防治动物细菌病的新方法

近些年来，畜产品中的抗生素残留问题越来越受到重视。抗生素残留于畜产品中危害人类健康，滥用抗生素导致耐药菌株的出现等危害日益受到关注。     

防治动物细菌病的新方法

近些年来,畜产品中的抗生素残留问题越来越受到重视.抗生素残留于畜产品中危害人类健康,滥用抗生素导致耐药菌株的出现等危害日益受到关注. 由于一些西方发达国家对动物产品中的抗生素要求越来越严,而且在动物源性食品中抗生素残留量的检出,已成为世界肉类贸易中重要的技术指标和技术壁垒之一,目前已成为制约我国动物产品出口的瓶颈.     

活菌微生态制剂及其在动物生产中的应用研究

近年来,抗生素的大量使用和滥用造成动物抗病力降低,同时也危害到食品安全,使残留在畜产品中的抗生素直接危害人类的健康。活菌微生态制剂作为一种无污染、无残留、无毒副作用的饲料添加剂具有促进动物生长、增强动物免疫力等作用,是较理想的抗生素替代品。     

奶源质量安全存在的问题及其控制措施

1存在的问题 1.1抗生素残留 抗生素残留是指给动物使用抗生素药物后积蓄或贮存在动物细胞组织或器官内的药物原形、代谢产物和药物杂质。抗生素残留,是国内外普遍关注的公共卫生问题,其对人类健康危害严重,对畜牧业生产影响巨大。主要原因是养殖户不遵守休药期规定,滥用抗生素。     

放养蛋鸡“无抗”养殖技术探索

正根据动物产品无害化生产要求,禽蛋中抗生素的残留标准是零检出,这就要求在蛋鸡饲养过程中不得使用任何抗生素类药物。由于在养殖中应用抗生素具有明显的经济效益,加之目前高密度规模化养殖情况下动物健康状况较差,造成养殖业对抗生素应用较为依赖,养殖产品中抗生素残留指标较高,严重威胁食品安全。养殖业中抗生素的滥用,加大了动物疾病防治的难度,更直接或间接地危害了人类的身体健康。动物产品中药物的残留使人类病原菌产生耐药性,产生"超级病菌"。近年来,世界各     

滥用抗生素对畜牧业的危害及对策

科学合理的利用抗生素可以预防和治疗动物疾病,或起到应有的促生长作用。相反,盲目滥用抗生素不但达不到预期目的,而且会使细菌耐药性增强,并造成畜产品中抗生素残留增加,从而危害养殖业健康发展、影响人类食品安全、影响抗生素的资源利用、影响生物生存环境等。本文将通过滥用抗生素对畜牧业的危害进行分析,并提出相关的建议与措施。     

抗生素滥用对养殖业的危害及控制对策

科学合理地利用抗生素可以预防和治疗动物疾病,或起到应有的促生长作用。相反,盲目滥用抗生素不但达不到预期的目的,而且会使细菌耐药性增强,并造成畜产品中抗生素残留增加,从而危害养殖业健康发展,影响人类食品安全,抗生素的资     

绿色饲料添加剂糖萜素在畜禽生产中的应用

近年来,抗生素的大量使用和滥用造成了动物的抗病性降低,同时也危害到食品安全,残留在畜禽产品中的抗生素直接危害到人类健康。因此,在畜禽生产中,人们越来越倾向于使用无污染无残留的天然绿色饲料添加剂。文章主要就糖萜素的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用作一综述。     

降低养殖业抗生素危害措施

动物使用抗生素是从 2 0世纪4 0年代开始的 ,作为有治疗、保健、防病和促生长作用的药物 ,对畜牧业的发展起到了巨大的促进作用。但随着科学进步和人们对生物演变认识的不断提高 ,抗生素对人类的危害日益明确 ,滥用抗生素对人类危害 ,如畜产品药物残留、细菌耐药性增强和耐药菌     

寡聚糖作为饲料添加剂的应用

抗生素的大量使用和滥用造成了动物抗病性降低,其在畜产品中的残留直接危害到人类的健康。寡聚糖作为一种安全、无毒、稳定的饲料添加剂,具有提高动物对营养物质吸收、促进动物生长、增强动物免疫力等作用,是较理想的抗生素替代品。寡聚糖替代抗生素应用于饲料工业和畜牧业将会有光明的前景。     

细菌耐药性扩散的机制

细菌耐药性是20世纪留给医学的难题。自然界中各种细菌广泛存在，相互联系；细菌具有多种在种内或种间进行自主转移或诱动转移的遗传因子如质粒、转座子、噬菌体等；质粒、转座子上还有募集和表达外源基因的整合子；在不断变化的环境中，细菌的质粒、转座子、噬菌体等通过接合、转化及转导等方式，相互间交换所携带的一些基因，可使菌群更好地适应环境。这是细菌在长期进化过程中所获得的生存本领。耐药基因最初可能起源于少数抗生素产生菌或细菌自身基因的随机突变，在抗生素广泛应用所形成的选择压力胁迫下，没有机会获得耐药基因的细菌不得不退出竞争，而有机会通过菌间交换获得耐药基因的细菌却能自如地生存、繁衍成为耐药亚群。在抗生素选择压力的持续胁迫下，交流一选择过程不断重复，于是便发展至今天如此严峻的细菌耐药局面。     

Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan

Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging global public health threat. Farmers in the Khartoum state are believed to misuse antibiotics in animal farming leading to daily exposure to resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Hence, farmers are at potential risk exposure to bacteria, zoonotic infection and toxicity. We hypothesized that farmers' misuse of antibiotics could be due to their ignorance of the importance of optimal use of antibiotics, the potential health hazards and the economical waste associated with antibiotic misuse practices. In the present study, we investigated knowledge and practices among farmers regarding antibiotic use and resistance. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state where data were collected from 81 farmers using structured interviews. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fifty-two per cent of farmers were uneducated or had studied for < 6 years. The majority reported antibiotic use for treatment and prevention while only 5% stated use for growth promotion. Antibiotic group treatment for both sick and healthy animals was commonly practiced among most farmers. The most commonly used group of antibiotics was the quinolones, which was reported by one-third. Only 30% of the farmers had heard of antibiotic resistance and provided their definition. Almost half were not aware of the commonly transferred zoonotic infections between humans and animals. The farmers consume 1-2 meals/day from their own farm products. A significant association between low education, poor knowledge of farmers on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and zoonotic infections was found. This association may play a vital role in the present practiced misuse of antibiotics. Our findings on farmers' practices could be used as baseline information in defining the gaps related to antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming in Sudan. It can thus serve as a foundation for future interventions.     

反刍动物饲用抗生素替代物研究进展

抗生素的违规使用威胁着畜牧业的健康发展,寻找可靠的抗生素替代物以减少抗生素的使用已成为当务之急。作者总结了反刍动物饲料中使用的抗生素种类,综述了益生菌、植物提取物、酶制剂、有机酸、抗菌肽、功能性寡糖等主要的反刍动物饲用抗生素替代物的作用机理,重点阐述了反刍动物饲用抗生素替代物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、微生物区系、免疫机能及生产性能影响的研究进展,并对反刍动物饲用抗生素替代物在实际生产中的应用进行了展望,以期为后续对反刍动物饲用抗生素替代物的研究和应用提供参考。     

动物源产气荚膜梭菌耐药性研究进展

细菌耐药性是21世纪人类面临的重大公共卫生安全问题之一。产气荚膜梭菌作为一种重要的人兽共患病原菌，能引起人和动物食物中毒、气性坏疽、坏死性肠炎等多种疾病。随着临床抗菌药物的广泛使用，其耐药性也在不断发展，严重威胁着公共卫生安全和养殖业的健康发展。本文将从产气荚膜梭菌近十年来的耐药性流行情况、耐药机制及耐药基因传播机制两个方面进行归纳总结，旨在为产气荚膜梭菌耐药性的防控提供理论依据。     

抗生素对仔猪肠道微生物的影响

本研究旨在从肠道微生物的角度探究抗生素的作用机制,为今后绿色抗生素替代品添加剂的研究提供理论基础和参考。试验选用6头30日龄的杜×长×大三元杂交去势公猪,随机分为2组,分别为基础饲粮组(不添加抗生素)和抗生素组(基础饲粮中添加0.12%复合抗生素),每组3个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期为35 d。结果表明:抗生素组肠道微生物物种多样性较基础饲粮组更为丰富;抗生素组厚壁菌门(Firmicute)/拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(F/B)比例较高,因此添加抗生素有利于仔猪体内脂肪的贮存;从肠道微生物的角度考虑,抗生素可能是通过促进L7A_E11、Flexispira、粪球菌属(Coprococcus)等菌属,抑制光岗菌属(Mitsuokella)、巨球菌属(Megasphaera)、柔嫩菌属(Faecalibacterium)等菌属从而发挥预防疾病、提高成活率和促进生长的作用;使用PICRUSt进行功能预测,抗生素在脂类生物合成蛋白质、甲烷代谢、转运蛋白、转录因子、转录机制、RNA转运和脂肪酸生物合成等通路中发挥了重要的作用。由此可见,抗生素可以通过调节仔猪肠道微生物,加速仔猪体内脂肪的贮存,加速断奶仔猪对粗纤维的降解作用,促进短链脂肪酸的生成,从而发挥预防疾病、提高成活率和促进生长等作用。     

西安市售乳制品中抗菌药的残留检测

为了解西安市售消毒乳制品中抗菌药残留情况,以农业部2001年发布的无公害食品行业标准中牛乳不得检出抗菌药为判定标准,随机采购32份消毒牛奶,进行抗菌药残留检测。TTC法检测显示,抗菌药物残留阳性数为5份,阳性率为15.63%;ELISA法检测显示,磺胺二甲基嘧啶未检出,四环素类残留阳性数为3份,阳性率为9.38%,链霉素残留阳性数为7份,阳性率为21.88%。市售不同包装消毒牛奶中除新鲜屋包装外,其余均有抗菌药残留。进口消毒奶粉未检出抗菌药,检测国产消毒牛奶32份与国产奶粉20份,共检出阳性10份与11份,阳性率分别为31.25%和55%。通过检测可看出,奶粉中抗菌药残留阳性率显著比消毒牛奶高;包装精良的高档牛奶中抗菌药残留阳性率比普通包装牛奶低;进口消毒奶粉未检出抗菌药。检测结果显示抗菌药残留情况仍不容乐观。     

Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals contributes to decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria of medical importance. Resistant bacteria being transferred from animals to humans are causing public health concern. In-person interviews were conducted with 20 dairy farmers in rural counties of South Carolina to determine farmers' knowledge and attitudes about prudent antibiotic use among livestock. Four focus groups (n = 22) were also conducted to ascertain farmers' specific information needs about proper antibiotic use. Survey results showed that participants (100%) typically determined a need for antibiotic treatment using symptom assessment and reported following some form of operating procedures regarding administration of antibiotics. Few farmers (32%) had actual written antibiotic protocols. Preferred information sources about antibiotics were veterinarians (100%) and other dairy farmers (50%). Most farmers (86%) were not concerned that overuse of antibiotics in animals could result in antibiotic resistance among farm workers. Qualitative analysis of focus groups revealed significant barriers to following proper antibiotic procedures including limited finances and lack of time. The need for bilingual educational resources for Hispanic/Latino dairy workers was expressed. Desired formats for educational materials were posters, flowcharts, videos, and seminars. Education of South Carolina dairy farmers by veterinarians and public health professionals on the appropriate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle is needed to ensure antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans.     

微量环丙沙星对人源大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌体外敏感性的影响

建立人离体肠道模拟模型，研究微量环丙沙星对人源肠道大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌敏感性的影响，进而用聚合酶链反应法扩增耐药菌的gyrA基因的耐药决定区，并分析其耐药机制。结果显示，大肠杆菌连续培养后存活菌株对微量环丙沙星耐药，此耐药菌对其他抗菌药敏感；粪肠球菌绎连续培养，对环丙沙星和其他抗菌药物仍敏感；耐药大肠杆菌的gyrA基因发生突变，248位碱基由C变为T，259位由G变为T，相应地，该基因编码的蛋白质在83位的丝氨酸和87位的天冬氨酸分别改变为亮氨酸和酪氨酸。研究表明，微量环丙沙星对人肠道菌群具有不同的选择作用，能诱导大肠杆菌产生耐药性。这为动物源食品中环丙沙星残留的安全性评价提供了试验依据。     

抗菌肽对抗生素耐药菌株的抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究抗菌肽对抗生素耐药菌株的抑菌活性。[方法]利用抗性平板划线法从腹泻病牛血便中筛选分离出1株耐药菌,通过16S rDNA序列进行鉴定,采用琼脂孔穴扩散法通过梯度盐酸壮观霉素（spectinomycin,Spe⁺）、氨苄青霉素（ampicillin,Amp⁺）、硫酸卡那霉素（kanamycin,Kan⁺）和氯霉素（chloramphenicol,Cm⁺）试验确定该菌药敏特性,并利用1种抗菌肽制剂对该菌株进行药敏试验。[结果]经BLAST比对分析该菌16S rDNA序列,鉴定该耐药菌为科氏葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus cohnii）,此菌对Amp⁺敏感,但对试验中其他抗生素均有耐药性,各梯度抗菌肽对该耐药菌均具有明显的抑菌活性。[结论]抗菌肽能有效抑制耐药科氏葡萄球菌的生长,有望在畜牧生产中代替抗生素使用。     

Antimicrobial resistance of feline staphylococci in south-eastern England

Staphylococcus aureus is reported as the predominant feline staphylococcal pathogen. There is concern that cats may transfer resistant staphylococci to humans. In this study, staphylococci were obtained from skin and mucosae of 20 domestic cats, 9 with lesions, and 10 healthy feral cats. Species were identified by DNase and API ID32 Staph tests. Of 187 isolates, 21.4% were coagulase-positive and predominately from lesional cats; 90% of these were Staphylococcus intermedius . Coagulase-negative species were isolated equally in all three groups. All isolates were susceptible to coamoxiclav, cephalexin and bacitracin. Twenty-two, including 18 coagulase-negative isolates, showed some resistance to cotrimoxazole, lincomycin, enrofloxacin or oxytetracycline. Two isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. More resistant isolates were obtained from feral cats ( P < 0.01). The results suggest that S. intermedius is the principal coagulase-positive species. Antibiotic resistance is generally low amongst feline staphylococci. Higher resistance amongst feral cats suggests exposure to environmental antibiotics.