0 %海水、75 %海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含磷量增加的百分数为35 .9% ,4 7.4 % ,30 .6 %和38 0 %。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.