人源H3N2亚型猪流感病毒A／Swine／Guangdong／1／2005的分离鉴定及全基因遗传演化分析

2005年从广东桌猪场采集疑似流感病猪的病料(气管和肺脏)样品共40份,通过MDCK细胞培养分离到6株A型流感病毒,经过血凝抑制和PCR扩增方法鉴定均为H3N2亚型.挑选其中一个代表株A/swine/Guangdong/1/05(H3N2)(SwGD1/05)进行全基因组测序并与GenBank中相关序列比较,结果发现SwGD1/05的8个基因分别与人流感病毒相关基因氨基酸同源性高达98.5%～99.4%;SwGDI/05的8个基因进化树中分别位于北美和欧洲人流感病毒进化谱系位置;由此推测SwGD1/05可能来源于北美或欧洲人源流感病毒株.这一结果为阐明猪作为流感病毒传播的中间宿主作用提供了的理论支持,本研究具有重要的人类公共卫生意义.     

猪流感病毒分离株A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1)分子特性研究

采用套式PCR检测方法,结合鸡胚分离鉴定,从20份患呼吸道疾病猪的鼻咽拭子样品中分离到1株流感病毒。经亚型鉴定及全基因组序列分析,证实该分离株为H1N1流感病毒,命名为A/swine/Shanghai/3/2014(H1N1)。遗传进化分析表明该分离株与类禽猪流感病毒(Avian-Like H1N1)相似性最高。蛋白序列分析发现,该分离株具有低致病性流感病毒特征,即其HA蛋白的裂解位点为PSIQSR↓GLFGAI。此外,该基因中有7个潜在的糖基化位点,受体结合位点为108(Y)、148~152(GVTAA)、167(W)、197(H)、204~212(DQQ SLYQNA)和238~243(RDQEGR);其中225~228EQAG显示该分离株具有结合SAα2,6Gal受体的能力,证明该分离株具有感染哺乳动物的能力。同时PB2蛋白的627E、701N及NS蛋白的92D位点均证明了该分离株的低致病性和感染哺乳动物的能力。     

H1N2亚型猪流感病毒A／Swine／Guangdong／1／06分离鉴定和对猪致病性研究

2006年5月从广东某大型猪场采集具有流感症状保育猪鼻拭子共98份,无菌常规处理猪鼻拭子后接种MDCK细胞,分离到4株流感病毒.用血凝抑制和PCR方法鉴定均为H1N2亚型.挑选其中一株A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2),进行全基因组测序,并与GenBank中相关序列进行比较.核苷酸同源性分析表明:A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(HIN2)与A/Swine/Guangxi/13/06不同基因之间同源性为96.6%～98.1%.以106EID50的剂量,将H1N2病毒鼻腔感染35日龄仔猪,结果表明H1N2亚型流感病毒可以感染猪上呼吸道.但不表现临床症状.本研究结果对于揭示H1N2亚型猪流感流行规律和病毒的致病机理具有一定的意义.     

猪流感(H_1N_1H_3N_2亚型)二价灭活疫苗试制报告

猪流行性感冒(swine influenza,SI)是由猪流行性感冒病毒(SIV)引起的猪的一种急性、热性和高度接触性的呼吸道传染病,其临床上以突发高热、咳嗽、呼吸困难、衰竭和死亡为特征[1].     

Host range of A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus

The highly pathogenic A/Chicken/Penn./1370/83 (H5N2) avian influenza virus, which caused 80% mortality in chickens in Pennsylvania, produced only mild transient illness in experimentally infected pheasants, little or no clinical signs in ring-billed gulls and pigs, and no clinical signs in pekin ducks. Virus could be recovered from only the upper respiratory tract of gulls and pigs for 1-2 days. Infection in ducks resulted in intestinal replication of virus in only 1 out of 12 ducks. By contrast, pheasants shed virus in feces (10(4.7) EID50) for at least 15 days. These studies reinforce wildlife surveillance findings indicating that gulls and ducks are unlikely to have transmitted virus between chicken farms during the 1983 outbreak. Although experimental data suggest that wild gallinaceous birds such as pheasants are potentially capable of virus transmission, there has been no evidence of this from wildlife surveillance in Pennsylvania. Experimental infection of chickens with H5N2 virus isolated from wild ducks one year before the Pennsylvania outbreak or a gull virus (H5N1) isolated in the quarantine area in 1983 resulted in asymptomatic infections and virus replication occurring only in the upper respiratory tract. These studies suggest that if the first H5N2 virus infecting chickens in Pennsylvania originated from waterbirds, changes in host specificity and pathogenicity for chickens and other gallinaceous birds probably occurred during emergence of the Chicken/Penn./83 virus. It is recommended that attention be given in the future to the isolation of domestic poultry from contact with wild aquatic birds.     

Reassortant H1N1 influenza virus vaccines protect pigs against pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H1N2 swine influenza virus challenge

Influenza A (H1N1) virus has caused human influenza outbreaks in a worldwide pandemic since April 2009. Pigs have been found to be susceptible to this influenza virus under experimental and natural conditions, raising concern about their potential role in the pandemic spread of the virus. In this study, we generated a high-growth reassortant virus (SC/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from a novel H1N1 isolate, A/Sichuan/1/2009 (SC/09), and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, by genetic reassortment. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this reassortant virus were evaluated at different doses in a challenge model using a homologous SC/09 or heterologous A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2) virus (GD/06). Two doses of SC/PR8 virus vaccine elicited high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies specific for the 2009 H1N1 virus and conferred complete protection against challenge with either SC/09 or GD/06 virus, with reduced lung lesions and viral shedding in vaccine-inoculated animals compared with non-vaccinated control animals. These results indicated for the first time that a high-growth SC/PR8 reassortant H1N1 virus exhibits properties that are desirable to be a promising vaccine candidate for use in swine in the event of a pandemic H1N1 influenza.     

A serological survey of canine H3N2, pandemic H1N1/09 and human seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses in dogs in China

Influenza viruses have been isolated from dogs in China; however, the extent of influenza infection among dogs is not yet clear. Here, we examined the seroprevalence of avian-origin canine H3N2, pandemic H1N1/09 and human seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses in pet dogs in China during January 2012 to June 2013. The seropositivity rate of canine H3N2, H1N1/09 and human H3N2 were 3.5%, 1.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. Dogs aged 2–5 years were most commonly seropositive to canine H3N2 virus. It is worth noting that two serum samples were positive against both canine H3N2 and H1N1/09 viruses, suggesting the possibility of coinfection with both viruses. Our findings emphasize the necessity for continued surveillance of influenza viruses in dogs in China.     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒A/Swine/GD/2/12基因特征分析

2012年从广东省某猪场的疑似流感猪群采集鼻拭子样品,接种鸡胚并收集尿囊液,通过血凝、血凝抑制和RT-PCR,鉴定出1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,命名为A/Swine/GD/2/12。RT-PCR扩增得到全基因8个片段,与GenBank收录的参考毒株比对并构建进化树,发现本毒株可能是H1N1亚型重组株,其8个片段与我国猪源和北美地区1985—1992年间的猪源、禽源(A/turkey/IA/1992)和人源(A/Maryland/12/1991)流感毒株在同一个大分支上,其中与我国猪源参考株同源性在95.8%以上,与北美地区的H1N1参考株同源性在94%以上。HA受体位点分析表明,本毒株既具备结合Saα2,6Gal型人类流感病毒SA受体的特点,也有结合Saα2,3Gal型禽类流感病毒SA受体的可能。提示本毒株可能是由北美地区猪源、禽源和人源的H1N1亚型流感病毒重排形成的。HA蛋白裂解位点分析、NS和PB2蛋白位点分析表明,本毒株具备低致病性毒株的特点。小鼠致病性试验进一步证实本毒株能够引起小鼠运动减少、食欲欠佳、体重减轻等表现,但不会引起咳嗽和死亡等严重反应。     

甲型H1N1与季节性H1N1流感病毒检测基因芯片的制备与初步应用

建立DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1和季节性H1N1流感病毒的方法,进而探讨该方法用于检测临床标本的可行性。通过生物医学数据库甲型H1N1流感病毒及季节性H1N1亚型流感HA与NA基因进行检索和筛选,应用分子生物学软件,进行序列分析、引物及探针设计,并进行验证。试验所设计的探针可以对甲型H1N1流感与季节性H1N1流感病毒进行区分,用该方法检测了长春市CDC送检的6份疑似甲型H1N1流感病毒临床病例,4份阳性,检测结果同实时荧光定量PCR方法一致。结果表明,利用本研究建立的DNA微列阵技术检测甲型H1N1流感病毒方法,特异性和敏感性强,可作为甲型H1N1流感病毒临床标本检测方法。     

禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Mudanjiang/0823/00(H9N2) 株NS1基因的克隆及序列分析

用PCR方法,成功扩增出国内分离株禽流感病毒H9N2型非结构蛋白(NS1)基因cDNA,并将该片段连接到pMD 18-T载体上,转化TGI感受态细胞,在含氨苄青霉素的LB平板上筛选阳性克隆,提取质粒,经限制性内切酶鉴定,对目的片段进行测序,结果获得了NS1基因全长,约700bp.该片段的核酸序列与已知A/Chick/HongKong/1074/99(H9N2)、A/Chick/HongKong/1073/99(H9N2)毒株序列进行同源性比较,同源性皆为94.37%,氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.91%和93.48%.     

Experimental dual infection of pigs with an H1N1 swine influenza virus (A/Sw/Hok/2/81) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Dual infection of pigs with swine influenza virus (SIV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was carried out to compare the clinical and pathological effects of dual infection in caesarian derived and colostrums deprived (CDCD) pigs, with that of a single infection with M. hyopneumoniae. In Experiment 1, 40-day-old CDCD pigs were inoculated only with SIV (A/Sw/Hok/2/81, H1N1). The virus was isolated from nasal swabs for 5-6 days. None of these pigs showed clinical signs of infection throughout the experimental period. These results suggested that this strain can infect pigs but is only slightly pathogenic when it is inoculated singly to a CDCD pig. In Experiment 2, 60-day-old CDCD pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and then were inoculated with SIV (A/Sw/Hok/2/81) at 1 week (MHYO-7d-SIV-7d group) or 3 weeks (MHYO-21d-SIV-7d group) after M. hyopneumoniae inoculation. Macroscopically, dark red-to-purple lung lesions were observed in all of pigs at 14 or 28 days post-inoculation. Percentages of dark red-to-purple lung lesions in dual infection groups (MHYO-7d-SIV-7d group: 18.7 +/- 4.2%, MHYO-21d-SIV-7d group: 23.0 +/- 8.0%) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to those of each control group in which pigs were inoculated only with M. hyopneumoniae (MHYO-14d group: 4.7 +/- 2.9%, MHYO-28 group: 3.3 +/- 2.4%). Microscopically, bronchial epithelial lesions (epithelial disruption, degeneration, hyperplasia and formation of microabscess) were frequently observed in dark red-to-purple lung lesions of only the dual infection groups. These results demonstrate that the lung lesion of pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae and SIV is more severe than that of pigs inoculated only with M. hyopneumoniae.     

Comparative study of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, swine H1N1, and avian H3N2 influenza viral infections in quails

Quail has been proposed to be an intermediate host of influenza A viruses. However, information on the susceptibility and pathogenicity of pandemic H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) and swine influenza viruses in quails is limited. In this study, the pathogenicity, virus shedding, and transmission characteristics of pH1N1, swine H1N1 (swH1N1), and avian H3N2 (dkH3N2) influenza viruses in quails was examined. Three groups of 15 quails were inoculated with each virus and evaluated for clinical signs, virus shedding and transmission, pathological changes, and serological responses. None of the 75 inoculated (n = 45), contact exposed (n = 15), or negative control (n = 15) quails developed any clinical signs. In contrast to the low virus shedding titers observed from the swH1N1-inoculated quails, birds inoculated with dkH3N2 and pH1N1 shed relatively high titers of virus predominantly from the respiratory tract until 5 and 7 DPI, respectively, that were rarely transmitted to the contact quails. Gross and histopathological lesions were observed in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of quail inoculated with either pH1N1 or dkH3N2, indicating that these viruses were more pathogenic than swH1N1. Sero-conversions were detected 7 DPI in two out of five pH1N1-inoculated quails, three out of five quails inoculated with swH1N1, and four out of five swH1N1-infected contact birds. Taken together, this study demonstrated that quails were more susceptible to infection with pH1N1 and dkH3N2 than swH1N1.     

Novel H1N2 swine influenza reassortant strain in pigs derived from the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus

Swine influenza monitoring programs have been in place in Italy since the 1990 s and from 2009 testing for the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus (H1N1pdm) was also performed on all the swine samples positive for type A influenza. This paper reports the isolation and genomic characterization of a novel H1N2 swine influenza reassortant strain from pigs in Italy that was derived from the H1N1pdm virus. In May 2010, mild respiratory symptoms were observed in around 10% of the pigs raised on a fattening farm in Italy. Lung homogenate taken from one pig showing respiratory distress was tested for influenza type A and H1N1pdm by two real time RT-PCR assays. Virus isolation was achieved by inoculation of lung homogenate into specific pathogen free chicken embryonated eggs (SPF CEE) and applied onto Caco-2 cells and then the complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed from the CEE isolate. The lung homogenate proved to be positive for both influenza type A (gene M) and H1N1pdm real time RT-PCRs. Virus isolation (A/Sw/It/116114/2010) was obtained from both SPF CEE and Caco-2 cells. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the genes of A/Sw/It/116114/2010, with the exception of neuraminidase (NA), belonged to the H1N1pdm cluster. The NA was closely related to two H1N2 double reassortant swine influenza viruses (SIVs), previously isolated in Sweden and Italy. NA sequences for these three strains were clustering with H3N2 SIVs. The emergence of a novel reassortant H1N2 strain derived from H1N1pdm in swine in Italy raises further concerns about whether these viruses will become established in pigs. The new reassortant not only represents a pandemic (zoonotic) threat but also has unknown livestock implications for the European swine industry.     

Detection of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H3N2) and H1N1 2009 Pandemic Viruses in Swine in Hanoi,Vietnam

From May to September 2013, monthly samples were collected from swine in a Vietnamese slaughterhouse for influenza virus isolation and serological testing. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and a novel H3N2 originating from reassortment between A(H1N1)pdm09 and novel viruses of the North American triple reassortant lineage were isolated. Serological results showed low seroprevalence for the novel H3N2 virus and higher seroprevalence for A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In addition, serology suggested that other swine influenza viruses are also circulating in Vietnamese swine.     

禽流感病毒A/TurKey/England/N28/73(H5N2)全基因克隆及序列分析

通过反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术分别扩增了禽流感病毒A/TurKey/England/N28/73(H5N2)(TEN28/73)的8个基因片段即PA、PB1、BP2、NS、NP、M、HA、NA基因,将其分别克隆到PMD18-T载体后进行序列测定:并将克隆到的8个基因片段与GenBank发表的相应序列进行比较分析,绘制HA和NA基因的进化树.结果表明所克隆到的8个片段均包含相应的病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架;HA、NA基因的序列分析表明TEN28/73符合低致病力禽流感病毒的特征:HA进化分析发现TEN28/73与A/Duck/Hongkong/698/79处于不同的分支中,与A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96和A/Goose/Guangdong/3/97亲缘关系较远;NA进化分析表明TEN28/73与A/Duck/Hongkong/86/76亲缘关系较近,但和A/Leningrad/47/57的NA基因却在不同的分支中.TEN28/73全基因序列的测定是首次对H5N2亚型AIV的全基因进行序列测定工作.     

甲型H1N1流感研究进展

2009年3月墨西哥与美国先后出现甲型H1N1型流感,并在很短时间内席卷全球,世界卫生组织(WHO)将此次全球流感大流行的预警级别提高到5级。目前研究表明甲型H1N1流感病毒是人流感病毒、北美州禽流感病毒,以及北美洲、欧洲和亚洲猪流感病毒的混合体,其易感人群的年龄段主要在20~45岁,且人群间传染性强。临床表面除一般流感症状外,表现出特异的呼吸道和消化道疾病症状,病死率高于一般流感。本文对甲型H1N1流感的临床表现、病毒特征及其相互关系等做一综述。