4个南方山羊品种BMP15和GDF9基因的RFLP分析

以已发现的绵羊高繁殖性能主基因FecXB、FecGH作为候选基因,以南方的4个山羊品种大足黑山羊类群、金堂黑山羊、南江黄羊、川东白山羊为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析这两个候选基因在山羊中的多态性.结果发现.在这4个山羊品种(种群)中所有个体均没有检测到FecxB基因和FecGH基因的存在,所有个体均为野生纯合型,表明这两个候选基因位点对所研究的4个山羊品种(种群)的繁殖性能没有影响.     

BMPR-IB、BMP15、GDF9基因作为福清山羊高繁殖力候选基因的研究

以控制部分绵、山羊品种高繁殖力的BMPR-IB、BMP15和GDF9基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析福清山羊BMPR-IB、BMP15和GDF9基因多态性与繁殖性状的关系。结果表明:多胎品种福清山羊及南江黄羊在BMPR-IB基因的相应位置上并未发生与Booroola Merino羊相同的突变,同时也未检测到BMP15的FecXI、FecXH、FecXB基因及GDF9的FecGH基因,因此排除了这5个突变位点存在控制福清山羊高繁殖力主效基因的可能性。     

BMPR-IB、BMP15、GDF9基因作为闽东山羊多胎性能候选基因的研究

以控制部分绵、山羊品种高繁殖力的BMPR-IB、BMP15和GDF9基因为候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法分析闽东山羊BMPR-IB,BMP15和GDF9基因多态性与繁殖性状的关系。研究发现：多胎品种闽东山羊及南江黄羊在BMPR-IB基因的相应位置上并未发生与Booroola Merino羊相同的突变,同时也未检测到BMP15的FecXI,FecXH,FecXB基因及GDF9的FecGH基因,因此排除了这5个突变位点影响闽东山羊高繁殖力性状的可能性。然而,由于闽东山羊的BMPR-IB、BMP15、GDF9的全基因序列信息的缺乏,尚不能完全断定3个基因对闽东山羊高繁殖力性状没有影响。     

山羊STEAP1基因和EIF2B4基因多态性与繁殖性能的关联分析

为探究候选基因STEAP1和EIF2B4与山羊繁殖性能的关联性，本实验利用MassARRAY?技术对STEAP1和EIF2B4基因的4个候选多态性位点（SNPs）进行分型，探究其在云上黑山羊（n=544）、济宁青山羊（n=133）和辽宁绒山羊（n=91）3个群体中的遗传学特征，并分析其与山羊繁殖性能（包括产羔数、初生窝重和断奶窝重）的关联性。结果表明，STEAP1 g.45853158 C>T和EIF2B4 g.72016288 T>G在不同品种山羊（济宁青山羊和辽宁绒山羊）中的基因型分布存在极显著差异；而STEAP1 g.45857345 C>T和g.45857371T>A基因型分布在山羊不同群体中差异不显著；在云上黑山羊高产群体和低产群体中，所有候选位点的基因型频率和基因频率均无显著差异；所有基因候选位点均与产羔数、初生窝重和断奶窝重无显著关联；STEAP1基因的位点g.45853158 C>T在不同繁殖性能群体中差异显著，生物信息学分析表明，突变造成STEAP1编码蛋白二级空间结构发生变化，可作为云上黑山羊繁殖性能的分子标记，但不适合进行窝选；STE...     

山羊Kiss-1和GPR54基因的克隆及组织表达研究

为探究Kiss-1和GPR54基因在山羊季节性繁殖中的作用,分别在四川省金堂县和理县各选取5只10月龄处于发情前期的藏山羊和金堂黑山羊为研究对象,对Kiss-1和GPR54基因编码区进行序列及组织表达分析。结果显示:金堂黑山羊和藏山羊Kiss-1基因编码区均长408 bp,编码135个氨基酸,两品种间存在2处同义突变。GPR54基因编码区均长244 bp,编码81个氨基酸,两品种间存在1处同义突变;金堂黑山羊Kiss-1和GPR54基因CDs区核苷酸序列与藏山羊的同源性分别为99.5%、99.6%;Kiss-1和GPR54基因在两品种山羊的卵巢、子宫、输卵管、垂体中均有表达,但只有Kiss-1基因在金堂黑山羊垂体中的表达量显著高于藏山羊(P0.05),而在其他组织品种间差异不显著(P0.05)。提示:Kiss-1基因可能参与调控山羊季节性繁殖,而GPR54基因是否是引起季节性繁殖的原因还有待进一步研究。     

微卫星标记BM1329在2个山羊品种中的初步研究

依据微卫星标记在相近物种中具有高度保守性这一特点,选择与绵羊高繁殖力主效基因FecB紧密连锁的一个微卫星标记BM1329,分析其在云南黑山羊和努比山羊中的多态性以及与山羊产羔数的关系。结果表明:微卫星标记BM1329在2个山羊品种中均存在AA、AB和BB型3种基因型。统计检验表明,品种与基因型显著相关,云南黑山羊以AA型为主,努比羊以AB型为主。虽然本研究表明微卫星标记BM1329不同基因型最小二乘山羊产羔均数差异不显著,但云南黑山羊与努比羊的产羔数差异极显著,即存在AB型山羊产羔数大于AA型山羊产羔数的趋势,所以微卫星标记BM1329仍可作为探讨山羊高繁殖性能的一个候选标记进行深入研究。     

骨形态发生蛋白15基因（BMP15）多态性与山羊繁殖性能的研究

以贵州黑山羊、酉州乌羊和努比亚山羊3个品种为实验群体,采用PCR产物直接测序技术检测BMP15基因的多态性,并探讨其多态性对山羊繁殖性状的影响,为山羊繁殖力的标记辅助选择和育种提供理论依据。利用在线软件预测BMP15蛋白质二级结构和三级结构;利用Excel计算基因频率、基因型频率;利用POPGEN软件计算纯合度、杂合度、有效等位基因数和多态信息含量,并对HardyWeinberg平衡状态进行分析;用SPSS软件对3个山羊群体BMP15基因多态性与产仔数进行相关性分析。结果显示:BMP15基因外显子中检测到1个SNP位点,BMP15基因在外显子2处存在突变位点C6260G,3个山羊群体在此突变位点处均存在3种基因型CC、GC、GG;贵州黑山羊、酉州乌羊和努比亚山羊χ2检验均未达到显著水平(P0.05),处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,贵州黑山羊和努比亚山羊表现为中度多态,酉州乌羊表现为低度多态;GG基因型个体在贵州黑山羊群体中产羔数显著高于CC基因型个体和GC基因型个体(P0.05),GC基因型个体在努比亚山羊中的产羔数显著高于CC基因型个体和GG基因型个体(P0.05),3种基因型在酉州乌羊中差异均不显著(P0.05)。该研究结果初步表明山羊BMP15基因的突变与其繁殖性能有关,可能是影响山羊繁殖率的一个因素。     

利用mtDNA Cytb基因分析湘黔川五个山羊品种系统发育

试验对四川板角山羊、贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊、贵州麻羊及湖南马头山羊5个山羊品种,共计69个个体的Cytb基因片段进行测序分析比较。结果显示,69个山羊Cytb基因序列均为长1140bp的同源基因,共发现17个变异位点,观察到14种单倍型;5个山羊品种的群体遗传多样性在0．442—0．889之间,核苷酸多样度从0．00145—0．00253。表明5个山羊遗传多样性属于中等;5个山羊品种可分为2大类群,即：贵州黑山羊、贵州麻羊、贵州白山羊和湖南马头山羊4个品种为一类,四川板桥山羊1个品种为另一类。     

川中黑山羊和雷州山羊大小卵泡转录组学分析

试验旨在通过比较两个品种山羊大小卵泡的mRNA表达图谱来挖掘影响山羊卵泡发育的基因,为进一步阐述山羊卵泡发育机制提供数据基础。使用氯前列醇钠对川中黑山羊和雷州山羊进行同期发情处理,屠宰后采集卵巢并在体视显微镜下分离单个卵泡(大卵泡6 mm;小卵泡3 mm),提取卵泡组织总RNA进行RNA-seq,利用生物信息学方法检测mRNA表达谱,筛选差异基因,并对其进行GO功能、KEGG通路富集分析。结果显示,川中黑山羊大小卵泡差异基因共4 451个,雷州山羊2 355个,二者共有差异基因1 771个。分析筛选出两个品种共有(INHBA、INHA、CYP19A1、KITLG、LHCGR和STAR)及各自特有(IGFBP6、BMP6和BMPR2)的已报道与卵泡发育相关的基因,此外还筛选出可能与这两种山羊繁殖性能相关的基因(GADD45B、TC2N和MSMO1)。GO功能分析显示,两个品种共有差异基因主要与各种物质的跨膜转运活性有关;KEGG通路分析显示,类固醇生成、细胞因子受体相互作用和cAMP信号通路在两个品种中均存在显著变化。类固醇生成过程中细胞色素P450代谢差异可能是川中黑山羊高产仔数的一个潜在因素。本研究结果为进一步探究山羊卵泡发育的基因功能及不同山羊品种繁殖性能差异提供参考。     

川中黑山羊和雷州山羊大小卵泡转录组学分析

试验旨在通过比较两个品种山羊大小卵泡的mRNA表达图谱来挖掘影响山羊卵泡发育的基因,为进一步阐述山羊卵泡发育机制提供数据基础。使用氯前列醇钠对川中黑山羊和雷州山羊进行同期发情处理,屠宰后采集卵巢并在体视显微镜下分离单个卵泡（大卵泡>6 mm;小卵泡<3 mm）,提取卵泡组织总RNA进行RNA-seq,利用生物信息学方法检测mRNA表达谱,筛选差异基因,并对其进行GO功能、KEGG通路富集分析。结果显示,川中黑山羊大小卵泡差异基因共4 451个,雷州山羊2 355个,二者共有差异基因1 771个。分析筛选出两个品种共有（INHBA、INHA、CYP19A1、KITLG、LHCGR和STAR）及各自特有（IGFBP6、BMP6和BMPR2）的已报道与卵泡发育相关的基因,此外还筛选出可能与这两种山羊繁殖性能相关的基因（GADD45B、TC2N和MSMO1）。GO功能分析显示,两个品种共有差异基因主要与各种物质的跨膜转运活性有关;KEGG通路分析显示,类固醇生成、细胞因子受体相互作用和cAMP信号通路在两个品种中均存在显著变化。类固醇生成过程中细胞色素P450代谢差异可能是川中黑山羊高产仔数的一个潜在因素。本研究结果为进一步探究山羊卵泡发育的基因功能及不同山羊品种繁殖性能差异提供参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -