家用型水族箱养殖海水观赏鱼技术

海水观赏鱼以其怪异的体型、鲜艳的色彩,深受观赏鱼爱好者的青昧。家庭及办公场所海水观赏鱼饲养者常因养殖技术缺乏、经验不足而导致饲养失败。笔者结合自身养殖经验对水族箱的设置、观赏鱼品种的选择、水质指标的控制、饵料投喂及病害防治方面进行了分析与探讨,为家用型水族箱饲养海水观赏鱼提供技术支持。     

Profile of the Marine Aquarium Fish Trade in Hong Kong

A market survey and review of government statistics were carried out to establish imports and exports of marine ornamental fishes into and out of Hong Kong, and to examine the local trade in terms of volume, value and species composition. Official government import figures for marine aquarium fishes were available from 1984 to 1991 and from 1997 and 1998. When compared with net imports, export and re-export volumes over the 15-year period were small, indicating that most imports entered the local market, or were exported unrecorded. The market survey of marine aquarium shops in Hong Kong was carried out between August 1996 and January 1997. From this survey, an annual estimate of 957,563 coral reef fish was calculated for the local trade, valued at HK$57,453,780, with a mean retail price of HK$60 per fish. These figures account for an estimated 2–3% of the global value and volume of marine aquarium fish trade, according to 1992 figures and, compared with government figures, indicate that official declarations of imports are underreported by at least 2–3 fold. A total of 342 marine aquarium fish species, from 49 families, were recorded with about 60% belonging to the families Labridae, Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae and Pomacentridae. It was estimated that a large proportion of the trade was in juvenile fishes and almost all fish were less than 10cm in standard length. It was common to see fishes in poor condition, species hard to maintain in captivity, or those listed for conservation concern, on sale. There are no regulations for local traders of live marine fishes other than those relating to either protected species or animal welfare. Licensing of traders in marine fishes could be introduced under existing Hong Kong legislation if fishes were to be re-classified as animals. This is strongly recommended as a step towards regulating and managing the trade in Hong Kong.     

Tank culture of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares: developing a spawning population for research purposes

A land-based culture facility for research on yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, was developed at the Achotines Laboratory in the Republic of Panama. Six concrete tanks, and seawater and life support systems were built to maintain a yellowfin broodstock. On average, 50% of the yellowfin caught survived capture and handling, and approximately 30% became broodstock in Tank 1 (17 m diameter, 6 m depth) or Tank 2 (8.5 m diameter, 3 m depth). Each fish was tagged with a microchip implant tag, then weighed, measured, and injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) prior to stocking. Daily rations of primarily market squid, Loligo opalescens, and Pacific thread herring, Opisthonema spp., were regulated based on the feeding activity and energy requirements of the fish. Feeding activity of the broodstock decreased when the water temperatures decreased, and the fish ate decreasing daily rations and increasing calories with increasing size. Spawning occurred in both tanks within 6–8 months of capture. Spawning first occurred in Tank 1 when 24 females ranged in size from 6 to 16 kg and 65 to 93 cm fork length (FL). Spawning was intermittent during the first 2 months and occurred near daily thereafter. Tank size appeared to affect survival rates, the types of mortalities that occurred, and the growth of the fish. Survival rates after 1 year in captivity were higher, and the fish were larger, on average, in Tank 1 than in Tank 2. Most of the mortalities in Tank 1 were the result of wall strikes, which occurred more frequently after the fish reached their highest density of 0.64 kg m⁻³ and sizes greater than 96 cm FL and 19 kg. Non-linear growth models were fitted to the initial stocking sizes and final sizes of fish that died or were removed from Tank 1 during 1996–1999. Estimated growth rates in length (11–48 cm year⁻¹) for fish between 51 and 150 cm FL decreased with increasing length. Estimated growth rates in weight ranged from 9 to 19 kg year⁻¹ for fish less than 19 kg and 20–23 kg year⁻¹ for fish greater than 19 kg. The results of this work demonstrate that the stable environment of a land-based culture facility may be the preferred system for long-term maintenance of a yellowfin broodstock.     

Evaluation of an alternative salt mixture to culture Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inland aquaculture

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, exhibit a remarkable ability to tolerate low‐salinity environments, facilitating its culture far from coastal areas using various production systems at salinities less than 15 g/L. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and biofloc systems are usually operated using reconstituted sea salt (RSS), which is a considerable financial burden to commercial producers due to its higher price. Current study was carried out with the objective of testing the efficacy of a low‐cost salt solution to replace expensive RSS to grow shrimp under laboratory conditions. Low‐cost salt mixture (LCSM) was formulated to yield sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations closely comparable to that of diluted seawater using agriculture grade sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium oxide, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Growth trials were conducted at three different salinities of 3, 6 and 15 g/L, incrementally replacing RSS with LCSM (0, 2.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) at four replicates per treatment. Twenty juvenile shrimp were reared for 42 days in 150 L polyethylene tanks. Ionic profile of water, ionic profile and osmolality of shrimp haemolymph were determined to justify growth and survival data through analysing ionic variations and osmoregulatory capacity of shrimp. At the conclusion, no significant differences were observed in survival, growth, osmoregulation and levels of cations in shrimp haemolymph between RSS and LCSM treatments at all salinities examined. Results reflect the potential use of LCSM to replace RSS which could be an excellent solution to bring down the cost of production in inland shrimp aquaculture.     

Association between bacterial community structures and mortality of fish larvae in intensive rearing systems

Bacterial community structures were analyzed in water used for rearing fish larvae by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In Experiment 1, red sea bream Pagrus major larvae were reared in two commercial seed production tanks. The survival rate in Tank 1 was higher than in Tank 2, even though phytoplankton, Nannochloropsis sp., was added to both tanks. In Tank 2, γ-proteobacteria became dominant (∼70% of total bacteria) on day 13, there after heavy larval mortalities occurred. In Tank 1, however, α-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster were predominant from day − 1 until day 13; no significant mortality was recorded. In Experiment 2, marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus larvae were cultured with or without Nannochloropsis sp. At the end of the experiment, larval survival rates in aquaria with Nannochloropsis sp. were significantly (P <0.05) higher than those without. In rearing water without Nannochloropsis sp., γ-proteobacteria increased during rearing. In rearing water with Nannochloropsis sp., α-prote obacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster were predominant at the beginning of the experiments and the relative abundance of γ-proteobacteria was maintained at a lower level throughout the experiments. The predominance of α-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster appears to be a good indicator of successful larval production.     

Growing Giant Clam (Tridacna Derasa) in Aquaculture Effluent

Juvenile giant clams (Hippopus spp. and Tridacna spp.) are highly valuable and popular in the aquarium trade due to their brightly colored mantles with various patterns. Giant clams are unique bivalves in that they possess symbiotic zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium). A previous study by the authors demonstrated the feasibility of culturing giant clams in aquaculture effluent. Among the four species tested (Tridacna derasa, T. gigas, T. maxima, and T. squamosa), T. derasa was the most suitable for culturing in effluent. The present study compared the growth, survivorship, and condition indexes of T. derasa (mean initial shell length about 83mm) cultured in fish culture effluent or seawater for six months. The clams grew significantly faster (1.29 vs. 0.93mm shell length/month) and had marginally significant (p = 0.076) higher survivorship (94.1% vs. 77.7%) than those in control seawater. Total (shell and tissue) and tissue weight indexes (g/mm shell length), and mitotic index (% dividing zooxanthellae) were similar between the treatment and control clams; whereas zooxanthellae density (number of zooxanthellae/g clam tissue) of the clams in the effluent tanks was 2.5 times higher than that in control tanks.     

Factors associated with severity of naturally occurring piscirickettsiosis in netpen- and tank-reared juvenile Atlantic salmon at a research aquarium in western Canada

The opportunistic examination of factors associated with an outbreak of piscirickettsiosis (SRS) is described in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts held in an open netpen or in tanks supplied with raw sea water at a research aquarium in western Canada. During the outbreak, seawater temperature was significantly higher and salinity significantly lower in the netpen compared with the tanks. Mortality in the netpen began approximately 3 weeks prior to that in the tanks, and cumulative mortality in the netpen (34%) was significantly higher than in the tanks (12%). Piscirickettsia salmonis was confirmed by qPCR in tissues from moribund and dead fish and from colonies grown on enriched blood agar medium. Neither P. salmonis nor SRS were observed in salmon held concurrently in UV-irradiated sea water. The elevated mortality was curtailed by treatment with oxytetracycline. These observations further indicate warmer, less saline and periodically hypoxic seawater are risk factors for SRS. UV irradiation of sea water is shown to be a tool for SRS management in fish-holding facilities.     

我国水族科学与技术专业发展现状

目前水族产业发展日益得到世人关注,整体产业规模在140亿美金以上,且每年正以10％的速度发展,但我国水族方面科技人才相当缺乏,制约了水族产业的发展,为解决制约水族产业发展的问题,2003年上海海洋大学设立了水族科学与技术学科试点专业方向,随后又有4所农业院校开设该专业,通过比较各学校水族科学与技术专业教学情况,发现我国水族科学与技术专业存在师资力量缺乏、教材与课程体系不够完善、实习基地缺乏等问题,严重限制我国水族科学与技术专业教育的发展。     

Feed intake,growth and osmoregulation in Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), transferred from freshwater to saltwater at 8°C during summer and winter

The purpose of the current study was to examine seasonal changes in seawater tolerance and growth performance of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) held at the same temperature (8°C) during winter and summer. Charr (20–27 cm), previously reared in freshwater under natural photoperiod, were transferred either directly (DT) from freshwater to seawater (35 ppt), from freshwater to brackish water (20 ppt), or were gradually adapted (GT) to seawater over a period of 10 days. Control fish were held in freshwater. Feed intake and osmoregulatory ability were then monitored on three occasions during the following 59 days. Two experiments were carried out, one during winter (December–January) and the other during summer (June–July). In both experiments fish mortality was low. Plasma osmolalities recorded in fish transferred to seawater were within normal ranges, but osmolalities on day 10, were significantly lower in summer (313 mOsm/kg (DT), 328 mOsm/kg (GT)) than in winter (323 mOsm/kg (DT), 352 mOsm/kg (GT)). In winter, feed intake and growth rates were high in fish kept in fresh and brackish water, but charr transferred directly to seawater ate little and lost weight. Fish that were gradually adapted to seawater occupied an intermediate position. During summer the observed differences in feed intake were small and all fish had relatively high growth rates. These results suggest that Arctic charr display seasonal changes in feed intake and growth performance that parallel seasonal changes in hypoosmoregulatory capacity. The ability to survive and hypoosmoregulate in full strength seawater does not, however, seem to be a particularly good indicator of successful seawater adaptation with respect to the ability to display high rates of feed intake and growth. During winter, a gradual transfer to seawater appeared to lead to improved feeding and growth compared to direct transfer.     

Stanniocalcin kinetics in freshwater and seawater european eel (Anguilla anguilla)

The kinetics and hypocalcemic potency of stanniocalcin (STC) were examined in freshwater and seawater eels. The secretion rate and the metabolic clearance rate of STC were calculated from the STC disappearance curve after intra-arterial injection of trout STC. Basal plasma STC concentrations in freshwater and seawater eels did not differ but the STC secretion rate and metabolic clearance rate in seawater eel were 70–75% higher than in FW eel. The increased STC distribution space in seawater eels suggests that the STC receptor density was increased. STC had a higher hypocalcemic potency in seawater than in freshwater eels. These observations support the hypothesis that seawater fish require more hormonal control over transcellular influx of calcium than freshwater fish.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Evaluation of Nile tilapia in monoculture and polyculture with giant freshwater prawn in biofloc technology system and in recirculation aquaculture system

Biofloc technology system (BFT), recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) and polyculture promote efficient use of water, area and nutrient recycling, which are essential practices for sustainable aquaculture development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth, feed efficiency, biofloc composition and water quality of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in monoculture and polyculture with giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1906) in BFT and RAS, over a period of 30 days. Fish (n = 128; 7.29 ± 0.67 g) were distributed randomly in 16 experimental tanks (8 fish/tank). Prawn (n = 96; 0.50 ± 0.09 g) were allocated in 8 experimental tanks (12 prawn/tank) in a polyculture. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments with four replicates each, in a factorial design 2 × 2 (BFT and RAS vs. monoculture and polyculture). The experimental diet (28% of digestible protein; 3100 kcal kg−1 of digestible energy) was used both to fish and prawn in BFT and RAS. There was significant effect (p < 0.01) of the system and the culture for weight gain, apparent feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio. The average weight gain and apparent feed conversion of tilapia in monoculture (30.04 g and 1.39) and in polyculture (36.44 g and 1.27) were superior (p < 0.01) in BFT than in monoculture (23.64 g and 1.74) and in polyculture (24.14 g and 1.61) in RAS. Weight gain and survival of giant freshwater prawn was superior (p < 0.01) in BFT (0.43 g and 87%) compared to RAS (0.26 g and 79%). The data showed that BFT provides better growth performance responses in monoculture for Nile tilapia and in polyculture with giant freshwater prawn compared to RAS.     

Management of paddlefish fry and juveniles in Bulgarian conditions

When paddlefish larvae were reared in tanks and fed on zooplankton, a length of 12–15 cm and a weight of 9.2 g had been obtained by the second month after hatching. After a further 2-months of pond rearing, the survival rate was 48%, and the juveniles had reached an average weight of 27.74 g and length of 22.5 cm. Much better growth rate was achieved when both paddlefish fry and juveniles were reared only on artificial food in tanks. At the end of the first month, a weight of 11.6 g had been reached; at the second month the paddlefish weight was 33.29 g, at the third month it was 60.2 g, and at the fourth month it was 127.7 g. There were two cases in which, respectively, 1,000 and 1,500 paddlefish with an average body weight of 33–60 g were stocked in a reservoir. At the age 5 months the fish had reached, or exceeded, an average weight of 500 g, and, after 1 year, it was over 700 g, which is an indicator of the good rearing opportunities this reservoir offered.     

Study of bioaccumulation of copper in liver and muscle of common carp Cyprinus carpio after copper sulfate bath

Common carp were exposed to two routine therapeutic concentrations of copper sulfate (10 mg/l in 1 h and 1 mg/l in 24 h). At different times after the copper sulfate bath (1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days), the copper concentrations in liver and muscle of carp was determined by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentration of copper is significantly higher in liver than in muscle in all groups (p < 0.01). Concentrations of copper in liver and muscle in long-term bath groups were also significantly higher than short-term bath (p < 0.05). The concentration of copper in the livers of the control group was 174.2 ± 5.2 mg/kg. This value was significantly lower than the experimental groups even at 30 days after long-term baths (p < 0.01) but was not significantly higher than short-term bath (p > 0.05). The concentration of copper in the muscle of the control group was 22 ± 3.2 mg/kg, this value was significantly lower than for the short-term and long-term groups (p < 0.01). In livers, copper concentrations in short and long-term bath increased to an average of 281.6 ± 17.1 and 397.8 ± 31.2 mg/kg, respectively, by day 1 of treatment and then significantly declined to 189.8 ± 9.6 and 203.5 ± 8.9 mg/kg by 30 days post-treatment (p < 0.05). In muscles, copper concentrations in short-term bath increased from 39.1 ± 4.7 in first day of treatment to 50.8 ± 6.5 mg/kg in 30th day, but not significantly (p > 0.05), while in long-term bath it decreased significantly from 127 ± 13.6 to 43.2 ± 2.7 mg/kg (p < 0.05). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The mineral content affects vertebral morphology in underyearling smolt of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

This study investigated the individual variation in vertebral morphology and mineral content (as % of bone dry weight) in rapid growing underyearling smolt (n = 33) twelve weeks after transfer to seawater. The smolt, which were reared in triplicate tanks, had a large individual variation in vertebral bone mineral content (Tank A: 36.2% min, 45.2% max, 39.6% mean. Tank B: 32.6% min, 46.6% max, 40.0% mean. Tank C: 38.5% min, 47.9% max, 42.4% mean), and were subdivided into two groups based on mean within each tank: high mineral content (HMC, above tank mean, n = 15) and low mineral content (LMC, below tank mean, n = 18). Vertebrae of smolt with a low mineral content were more compressed in the anterior–posterior direction (HMC vertebral length/dorso-ventral diameter ratio 0.83, LMC 0.80). This was related to a change in the growth direction of the vertebral cone. This change occurred around transfer to seawater and was characterised by an increased angle between the wall of the cone of the vertebrae and the cranial–caudal axis, and gave the vertebrae a compressed appearance. Smolt with a high mineral content were significantly longer (HMC 28.1 cm, LMC 26.5 cm) and heavier (HMC 270 g, LMC 210 g) twelve weeks after transfer to seawater.     

Ionic Supplementation of Pond Waters for Inland Culture of Marine Shrimp

Saline well water used to fill ponds for inland culture of marine shrimp in Alabama often have low concentrations of potassium and magnesium. In 2002, pond waters on a shrimp farm were treated with enough muriate of potash and potassium-magnesium sulfate (K-Mag) to increase potassium concentration from 6.2 mg/L to about 40 mg/L and magnesium concentrations from 4.6 mg/L to about 20 mg/L. Salinity in ponds averaged 2.6 ppt at the time of mineral salt additions. The concentrations of potassium and magnesium remained fairly constant throughout the growing season without further applications of salts, and salinity increased to about 4 ppt mainly as a result of concentration through evaporation. Survival and production on the farm averaged 19% and 595 kg/ha, respectively, in 2001. In 2002, average survival improved to 67% and average production was 4,068 kg/ha. Ponds were stocked at similar rates and managed by similar procedures both years. Magnesium concentration was very low related to the concentration expected in normal seawater diluted to the same salinity as the pond water, while potassium was near the expected concentration. Thus, increased potassium concentration is thought to have influenced production much more than did the increase in magnesium concentration. K-Mag does not dissolve as readily as muriate of potash. Thus, K-Mag should not be dumped in shallow water areas of ponds to dissolve as can be done with muriate of potash. It should be broadcast over the pond surface, predissolved and splashed over the pond surface, or placed in porous bags suspended in front of aerators. Although a single application of mineral salts was effective, 2002 was a dry year. On a wet year, ions may be diluted or flushed out in overflow and more than one treatment with mineral salts might be necessary during the growing season.     

Low feed pellet water stability and fluctuating water salinity cause separation and accumulation of dietary oil in the stomach of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Regurgitation (belching) of oil is a problem in sea farmed rainbow trout kept in water with fluctuating salinity. This often coincides with abdominal distension syndrome, which is associated with osmoregulatory stress and lipid indigestion. The present study investigated combined effects of water stability in extruded feeds and fluctuating water salinity on feed consumption, growth, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal transit, and accumulation of water and oil in the stomach of rainbow trout. Diets were produced with high or low water stability, which were characterised by a novel water stability test. In an initial 84 days growth experiment, each diet was fed to six groups of 772 g trout, of which three tanks were supplied with full-strength seawater, and three tanks were fluctuated between seawater and freshwater (7 h per day during 3 successive days per week). No significant effects were seen, although the feed intake appeared slightly lowered by low dietary water stability at fluctuating salinity. In a second experiment, each diet was fed to four groups of 1 kg trout, of which two tanks were supplied with full-strength seawater, and two tanks were fluctuated between seawater and brackish water (17‰ 7 h per day daily). Low water stability of the diet resulted in accumulation of oil in the stomach, and this response was worsened when the salinity of the rearing water fluctuated. It also corresponded with reduced lipid digestibility. Consequently, low water stability of the diet caused an oil separation in the stomach that may result in oil-belching in rainbow trout suffering from osmoregulatory stress.     

Frequency and Periodicity of Spawning in the Clownfish Amphiprion akallopisos Under Aquarium Conditions

Amphiprion akallopisos kept under aquarium conditions in South Africa spawned on average 2.2±0.8 (standard deviation) times per month throughout the year. There was no significant correlation between percentage of A. akallopisos pairs spawning and phase of the moon or tidal patterns. The increase in the number of spawnings during some spring and summer months appeared to correlate with changing photoperiod rather than changing water temperature. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei

Tank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m². Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m². Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m² for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery-reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m². The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.     

中华绒螯蟹种苗静水土池塘培育技术研究Ⅲ——室内育苗和土池育苗经济效益和生态效益的比较

用１０００ｍ３水体的室内育苗池和６口海水土池塘（计１９ｈｍ２）培育中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）苗,比较两种河蟹人工繁殖技术的生态效益和经济效益。经３５天培育表明,土池培育１ｋｇ大眼幼体可获利２０６３元,比室内育苗获利（３９３元）高４２倍;产出投入比（２０７）比室内育苗（１３３）高４５７７％。若采用土池育河蟹苗,每年至少可以少排放各种化学药物４２０ｔ。     

Effects of Potassium, Magnesium and Age on Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Post-Larvae Reared in Inland Low Salinity Well Waters in West Alabama

Abstract— The production of Litopenaeus vannamei in inland low‐salinity well water is a growing industry in several regions of the world. The state of Alabama in the southeastern USA is one such region with a large saline aquifer that could be utilized for shrimp culture. However, some farmers are experiencing problems rearing marine shrimp while others are having considerable success. Previous work has correlated low levels of potassium andor magnesium to poor shrimp survival. The problem is further complicated by the fact that the age at acclimation may also influence survival. In our present study, we evaluated the effects of potassium, magnesium, and the age of acclimation on growth and survival of PL at two farms. The first experiment was run in a static system utilizing four replicate tanks per treatment. Fifty PL₁₇ (0.0066 g) that had been acclimated to 4 ppt seawater were stocked into each tank and the following treatments evaluated: low salinity well water (LSWW) without mineral supplements, LSWW with KCl, LSWW with MgCl₂, and LSWW with KCl and MgCl, added to the water. Shrimp were harvested, counted and weighed after 4 wk. Survival was significantly higher in treatments receiving mineral supplements whereas biomass was only higher in the two treatments with potassium supplements. The second experiment was set up initially as a static system filled with 8.5‐ppt reconstituted sea water that was then converted to a flow‐through system using LSWW. This experiment evaluated the effect of PL age at acclimation on survival and growth at four different ages (PL₁₅, PL₁₉, PL₂₃, and PL₂₇). All tanks were stocked with 50 PL₁₃L. vannarnei. Two days after stocking, and then at 4‐d intervals, a series of four tanks were converted to flow through (rate of 40 Lhr) using LSWW. After acclimation, water flow was maintained in all tanks until 28 d after stocking when tanks were harvested and surviving shrimp were counted and weighed. Survival and growth increased with PL age when shrimp were acclimated to inland low salinity well water.