磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

调控措施对滨海盐渍土磷素形态及作物磷素吸收的影响

滨海盐渍化土壤存在磷素有效性低的问题。本试验采用根袋法盆栽试验,共设不施磷肥、常规磷肥、磷肥+生物质炭、磷肥+腐殖酸、磷肥+商品有机肥5个处理,分析不同调控措施对非盐渍土、轻度盐渍土和中度盐渍土有效磷含量、磷素形态以及大麦磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:①盐碱障碍降低根区内外土壤有效磷含量,表现为非盐渍土>轻度盐渍土>中度盐渍土。添加生物质炭能显著提高轻度、中度盐渍土根区内外土壤有效磷含量,较常规磷肥对照处理分别提高40.72%、84.80%。②盐碱障碍降低大麦产量,抑制地上部对磷素的吸收,不同调控措施均能促进盐渍土上大麦对磷素的吸收,提高磷肥利用率。轻度盐渍土上不同调控措施的增产效果不显著,中度盐渍土上添加生物质炭处理显著提高大麦产量,较常规磷肥对照处理提高63.20%。③盐碱障碍降低土壤活性无机磷、NaOH-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po、NaOH-Po比例,增加HCl-Pi比例。添加生物质炭处理能显著提高盐渍土活性无机磷比例,提高土壤磷的有效性。添加生物质炭和商品有机肥处理对中度盐渍土上HCl-Pi比例的降低效果优于轻度盐渍土。     

玉米与不同作物间套作条件下旱地径流的磷损失特征

通过采用南方丘陵山地典型区域2a田间小区试验手段,意图了解玉米与不同作物间套作条件下南方丘陵区旱地径流中不同形态磷素养分损失的特征,为南方丘陵地区推广以玉米为主的旱地间套作模式且改善旱地地表磷养分流失方面提供依据。结果表明,玉米与其他作物间套作较玉米单作能更有效减少旱地地表产流量、产流中磷素养分的流失浓度及负荷,尤以玉米/红薯套作模式效果最佳。相对玉米单作而言,玉米/红薯套作模式条件下,地表产流量降低约38.26%;TP年均流失浓度降低了28.27%~35.67%,TDP年均流失浓度降低了35.69%~46.77%,PP年均流失浓度降低了25.31%~33.14%;TP年均流失负荷减少了50.30%~52.61%,TDP年均流失负荷减少了54.20%~59.40%,PP年均流失负荷减少了47.09%~50.00%。     

Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Nutrition of Rice Cultivated in Different Water Regime Systems

Abstract

Pot experiments were conducted in a glasshouse to investigate the effect of soil water content and phosphorus (P) supply on biomass, P uptake by rice cultivated in soils with different water regimes and soil available P. Results showed that P application rates had greater effect on P nutrition of rice than soil moisture content. Yield of rice grain was significantly decreased when soil moisture content was kept at 60% of water holding capacity (WHC) while the yields of rice grain were not significantly different when soil moistures were remained at 80% of WHC and waterlogged. This meant that it was possible for paddy rice variety to be cultivated in aerobic soil under the condition of sufficient P supply. The highest biomass of rice and highest P uptake by rice were found in the treatment with 0.0300 g P kg^?1 of P application rate and with 80% of WHC. Soil available P content decreased with the decrease of both the soil moisture content and the P applied. Rice crop exhausted soil P to a great extent leading to very low available soil P content when the rice crop was harvested, especially in the soil receiving no or small amounts of P fertilizer. All the results obtained in this experiment could provide the theoretic base for water and P management of paddy rice variety cultivated in aerobic soil in the southern hilly areas of China.     

灌水对不同次生盐渍化水平设施土壤氮、磷迁移特征的影响

通过野外调查与室内土柱模拟试验相结合的方法,对灌水条件下不同次生盐渍化水平设施土壤氮、磷含量的变化及迁移特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)灌水后土壤水分变化主要集中于20 cm以上土层,灌水后13～15 d,不同次生盐渍化程度的土壤水分都表现出向下迁移的特征.(2)设施土壤硝态氮含量最高值均出现在土层20 cm处,且次生盐渍化程度越严重,硝态氮表聚现象越为突出.灌水15d后,各处理铵态氮集中分布于20-40 cm土层,灌水后土壤铵态氮含量变化不明显,环境风险较小.(3)设施土壤速效磷含量高于露地土壤,且表层土壤速效磷含量介于40～60 mg/kg之间,灌水后各时期不同次生盐渍化程度土壤剖面中速效磷的分布趋势基本一致,虽受灌水的影响较小,但存在潜在的环境风险.     

不同磷水平塿土的表面性质及其对磷素流失特征的影响

为明确不同磷水平塿土的表面电化学性质特征,阐明电解质浓度调控下塿土表面性质的变化及其与土壤磷素流失特征的内在关联,利用物质表面性质联合测定分析技术,结合降雨模拟试验,研究了长期定位配施磷肥条件下不同磷水平塿土的表面电化学性质及其对土壤磷素流失特征的影响。结果表明：（1）长期施磷处理下的塿土全磷含量为不施磷处理的2.46倍,但其表面电位、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度、比表面积以及表面电荷数量均低于不施磷处理塿土;（2）不同磷水平塿土均表现出土壤颗粒及磷素流失量随着土粒表面电位（绝对值）升高而加剧的趋势,颗粒态磷的累积流失量与土壤颗粒累积流失量间呈线性正相关;（3）由于低磷水平塿土表面电位（绝对值）相对较高,所受土壤颗粒间静电排斥力更大,导致土壤团聚体稳定性较差,土壤颗粒及其附着磷素累积流失量更多;（4）本实验条件下土壤中磷素流失以颗粒态磷为主,占流失总量的81%～99%,溶解态磷占比十分有限。本研究阐明了长期定位施磷处理对土壤表面电化学性质的影响,明确了表面性质变化与土壤颗粒及磷素流失特征的关系,为长期施磷土壤的环境风险防控提供了新思路。     

不同开垦年限黑土磷素的形态与数量变化

研究了不同开垦年限黑土磷素的形态、数量的变化,结果表明:开垦后黑土全磷含量无明显规律性变化,但土壤有效磷数量显著上升,在土壤磷的组分上,土壤有机磷数量显著下降,而土壤无机磷明显升高。在土壤无机磷的6个组分中,Fe-P、O-P占比例最大;其次Al-P、Ca10-P;再次Ca2-P、Ca8-P。垦后无机磷6个组分含量都有升高,绝对升高量顺序为Fe-P>Al-P>Ca2-P>O-P>Ca10-P>Ca8-P。上升强度顺序为Ca2-P>Al-P>Ca8-P>Ca10-P、Fe-P>O-P.     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤磷素形态转化及有效性的影响

采用室内培养和化学分析的方法研究了几种低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤中磷的活化作用。结果表明:供试有机酸通过溶解、螯合等作用均能不同程度地促进合成磷酸盐的磷素释放。活化DCP、ODP、Fe-P、A l-P的能力依次为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸>酒石酸>乙酸;活化FA的能力是草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸>酒石酸>乙酸。同种有机酸作浸提剂时,有机酸浓度越高磷酸盐中磷素释放量也越大。施加各种有机酸可以不同程度地降低土壤中Fe-P、A l-P和Ca10-P,增加Ca2-P、Ca8-P和O-P含量,总的趋势是促进土壤中植物难以利用的无机磷形态向有效性较高的形态转化。这种促进作用大小顺序为草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸。     

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作对红壤无机磷组分及有效磷的影响

通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有...     

Response of Two Maize Inbred Lines with Contrasting Phosphorus Efficiency and Root Morphology to Mycorrhizal Colonization at Different Soil Phosphorus Supply Levels

ABSTRACT

A pot experiment investigated the response of two maize inbred lines with contrasting root morphology and phosphorus (P) efficiency to inoculation with Glomus mosseae or Glomus etunicatum compared with non-mycorrhizal controls. Soil phosphorus was supplied at rates of 10, 50, and 100 mg P kg ^?1 soil. Root length, specific root length, and specific phosphorus uptake of maize line 178 (P-efficient) were significantly higher than of line Hc (P-inefficient). Percentage of root length colonized showed the opposite trend regardless of soil P supply level. The two maize lines did not differ significantly in growth response to mycorrhizal colonization. Root colonization rate decreased with increasing soil phosphorus supply. The beneficial effect of the two AM fungi on plant growth and P uptake was greatest at low soil P level and the responses were negative at high P supply. Mycorrhizal responsiveness also decreased with increasing P supply and differed between the two mycorrhizal fungal isolates.     

活化钙镁磷肥对不同磷效率基因型冬小麦生长及磷效率的影响

用土培方法研究了两种磷肥 (枸溶性钙镁磷肥CMP和水溶性磷肥过磷酸钙SSP)和两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂(无机矿物活化剂IA和有机活化剂OA)在石灰性土壤中对不同磷效率小麦苗期生长和基因型差异以及磷效率的影响。结果表明 ,SSP和CMP对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长的影响无显著差异 ,但对植株磷效率的影响效果明显不同。SSP可提高植株的磷吸收效率 ,CMP对提高植株的磷利用效率更有效。不同磷效率小麦生长的基因型差异在所有磷肥处理中均表现 ,但在CMP处理中的差异最大 ,不同溶解性磷肥品种可作为小麦磷效率基因型的鉴定材料。两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂对钙镁磷肥均有效 ,但作用大小和方向因小麦基因型不同而异 ,OA有利于磷高效基因型小麦的生长 ,IA对磷低效基因型小麦的生长则更加有利 ,其效果甚至超过水溶性磷肥。经IA处理的CMP能明显提高小麦植株的磷含量和吸磷量 ,并能显著增加土壤的有效磷含量     

Soil Phosphorus Available for Crops and Grasses Extracted with Three Soil-Test Methods in Southern Brazilian Soils Amended with Phosphate Rock

The Mehlich 1 (M1) soil-test method has been used for soil phosphorus (P) extraction in southern Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare M1, Mehlich 3 (M3), and ionic exchange resin (resin) soil-test methods to evaluate the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with phosphate rock (PR). Oxisol and Alfisol received triple superphosphate (TS) and PR. The M1 solution extracted greater P amounts in soils amended with PR compared with the M3 solution and resin methods. Lesser P amounts were extracted with the M3 solution. Crops yields were better associated with the P amounts extracted with M3 and resin methods in soils amended with PR. The results showed that M1 overestimates soil P availability to plants in soils amended with PR; the M3 solution best estimated the soil P available for crops and grasses in soils amended with PR.     

干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植被调控模式对土壤氮、磷强度及库的影响

以调控30个月的4种典型调控模式以及未调控退耕纯林为研究对象,比较分析了不同调控模式下氮、磷供强度及库容特征。结果表明,相对于纯林模式,4种调控模式均可有效缓解缺氮少磷的土壤现状,提高或增加了固氮效率以及氮、磷储量,且表现出氮、磷元素聚表分布(0-10cm)的特征;表层土(0-10cm)中,刺槐+扁桃+紫花苜蓿模式的氨态氮含量(10.52±0.34g/kg)、硝态氮含量(11.69±1.06g/kg)显著高于其它模式,对植物生长极为有利,但对氮、磷的储存贡献较小;刺槐+新疆杨+早熟禾模式可显著提高固氮效率;刺槐+高山柳+早熟禾模式的土壤全氮含量显著高于其它模式(7.33±0.38g/kg),而刺槐+岷江柏+早熟禾对土壤氮、磷环境的改善相对于其他模式较差。综上认为,以新疆杨作为乔木、刺槐为高灌木、高山柳为伴生种、紫花苜蓿作为林下草种是适合于EDM土壤与气候环境的最佳模式之一。     

石漠化地区核桃套种不同作物的养地效果

为给石漠化地区生态修复及核桃套种高效种植模式提供科学依据,设计了6种套种处理,分别为核桃单种、核桃/玉米/红薯、核桃/玉米/绿豆、核桃/美洲菊苣/红薯、核桃/美洲菊苣/绿豆、核桃/芝麻/绿豆,并对所有处理的土壤基本理化性状、微生物数量及酶活性进行了测定.结果表明:套种作物并未引起土壤养分流失,但会降低土壤pH值;核桃/...     

Dissolution of Dominant Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Phosphorus-Responsive Soils of Bihar,India: Effects of Mycorrhiza and Fertilizer Levels

We investigated the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and various phosphorus (P) levels on the distribution and availability of P in dominant soils of Bihar, India. Potassium chloride (KCl)-P (labile P), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-P (Fe-Al-bound P), hydrochloric acid (HCl)-P (Ca-bound P), and residual P (Res-P) fractions were analyzed in the soils under maize plant. Ca-bound P was the most abundant P fraction in the alkaline soils (65% of the total P) followed by neutral soil (35% of the total P), whereas it was less abundant (<4%) in the acidic soil type. Fe-Al-bound P was found to be highest for acidic soil (65% of the total P). Soils under the inoculation with Glomus mossae and control gave the highest and lowest values (15.63 mg kg^?1 and 10.74 mg kg^?1 respectively) for the labile fraction which was similar to the organically bound residual fractions of P (200.17 mg kg^?1 and 193.66 mg kg^?1 respectively. Inoculation of the soils with AM fungi leads to the redistribution of P fractions in different soils which consequently helps in improvement of available P in soil conducive for plant uptake.     

pH和磷的交互作用对稳定化土壤砷释放的影响

以3种含Fe材料稳定化土壤(FeSO_4、FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤)为研究对象,研究了不同pH和P的交互作用对As释放量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,在pH=3条件下,随着时间的延长能够促进释放的As重新趋于稳定化,而pH=11时3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量显著增加,144 h后分别约为pH=3时的10.5、16和10倍。添加P时,在3种pH条件下都促进了稳定化土壤中As的释放,尤其在酸性条件下,相对于无P体系As的释放量增加最为明显。FeSO_4稳定化土壤中As的释放特征能用Elovich方程较好地描述,而双常数方程拟合FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤效果更优。在pH=3条件下,3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量与Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,而pH=11时FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放量与SO_4~(2–)的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,表明在酸性条件下,稳定化土壤As的释放主要受Ca、Mg、Mn氧化物结合态As溶解的影响,而碱性条件下,FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放可能与硫化物的溶解有关。     

土壤pH值与镉含量对水稻产量和不同器官镉累积的影响

为探明水稻产量与镉积累分配对土壤pH值和镉含量的响应,以3个籽粒Cd含量差异明显的晚稻品种(天优华占,TY;星2号,X2;湘晚籼13号,XW)为试验材料,分别于不同pH值稻田研究土壤镉(Cd)含量对水稻产量和不同器官Cd累积的影响,并比较了品种间差异。结果表明,水稻产量因土壤pH值下降而下降,且品种间降幅差异明显,以X2最大(21.72%33.81%),XW最小(3.05%17.71%);添加0.5 mg·kg^-1Cd时水稻减产不显著,但添加1.0 mg·kg^-1Cd时各品种均显著减产,且其降幅与品种和土壤pH值有关,X2和XW在酸化条件下降幅较大,而TY在正常pH条件下降幅较大。植株(整株)Cd含量存在品种间差异,各品种植株Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度的提高与土壤pH值的下降而显著提高,且植株Cd含量峰值因土壤酸化而提前。水稻器官间Cd含量依次表现根>茎>穗>叶,各器官Cd含量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高而显著增大,但增大倍数存在器官间差异;品种间器官Cd含量差异明显,营养器官表现为X2>TY>XW,而稻穗表现为TY>X2>XW。水稻各器官及全株Cd累积量均随着土壤Cd浓度提高和土壤pH值降低而显著增大,成熟期累积量表现为茎>穗>根>叶;品种间Cd累积量差异明显,营养器官和整株Cd累积量表现为X2>XW>TY,而穗Cd累积量表现为TY>X2>XW。Cd分配比例一般以茎为最高,叶最低,土壤酸化使茎、叶所占比例增大,根、穗所占比例降低;品种间Cd分配比例存在一定差异,穗Cd所占比例表现为TY>X2>XW。可见,水稻产量与器官间Cd累积分配规律受到土壤Cd含量和pH值的影响显著,同时也具有明显的品种间差异。本研究为不同水稻品种在不同pH值与Cd含量稻田上的应用提供了理论依据。     

Assessing the Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Soil Phosphorus Fractionation in Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere Soils of Wheat

This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels on inorganic P fractions. Wheat cultivars (Azadi and Marvdasht) were grown in the soils amended with the four rates of P fertilizer levels (no fertilizer, 10, 15, and 25 mg available P kg^?1 soil). Soils were sampled from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere areas after 6 weeks. The mean of all P fractions was significantly different in various P fertilizer levels. The smallest and the largest amounts of all P fractions were observed in the soil with no P and in 25 mg kg^?1 soil P level, respectively. The Azadi cultivar, as P-efficient, showed the smallest increase in soil P fractions with increasing soil P levels. The means of all P fractions except Al-phosphates (Al-P) were significantly higher in non-rhizosphere soil. There were differences between these cultivars associated with the more inaccessible fractions at the 15 mg P kg^?1 soil level.     

施肥水平与耕作模式对紫色土坡耕地地表径流磷素流失的影响

通过设置顺坡耕作对照(CK)、顺坡耕作农家肥和化肥配合施用(T1)、顺坡耕作单施化肥(T2)、顺坡耕作单施化肥增量(T3)与横坡垄作单施化肥(T4)处理,对不同施肥水平与耕作方式下坡面产流特征、磷素流失量以及作物生物量、氮磷吸收量进行了长期(2008—2012年)定位观测。结果表明:不同施肥、耕作处理间产流量、磷素流失量差异均达到显著性水平,不同施肥与耕作下产流量、TP、TDP流失量均以不施肥处理最大,不同施肥处理产流量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3比对照处理产流量分别减少35.69%,29.63%,16.82%,T4比T2处理减少25.94%;TP流失量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,与对照相比,T1、T2、T3处理分别较CK减少33.33%,31.25%,25%;TDP流失量依次为CKT3=T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3处理分别较对照减少30%,20%,20%,T4处理TP、TDP流失量比T2处理分别减少34.52%,24.72%。磷素流失以颗粒态为主,TDP/TP年均仅为26.41%。施肥与耕作对紫色土区作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均有显著性的影响,对照处理作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均低于其他施肥处理,施肥处理有助于增加作物生物量和氮磷的吸收量。相关分析表明:作物生物量、氮磷吸收量与径流量、TP、TDP均呈负相关关系,说明作物地上部分生物量越大,氮磷的利用率越高,坡面产流量和土壤养分的流失就越少。施肥能够很好地控制径流磷素的流失,以横坡垄作、农家肥和化肥配合施用最佳。     

砂石含量及粒径对红壤水分扩散率的影响

基于4种不同砂石含量(0%,10%,20%,30%)及3种不同砂石粒径(0.2～0.5 cm,0.5～1.0 cm,1.0～2.0cm)所组成的土石混合介质,分别采用水平土柱入渗试验装置进行土壤水分人渗试验.试验结果表明,土壤中砂石含量显著降低了湿润锋推移速度,砂石含量和粒径对土壤水分累积入渗量的减少均有不同程度影响;土壤水分扩散率值随着砂石含量增多而增大,且与土壤含水率呈正线性关系,但砂石粒径对其扩散率的影响并不显著.